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By Shizue Tomoda
Table 1.2.5 presents the number of establishments and full-time workers employed in the meat processing industry in Germany by size of establishment for 1993-94. It shows that more than 90 per cent of establishments were small, with less than 20 workers. It also indicates that many of these small establishments disappeared during that year and their numbers declined by 3 per cent. Perhaps they were forced to close or were absorbed by larger establishments. On the other hand, employment of full-time workers rose by 1 per cent, which was observed mainly among the establishments employing 20 to 49 workers and 500 to 999 workers.
Table 1.2.5. Number of establishments and full-time workers in the meat processing industries in Germany, by size of establishment (1993-94)
| Size of establishment 1 | Establishment | Full-time workers | ||||||
| (No. of workers) | 1993 | 1994 | 1993 | 1994 | ||||
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 1-2 | 7 482 | 2 6 . 1 | 6 869 | 2 4 . 7 | 9 406 | 3 . 1 | 8 901 | 2. 9 |
| 3-5 | 8 036 | 2 8 . 0 | 7 758 | 2 8 . 0 | 28 571 | 9 . 5 | 27 780 | 9. 1 |
| 6-9 | 6 552 | 2 2 . 9 | 6 460 | 2 3 . 3 | 44 343 | 1 4 . 7 | 43 691 | 14 .4 |
| 10-19 | 4 459 | 1 5 . 6 | 4 422 | 1 5 . 9 | 55 871 | 1 8 . 6 | 55 508 | 18 .3 |
| 20-49 | 1 411 | 4 . 9 | 1 513 | 5 . 5 | 40 583 | 1 3 . 5 | 43 059 | 14 .2 |
| 50-99 | 379 | 1 . 3 | 378 | 1 . 4 | 26 066 | 8 . 7 | 25 720 | 8.5 |
| 100-199 | 201 | 0 . 7 | 208 | 0 . 7 | 27 027 | 9 . 0 | 28 509 | 9. 4 |
| 200-249 | 33 | 0 . 1 | 32 | 0 . 1 | 7 306 | 2 . 4 | 7 016 | 2. 3 |
| 250-499 | 86 | 0 . 3 | 82 | 0 . 3 | 28 858 | 9 . 6 | 27 940 | 9. 2 |
| 500-999 | 18 | 0 . 1 | 25 | 0 . 1 | 11 727 | 3 . 9 | 15 824 | 5. 2 |
| 1 000 and above | 13 | - | 12 | - | 21 209 | 7 . 0 | 19 842 | 6. 5 |
| Total | 28 670 | 1 0 0 . 0 | 27 759 | 1 0 0 . 0 | 300 967 | 1 0 0 . 0 | 303 790 | 10 0. 0 |
| 1 According to the number of full-time workers covered by insurance for occupational accidents.
Source: Fleischerei-Berufsgenossenschaft: Verwaltungsbericht 1994, Mainz, Germany. | ||||||||
The distribution of workers by branch within the food, drink and tobacco industries in Hungary for 1985-89 is presented in table 1.2.6. Although employment in meat declined steadily, this subsector was the most important in the food, drink and tobacco industries, in terms of the size of employment. Although poultry was not one of the major branches, its employment grew by 16 per cent.
Table 1.2.6. Number of employees and proportions in the food, drink and tobacco industries in Hungary, by subsector
| Subsector | 1985 | % | 1987 | % | 1989 | % | ||||||
| Meat | 38 138 | (18. 9) | 37 340 | (18. 0) | 36 214 | (17. 9) | ||||||
| Poultry | 14 169 | (7.0 ) | 15 676 | (7.6 ) | 16 372 | (8.1 ) | ||||||
| Preserving | 26 763 | (13. 3) | 28 451 | (13. 7) | 29 100 | (14. 4) | ||||||
| Milling | 22 319 | (11. 1) | 21 851 | (10. 6) | 21 361 | (10. 6) | ||||||
| Bakery and pasta | 28 351 | (14. 1) | 28 735 | (13. 9) | 27 199 | (13. 5) | ||||||
| Wine | 9 842 | (4.9 ) | 9 636 | (4.7 ) | 8 590 | (4.2 ) | ||||||
| Brewery | 8 614 | (4.3 ) | 8 763 | (4.2 ) | 9 257 | (4.6 ) | ||||||
| Tobacco | 5 309 | (2.6 ) | 5 204 | (2.5 ) | 4 765 | (2.4) | ||||||
| Others | 47 820 | (23. 8) | 51 365 | (24. 8) | 48 981 | (24. 3) | ||||||
| Total | 201 325 | (100 .0) | 207 021 | (100 .0) | 201 839 | (100 .0) | ||||||
| Source: Data were provided by the Government of Hungary for the ILO Second Session of the Food and Drink Industries Committee, 1991. | ||||||||||||
Table 1.2.7 gives employment changes in the livestock products and seafood processing industries in Japan for 1991-94, by size of establishment and gender. Employment for men in these two branches combined declined from 252,000 in 1991 to 240,000 in 1994, while that for women rose from 346,000 to 370,000. Men made up more than 50 per cent of the workforce in the livestock industry, while an overwhelming majority of seafood processing workers were women. Because of a decline in male employment, the women's proportion in the workforce in both sectors increased slightly over the period. The figures show that the majority of workers in Japan were employed in small establishments, as in Germany.
Table 1.2.7. Number of regular employees in the livestock products and seafood processing industries in Japan, by size of establishment and gender (annual average in thousands)
| Industry | Size (No. of
workers) |
Gender | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | ||||||
| Livestock products | 5 or more | Male | 79 | 81 | 78 | 77 | ||||||
| Female | 69 | 69 | 70 | 72 | ||||||||
| 30 or more | Male | 69 | 72 | 69 | 69 | |||||||
| Female | 56 | 57 | 59 | 58 | ||||||||
| Seafood | 5 or more | Male | 63 | 65 | 58 | 58 | ||||||
| Female | 14 4 | 15 7 | 14 2 | 15 1 | ||||||||
| 30 or more | Male | 41 | 38 | 34 | 36 | |||||||
| Fema le | 77 | 84 | 83 | 89 | ||||||||
| Source: Ministry of Labour: Monthly labour survey, National survey, Series Dec. 1991-94, Tokyo, Japan. | ||||||||||||
Employment distribution by gender and number of establishments in the meat and poultry and fish and shellfish industries in Mexico for 1990-94 are presented in table 1.2.8. Employment for both men and women in both industries increased until 1991 or 1992, and then declined. The number of establishments reflects more or less the changes in employment. However, the number of fish and shellfish processing establishments increased from 316 in 1993 to 328 in 1994, despite a decline in employment. In both these industries, men made up a large proportion of the workforce.
Table 1.2.8. Distribution of workers by industry and gender and the number of enterprises
in the meat, poultry, fish and shellfish processing industries in Mexico (1990-94)
| Industry | Gender and
No. of enterprises |
1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | ||||||
| Meat and poultry | Male | 10 842 | 11 882 | 11 994 | 11 105 | 10 701 | ||||||
| Female | 4 216 | 4 619 | 4 664 | 4 319 | 4 162 | |||||||
| No. of enterprises | 537 | 607 | 708 | 616 | 588 | |||||||
| Fish and shellfish | Male | 7 061 | 6 928 | 6 500 | 5 668 | 5 314 | ||||||
| Female | 2 746 | 2 694 | 2 528 | 2 204 | 2 067 | |||||||
| No. of enterprises | 391 | 411 | 407 | 316 | 328 | |||||||
| Total | Male and female | 24 865 | 26 123 | 25 686 | 23 296 | 22 244 | ||||||
| No. of enterprises | 928 | 1 018 | 1 115 | 932 | 916 | |||||||
| Sources: IMSS: COORD.S.T., SUI-55/MT-5, 1994 and INEGI.PERFIL SOCIODEMOGRAFICO, Mexico, 1994. | ||||||||||||
Table 1.2.9 presents employment by gender in the meat, poultry and fish processing industries in Poland for 1988-93. Employment in the meat industry declined in 1989, but then showed a strong growth for both men and women. In the poultry industry, it continued to fall sharply until 1991, recovered a little in 1992 and stagnated in 1993. Employment in the fish industry showed a decline in 1993 after a stagnation during 1990-92. In both the meat and fish industries, men made up a large proportion of the workforce, though women were predominant in the poultry workforce.
Table 1.2.9. Employment by gender in the meat, poultry and fish processing industries in Poland, as of 31 December
| Industry 1 | Gender | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | |||||||
| Meat | Men | 43 127 | 41 809 | 43 036 | 47 733 | 58 390 | 60 922 | |||||||
| Women | 34 937 | 33 600 | 34 161 | 39 345 | 44 007 | 44 725 | ||||||||
| Subtotal | 78 064 | 75 409 | 77 197 | 87 078 | 102 397 | 105 647 | ||||||||
| Poultry | Men | 8 605 | 8 103 | 7 285 | 5 858 | 6 420 | 6 493 | |||||||
| Women | 13 730 | 12 414 | 10 491 | 7 468 | 8 373 | 8 108 | ||||||||
| Subtotal | 22 335 | 20 517 | 17 776 | 13 326 | 14 793 | 14 601 | ||||||||
| Fish | Men | 23 259 | 21 744 | 19 584 | 17 144 | 15 544 | 14 552 | |||||||
| Women | 6 332 | 5 732 | 4 749 | 7 074 | 8 687 | 7 937 | ||||||||
| Subtotal | 29 591 | 27 476 | 24 333 | 24 218 | 24 231 | 22 489 | ||||||||
| Grand total | 129 990 | 123 402 | 119 306 | 124 622 | 141 421 | 142 737 | ||||||||
| 1 According to the classification of National Economy (KGN).
Source: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw, Poland. | ||||||||||||||
