Major programme 125. Development Policies
Summary of 1998-99 proposals and comparison with previous biennium (including funds from other sources)
| SUBPROGRAMMES | REGULAR BUDGET 1998-99 (IN US DOLLARS) | OTHER SOURCES 1998-99 | ||||||||
| WORK-YRS / MTHS | STAFF COSTS | OTHER COSTS | TOTAL RESOURCES | WORK-YRS / MTHS | STAFF COSTS | OTHER COSTS | TOTAL RESOURCES | |||
| P | GS | P | GS | |||||||
| POLICIES FOR JOB CREATION | 12/06 | 11/10 | 2,910,204 | 219,778 | 3,129,982 | - | - | - | - | - |
| STRATEGIES TO COMBAT YOUTH MARGINALIZATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT (AP) | 2/00 | - | 296,664 | 35,260 | 331,924 | - | - | - | - | - |
| EMPLOYMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF WOMEN AND EXCLUDED SOCIAL GROUPS | 5/03 | 3/00 | 1,046,475 | 92,480 | 1,138,955 | - | - | - | - | - |
| IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT (AP) | 2/08 | 0/07 | 447,611 | 141,355 | 588,966 | - | - | - | - | - |
| TECHNICAL COOPERATION | - | - | - | 683,000 | 683,000 | - | - | - | 35,924,000 | 35,924,000 |
| PROGRAMMME MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT | 2/04 | 2/02 | 604,174 | 84,961 | 689,135 | 8/09 | - | 1,320,404 | 79,350 | 1,399,754 |
| 1998-99 TOTALS | 24/09 | 17/07 | 5,305,128 | 1,256,834 | 6,561,962 | 8/09 | - | 1,320,404 | 36,003,350 | 37,323,754 |
| 1996-97 TOTALS | 25/03 | 15/10 | 6,217,623 | 1,718,612 | 7,936,235 | 6/11 | 5/09 | 1,834,477 | 38,608,859 | 40,443,336 |
125.1. Despite impressive progress in some cases, many developing countries continue to be confronted by three major problems: slow growth of GDP per capita; increased unemployment, especially among young jobseekers, combined with high levels of underemployment in the low productivity urban informal and rural sectors; and the persistence of poverty, which affects about one-third of their total population. A changed agenda for development is therefore needed to take account of new trends at both the national and international levels, including in particular: economic reforms, structural adjustment; the potential of globalization to promote growth on a worldwide scale; the challenge of increased competitiveness; the uneven growth performance of developing countries (100 countries were at a lower level of real per capita GDP in 1993 than the level they had reached five or more years earlier); and the shift in development cooperation towards socially and environmentally sustainable growth patterns. The challenge for the ILO is how to respond to these new trends by designing its own agenda for development based on policies and programmes to create jobs, alleviate poverty and combat social exclusion.
125.2. While some developing countries are continuing with economic and labour market reforms, many are in the process of completing their structural adjustment programmes. This implies a transition towards a concern with longer term issues of development. Issues that are of concern to policy makers during the period of structural adjustment as well as in the post-reform period are quite different form those that they faced in the past. Those concerned with social dimensions like poverty and employment generation are now required to take into account a substantially different framework defined by liberalization of domestic economies and globalization. The role of the state itself is being re-examined and re-defined. The developing countries are thus having to formulate policies within a new framework, and policies for job creation and poverty alleviation will have to be reoriented taking these new realities into account. What is important from the point of view of developing countries is to design policies in such a way that the poor and other disadvantaged groups (e.g., women) can benefit from economic liberalization and globalization. The task before the ILO is to contribute to policy making in this field and to ensure that the ILO can provide technical advice which is relevant in the changing world.
125.3. The World Summit for Social Development recognized that the ILO’s mandate, tripartite structure and expertise place it in a unique position to be able to assist its constituents to combat poverty through job creation and social protection. The objective of this major programme is to assist the constituents in the design and implementation of policies and programmes to create jobs, combat poverty and enable poor and disadvantaged social groups to share in and contribute to the development process. In the context of the changing world and challenges mentioned above, particular attention will be paid to further strengthening the ILO’s technical capacity to advise its constituents on formulating policies for integrating poverty and employment issues into the structural adjustment programme as well as in the post-reform agenda. The focus of work here will be on identifying appropriate sequencing of reforms and formulation of reform programmes in such a way that employment and incomes of the poor are not adversely affected and they can benefit from globalization. Greater use of social dialogue will be sought to achieve the above goal.
125.4 This programme will also include the provision of technical assistance to developing and transition countries in the design and implementation of integrated national job creation strategies, investment programmes, and policies for the inclusion of social groups, such as women and youth. Such policies also involve targeted micro-level interventions addressing the interrelated problems of poverty, unemployment and social exclusion, particularly among unorganized groups of the population in the urban informal and rural sectors. This work will be supported by: the elaboration of an ILO view on development; the design of practical methodologies to create jobs and combat exclusion; and the provision of policy advice and technical assistance to constituents and the field structure. Emphasis will continue to be placed on promoting the application of international labour standards through the technical cooperation activities that are carried out under this major programme. These activities will assist in following up the recommendations of major United Nations conferences, including the World Summit for Social Development, the Fourth World Conference on Women and the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (HABITAT II).
125.5. The distinguishing feature of the programme is that it will focus sharply on direct employment creation through operational programmes, particularly in the least developed and poorest countries, such as employment-intensive infrastructure programmes, including innovative schemes for small contractor development. This major programme will also address targeted activities for marginalized groups in such countries. Whenever relevant, the programme will be implemented in close collaboration with major programmes 60 (Employment and training), 65 (Enterprise and cooperative development), 225 (Employers’ activities), and 230 (Workers’ activities).
125.6. The regular budget resources for the major programme are to be decreased by some $356,000 in real terms in comparison with the biennium 1996-97. This reduction is associated with a decrease of some $428,000 in non-staff costs and the costs of short-term staff, including a decrease of some $213,000 in RBTC resources, and 0/06 Professional work-year, offset by an increase of 1/09 General Service work-years.
125.7. It is estimated that extra-budgetary resources amounting to some $36 million will be made available during the biennium for technical cooperation activities. The RBTC fund for poverty alleviation ($683,000) will continue to be used to respond to requests from constituents for assistance in addressing unemployment and combating social exclusion and the marginalization of disadvantaged groups, such as women, the urban poor, indigenous and tribal peoples and youth. These resources will also be used to assist in the mobilization of extra-budgetary resources.
Departmental management
125.8. Provision is made under this subprogramme for the director of the department, support staff, travel and equipment.
Policies for job creation
125.9. Job creation is the major challenge for many developing countries in their endeavours to overcome unemployment and poverty, improve working conditions and promote democracy and workers’ rights. However, traditional approaches to job creation based on capital-intensive investments in the formal sector have their limitations. In contrast, the informal economy offers many opportunities for the creation of sustainable employment. It also offers opportunities to employers’ and workers organizations to become more involved in hitherto unorganized sectors by providing support and assistance for the establishment of industrial and workers’ associations in these sectors. At the macroeconomic level, international secretariats or federations of trade unions can contribute to the organization of these sectors through the transfer of know-how and experience.
125.10. The objective of this subprogramme is the design and implementation by constituents of policies and programmes for the creation of sustainable jobs and the alleviation of poverty including the promotion of the informal economy and the mobilization of local natural and human resources. The activities under-taken to achieve this objective will focus on strengthening the capacities of ILO constituents in these areas and mobilizing external resources to support the ILO’s technical cooperation programme of employment-intensive works. These technical cooperation activities will be used as an instrument to extend the outreach of employers’ and workers’ organizations to unorganized small-scale enterprises and to promote the wider application of basic international labour standards in the informal and unorganized sectors. The activities of the subprogramme will be based on a practical and coherent strategy for job creation and poverty alleviation that addresses the following issues: how to integrate the increasing numbers of informal sector workers into mainstream economic and social life; how to design practical policies and programmes to promote employment and protect women and disadvantaged groups; and how to formulate strategies that bring government agencies and employers’ and workers’ organizations together, especially at the local or municipal level, in the design and implementation of job creation and poverty alleviation programmes.
125.11. This work will be supported by the collection of information and the preparation of guidelines for governments and financing agencies on how to promote small contractor development and maximize the creation of productive employment opportunities in the public works sector. Advice will be provided and resources mobilized to assist social fund schemes in their efforts to enhance job creation through increased community participation and private sector involvement in the implementation of employment-intensive programmes. Member States emerging from armed conflict will continue to be provided with assistance for the development of employment-intensive programmes of rehabilitation and reconstruction. A guide will also be prepared on the design and management of infrastructure programmes at the community level. The support provided to member States will include assistance in the design of local investment programmes to improve the access of poverty groups to productive resources and basic social services. Throughout this work, emphasis will be placed on incorporating gender-related concerns into policies and programmes. The ILO Compendium on poverty will be updated and the ILO policy training package for local governments in Asia on integrating the informal sector into mainstream development will be revised and disseminated.
Action programme
Strategies to combat youth marginalization and unemployment
125.12. In developing countries, young people frequently account for half of the population and between 60 and 70per cent of new entrants into the labour market. Within the broader context of growing unemployment, particularly in the slow growth economies of Africa and Latin America, the problem of youth unemployment is even more acute. Unemployment rates in developing countries generally vary between 10 and 25per cent. This rate increases sharply to between 50 and 70per cent among youth. The serious social consequences of this phenomenon include the danger of the marginalization and exclusion of the young segments of the population, the effects of which may last over the whole of their life cycle. Youth unemployment and marginalization are therefore priority issues in many developing countries. There have been an increased number of requests from constituents for advice and assistance in the design and implementation of viable and cost-effective policies and programmes to address the problems of youth unemployment and exclusion.
125.13. The objective of this action programme is the development of a coherent and systematic method of intervention that can be adapted to national situations and integrated into employment policies with a view to combating youth unemployment and exclusion. Previous work on youth unemployment will be consolidated and a comparative analysis will be undertaken of the situation and problems of different groups of youth in selected countries. An assessment will be made of the adequacy and effectiveness of national policies and programmes designed to address these problems and practical policy conclusions will be drawn up. The resulting ILO perspective on effective policies and programmes to combat the marginalization of youth will be set out in a practical guide for use by constituents and the multidisciplinary advisory teams in the development of national programmes.
Promoting social dialogue for job creation and poverty elimination
125.14. Although the tripartite constituents are well placed to participate in the formulation and implementation of policies and programmes for job creation, they are often only marginally associated with investment and other decisions directly affecting their interests. The objective of this work is the strengthened capacity of Labour Ministries and employers’ and workers’ organizations to participate more effectively in national job creation programmes. An examination will be carried out of mechanisms and opportunities for the tripartite constituents to work closely with national and local authorities and community groups on job creation programmes for the unorganized sectors, women and other social groups, particularly through infrastructure investment and construction programmes, which account for two-thirds of public investment in most developing countries. Successful experiences of the involvement of the social partners in job creation programmes will be examined and pilot schemes will be launched to promote tripartite participation in national job creation programmes. Based on this work, policy tools for tripartite intervention in employment programmes will be developed, including appropriate contract systems and transparent procedures to improve the access of local small and medium-sized enterprises to public investment projects.
125.15. Although casual labour is often engaged in employment-intensive programmes, recruitment and management practices rarely comply with basic ILO standards. Building on the ILO’s experience of employment-intensive infrastructure programmes, work will be carried out on: the applicability of the relevant labour legislation to temporary employment in the construction sector; productivity-related remuneration and the development of appropriate unit rates for employment-intensive construction activities; the development of appropriate procedures for the putting out to tender and the award of contracts which incorporate applicable labour standards on conditions of work; the recruitment and management practices of labour contractors; and the choice of technology in the context of enterprise development. The findings of this work will be used for the production of a policy handbook and the organization of national and subregional meetings financed from RBTC and extra-budgetary funds.
The future of employment in the urban and informal sectors
125.16. The twenty-first century will be marked by the continuing rapid transition from a rural to an urban planet. Although industrialized countries are currently the most urbanized, rates of urbanization are much higher in the developing countries and all the new mega-cities that emerge between now and the year 2015 will be in developing countries. It is estimated that 228 million new jobs will have to be created by the end of the century, mostly in cities, and that the numbers of the urban population living in absolute poverty will grow from around 400 million to close to one billion. The growing crisis of urban poverty and unemployment is partly attributable to a number of false starts by policy-makers. The urban informal sector is often viewed as a panacea for employment, rather than as a source of low productivity work for some, and no more than a survival strategy for others. In this context, the importance of the ILO’s contribution to improving the level of employment and the quality of work in the sector was emphasized by HABITAT II. Furthermore, the growth of the urban informal economy and social exclusion in both industrialized and developing regions calls for new approaches linked to unprecedented trends in urbanization and globalization.
125.17. In response to this huge problem, a programme of technical assistance, entitled the Urban Employment Programme, will be implemented with the objective of developing the capacity of constituents to create jobs and alleviate poverty in the urban informal economy. The research carried out under the Urban Employment Programme will be complementary to work under major programme 65 (Enterprise and cooperative development) on small and micro-enterprise development by focusing on the job creation potential of local alliances of municipal governments with the private sector and worker and informal sector organizations. Cooperation with major programmes 225 (Employers’ activities) and 230 (Workers’ activities) will be intensified in order to establish modalities of trade unions and employers’ organizations providing assistance to workers in the informal economy. Further activities will help increase the impact of decentralized infrastructure investments on urban employment and on alleviating poverty. Policy advisory missions will be undertaken to design and launch demonstration projects. A package of training materials and guidelines will also be developed for use by the field structure in collaboration with municipal governments and the social partners. Emphasis will be placed on the mobilization of extra-budgetary resources to finance these activities and joint activities will be carried out in partnership with external development agencies. It is expected that these activities will lead to a 20per cent increase in the extra-budgetary resources available for technical cooperation activities in support of urban employment programmes.
Employment and organization of women and excluded social groups
125.18. Even in countries which achieve rapid economic growth, the social and economic exclusion of large segments of the population has emerged as a major policy concern. For a variety of reasons, these excluded population groups have not been able to participate equitably in the new processes of development. Moreover, the new trends of marginalization and exclusion are superimposed on traditional forms of discrimination and vulnerability related to gender, ethnicity and the nature of work. Indeed, poverty is becoming increasingly feminized in a large number of developing and industrialized countries. In spite of the rapid growth in women’s participation rates, their new employment opportunities have mainly been of a vulnerable, casual, insecure and unprotected nature. These trends are a cause of concern not only from the point of view of social justice, but because they undermine the very foundations of sustainable development and economic growth in a democratic society. The objective of the subprogramme is the design and implementation by constituents of policies and programmes to: combat poverty and social exclusion, with particular emphasis on women; and bring socially disadvantaged groups into the mainstream of development.
125.19. Technical assistance will be provided to strengthen the bargaining power of vulnerable social groups and promote the participation of women workers and other unorganized and disadvantaged groups in policy dialogue on crucial development issues, such as economic reforms and employment and poverty eradication programmes. In this work, emphasis will be placed on extending the application of international labour standards to unorganized workers and excluded groups, with particular emphasis on the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No.111); the Rural Workers’ Organisations Convention, 1975 (No.141); the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No.169); and the new Convention and Recommendation on Home Work adopted in 1996. A major component of this work will consist of training for constituents on how to address the needs of socially excluded groups. A series of subregional and national training programmes will be organized on employment promotion and poverty eradication for disadvantaged women and on policies and programmes to improve the negotiating skills of indigenous and tribal peoples. Guidelines will also be developed on the use of social development funds to promote the employment and participation of women workers. These guidelines will be disseminated through advisory services and technical cooperation activities.
125.20. In support of this work, new policy approaches to various types of exclusion will be analysed and policy guidelines will be prepared based on best practices in these areas. This work will contribute to the ILO’s follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development and the Fourth World Conference on Women, the International Decade for the World’s Indigenous People and to the implementation of the ILO’s international programme on More and Better Jobs for Women. Advisory services will continue to be provided on employment promotion, poverty eradication and the social integration of disadvantaged groups. Resources will be mobilized for targeted programmes and for technical cooperation programmes, and especially interregional programmes, addressing the new processes of marginalization.
Strengthening the organizational capacity of excluded groups
125.21. The causes of poverty and social exclusion go beyond material deprivation and include the limited bargaining power of disadvantaged groups and their inability to influence the decision-making processes that affect them. The majority of excluded groups, such as women heads of households, indigenous and tribal peoples, casual and seasonal agricultural workers, homeworkers and informal sector workers, are currently unorganized and unrepresented. Indeed, the organization of these groups is one of the most effective ways of enhancing their capacity to initiate change and their access to productive assets, training and social services. Trade unions and government agencies have an important role to play in this respect. A guide on the organization of socially excluded groups will document successful initiatives and identify: the types of organization that are best suited to excluded groups; policies that promote their participation in development and decision-making; the roles and responsibilities of the State, and employers’ and workers’ organizations in enhancing the bargaining power of the poor; and the action that can be taken by the ILO to promote the organization of the poor.
Home work
125.22. Home work, which encompasses traditional home-based activities, new forms of work in export industries and labour flexibility strategies at the enterprise level, will continue to grow as a non-standard form of employment in almost all regions of the world. To counter the invisibility and vulnerability of homeworkers and assess the job creation potential of this type of employment, especially for women workers, research will be carried out and a technical cooperation programme implemented. In addition to adopting standards on home work, the Conference in 1996 emphasized the need for country-specific work to design innovative schemes that promote employment and social protection for homeworkers. The Fourth World Conference on Women also called for assessments to be made of significant new forms of employment for women workers. Research will therefore be carried out to identify new forms of homeworking, the characteristics of home work and the conditions of work associated with it. The research will focus on the link between the growth of homeworking and the globalization and delocalization of economic activities. Successful and innovative policies and programmes addressing the needs of homeworkers will be documented and disseminated.
125.23. Taking account of the guidelines developed in the biennium 1996-97 and drawing on the ILO’s pilot projects for homeworkers in South and South-East Asia, technical cooperation activities will focus on the development of national programmes that: promote national awareness-raising campaigns and tripartite policy dialogue; compile data and improve the statistical methods used; review relevant legislation and regulations and the efficiency of enforcement mechanisms; develop skills training; improve product development and marketing; promote the organization of homeworkers; develop innovative social security schemes; and improve the occupational health and safety of homeworkers. These activities will promote observance of the new standards on home work, support the exchange of experience at the regional and interregional levels and strengthen the networking of homeworkers’ organizations. Subject to availability of extra-budgetary resources, six reports will be prepared, including three analytical country studies on home work in countries not yet covered by this work. Best practice guides will also be prepared and technical cooperation projects are expected to be initiated in at least three new countries in the Caribbean and in North Africa, while current programmes are consolidated in Asia and Latin America. Two interregional workshops or study tours will be also organized during the biennium.
Action programme
Improving the quality of women’s employment
125.24. The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented rise in women’s labour market participation rates and in their access to paid employment. However, a relatively small proportion of the new employment opportunities have been generated in the form of conventional and regular wage employment covered by social protection systems. Increasingly, the main sources of employment growth are an expanding informal sector and the development of new atypical forms of employment, such as temporary labour, contract labour, homeworking and subcontracting. At present, the majority of women workers in developing countries are engaged either as own account workers and micro-enterprise operators, or in the various types of unconventional forms of employment mentioned above. They often combine these types of activity or change occupational status depending on the availability of opportunities.
125.25. This trend is likely to grow in the future as a result of the diminishing prospects of large-scale, formal and conventional employment opportunities, both in the public and private sectors; greater flexibilization and deregulation of labour markets; greater emphasis on self-employment and micro-enterprise development in economic reform policies; and the employment opportunities created by the relocation of industrial capital. However, the unequal access to resources and the various levels of discrimination faced by women workers mean that the full potential is yet to be realized of these forms of work, which are currently characterized by low skill content and low productivity, insecurity and a lack of long-term prospects, excessive vulnerability to changes in the work environment and limited access to development resources, such as education, training and credit, safety nets and social protection measures. Improving the quality of employment, whilst safeguarding and expanding the job creation and income-generation potential of these sectors, is a desirable and feasible strategy, as emphasized by the Fourth World Conference on Women.
125.26. The objective of this action programme is to provide constituents with a range of feasible options and viable strategies for improving the quality of employment of the majority of women workers in developing countries who are engaged in own account work, small businesses and/or new forms of employment relationships. However, in view of the specific characteristics of these types of employment, this objective cannot be realized through a simple extension or replication of conventional development policies and social protection systems. Promising developments have been made in the recent past, for example, in the fields of financial services for small producers and/or the creation of mutual help associations for the social insurance of homeworkers.
125.27. Drawing on the experience of the ILO, successful and innovative strategies, including policies, institutions and targeted programmes, will be reviewed and assessed. These strategies may be classified into four clusters. The first consists of programmes to improve the productivity and incomes of specific groups through targeted skills training and basic managerial training adapted to the literacy, skill profiles and specific constraints of women workers and covering such areas as product development and access to markets and financial services. The second focuses on the design of unconventional and innovative social protection measures adapted to the circumstances of specific groups and involves: the preparation of guidelines and the implementation of training programmes on occupational health and safety measures for homeworkers and own account workers; and the development of voluntary trade-based or mutual social insurance schemes covering health insurance and maternity protection, combined with an exploration of the possibilities of linking them to formal social insurance schemes. A third approach is to develop the appropriate legal and regulatory framework and to carry out awareness-raising campaigns and training programmes. This entails the promotion of a more gender-sensitive set of regulations in terms of the access of small operators to urban land and infrastructure, financial services and marketing outlets, as well as the adoption of provisions to extend basic social protection to women workers who are in an employer-employee relationship. The revision of laws needs to be complemented by appropriate information dissemination and legal literacy programmes on women’s rights and opportunities. The fourth strategy cluster aims at promoting the organization of women workers and producers through trade unions, cooperatives and trade associations, and to strengthen their bargaining ability through the development of networks and strategic alliances. The implementation of any of these four approaches requires action and initiatives by government agencies, local government structures and employers’ and workers’ organizations.
125.28. The action programme will have three clearly identifiable outputs: a practical handbook on possible and viable strategies to be implemented by the ILO tripartite constituents, a video and a modular training package. The handbook will contain a review of the main characteristics of the employment situations of women workers in the above-mentioned sectors: a critical assessment of approaches and strategies for enhancing the quality of employment and social protection; a detailed analysis of best practices; and a menu of possible action. It will also identify types of action that can be initiated by the respective partners, as well as joint schemes and measures involving both the private and cooperative sectors. The purpose of the video will be to raise the awareness of a broad audience and the general public about the employment situations of working women in developing countries. In particular, it will emphasize successful strategies for pursuing the twin objectives of employment creation and social protection. It will include profiles of the employment situations of the above-mentioned groups, drawn from different geographical regions. The modular training package will consist of a training manual and audiovisual support to build and strengthen the capability of ILO constituents and other partners to design policies and programmes that improve the quality of employment of a large section of women workers engaged in self-employed and micro-enterprises and/or in new forms of employment. The action programme is one of the ILO’s contributions to the Beijing Conference and will develop practical approaches to the implementation of the new international labour standards on home work adopted in 1996.
Job creation, poverty alleviation and population policy
125.29. The interrelationship between demographic trends, economic growth and social progress is a major policy concern in many countries. Population growth, as well as the structure and distribution of the population, are factors that can contribute to persistent and widespread poverty, social exclusion and basic inequalities. Indeed, unemployment and the inadequacy of social services in many low-income developing countries are exacerbated by high rates of population growth. The Programme of Action adopted by the International Conference on Population and Development (1994) emphasizes the need to integrate population concerns into all aspects of development with the aim of promoting social justice and eradicating poverty. From the point of view of the ILO, it is particularly important to pay attention to the interlinkage between population, poverty, labour markets and human resource development.
125.30. The objective of this subprogramme, which is financed solely by extra-budgetary funds, is the enhanced capacity of constituents to analyse the linkages between demographic trends and social and economic development policies and programmes. The technical assistance provided in this respect will be designed to integrate ILO concerns into population policies and programmes, and to promote ILO standards on equality of opportunity and treatment, non-discrimination, workers with family responsibilities, maternity protection, rural workers’ organizations, human resource development and the protection of children from economic exploitation. The staff resources of the subprogramme consist of six specialists funded by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), who provide technical support to inter-agency country support teams.
125.31. The objective of the subprogramme will be achieved through research and policy advisory services in the areas of population, poverty, urbanization and human resource development, as well as through the development and dissemination of guidelines and training materials. Analytical tools will be developed to assist policy-makers and planners integrate population and human resources issues into policies on labour markets, structural adjustment, privatization and social services. Research and advocacy activities will also concentrate on policies for the full integration of women into population and development programmes, both as beneficiaries and participants. Technical support will continue to be provided for educational programmes for constituents in the areas of population, family welfare and gender. Training packages, briefing notes, inventories of useful educational materials and case-studies will be produced and disseminated and will focus on methods of improving the access of workers to education and other services and the roles in this respect of trade unions, enterprises and governments.