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Patterns and Causes of Social Exclusion
IILS/UNDP Project on: Patterns and Causes of Social Exclusion and the Design of Policies to Promote Integration
1994-97
Background and Objectives
In 1994 the International Institute for Labour Studies (IILS), with the financial support of the UNDP, launched an interregional research project on the patterns and causes of social exclusion. The project was a contribution to the World Summit for Social Development (WSSD). It introduced the concept of social exclusion into the international development debate by extending it beyond its Western European origins to developing and transitional economies where it now finds increasing reflection in the examination of, and responses to, the social consequences of economic change and globalization.
The overall objective of the project was "to improve the basis of action at local, national, and international levels, aimed at the eradication of poverty and promotion of social integration", by adding a new dimension to anti-poverty policies focusing more sharply on the role of institutions and actors in minimizing social exclusion and maximizing integration and cohesion.
Output and activities
The project comprised primary research on social exclusion carried out by multidisciplinary teams in more than ten countries in different regions of the world. The studies demonstrated the relevance of the concept for countries at different stages of development and with different economic and social characteristics. Its publications (listed below) comprise six monographs and five discussion papers which present the findings of the national empirical studies; four regional literature reviews; two reports of international conferences; and a conceptual study which was distributed at the WSSD. The project results were also used by the Institute to promote a wider debate in the international community, including the ILO, the World Bank and UNDP regional offices, and in developing countries. Regional and national conferences were organized in Bangkok, Lima and Santiago, with the participation of ILO constituents, other practitioners and academics. Global meetings were held in New York, Roskilde and Geneva. The project informs the ILO's two 1998 projects which dealt explicitly with social exclusion.
Main findings
The analytical studies carried out in the context of the project explored the multiple dimensions of disadvantage; established the links between livelihood and rights; and identified the basis for enlarging action against poverty. They highlighted the various meanings of social exclusion in different models of society, including key differences in its interpretation within industrial countries. They proposed a working definition of the concept which distinguished between social exclusion as an attribute of individuals and of societies. The policy implications of the project were twofold. It suggested that the concept could be used as a framework for strategies to address issues such as social justice in a globalized world, and proposed an approach which focused on (meso-) institutions - such as the basic markets, citizenship rights and civil society - as the key instruments for the reduction of exclusion and the promotion of social cohesion. Secondly, it clarified the differences and complementarities between social exclusion and poverty.
Project information
The project was carried out over a four-year period with major support from the UNDP. Contributors included 35 external academic collaborators and two of the Institute's professional staff members. The following countries were studied: Brazil, Cameroon, India, Mexico, Russia, United Republic of Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Venezuela and Yemen.
Publications and meetings
Books
Apasamy, P. et al. 1996. Social exclusion from a welfare rights perspective in India. Geneva, IILS, Research Series No. 106 (133 pp.).
Figueiredo, J.; de Haan, A. (eds.) 1197. Social exclusion: An ILO perspective (forthcoming).
Figueroa, A. et al. 1995. Exclusión social y desigualdad en el Perú. Lima, ILO Regional Office (151 pp.).
Figueroa, A. et al. 1996. Social exclusion and inequality in Peru. Geneva, IILS, Research Series No. 104, (96 pp.).
Gaudier, M. 1993. Poverty, inequality, exclusion: New approaches to theory and practice - Pauvretés, inégalités, exclusions: renouveau des approches théoriques et des pratiques sociales. Geneva, IILS, Bibliographical Series, No. 17 (E,F) (pp. 208).
Gore, C. and Figueiredo, J. B. (eds.). 1997. Social exclusion and anti-poverty policy: A debate. Policy Forum on Social Exclusion (New York, 22-24 May 1996), Geneva, IILS, Research Series No. 110, (132 pp.).
Hashem, M. H. 1996. Goals for social integration and realities of social exclusion in the Republic of Yemen. Geneva, IILS, Research Series No. 105 (116 pp.).
Kaijage, F. and Tibaijuka, A. 1996. Poverty and social exclusion in Tanzania. Geneva, IILS, Research Series No. 109 (202 pp.).
Phongpaichit, P. et al. Challenging social exclusion: Rights and livelihood in Thailand. Geneva, IILS, Research Series No. 107 (122 pp.).
Rodgers, G., Gore C. and Figueiredo, J. B. (eds.). 1993. Social exclusion: Rhetoric Reality Responses. Geneva, IILS (310 pp.).
Tchernina, N. 1996. Economic transition and social exclusion in Russia. Geneva, IILS, Research Series No. 108 (103 pp.).
Discussion Papers
Bedoui, M. 1995. Bibliographie sur l'exclusion dans les pays arabes du Maghreb et du Machreq. Geneva, IILS, Série Documents de travail No. 80 (73 pp.).
Bedoui, M. et Ridha, G. 1996. Les politiques de lutte contre l'exclusion sociale en Tunisie. Geneva, IILS, Série Documents de travail No. 88 (52 pp.).
Cartaya, V.; Magallanes, R. and Domínguez, C. 1997. Venezuela: Exclusion and integration - A synthesis in the building? Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 90 (102 pp.). Venezuela: Exclusión e integración ¿Una síntesis en construcción? Ginebra, IIEL, Documentos de trabajo núm. 91 (103 págs.)
Do Duc Dinh. 1995. The social impact of economic reconstruction in Vietnam: A selected review. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 81 (21 pp.).
Gore, C. 1993. Social exclusion and Africa south of the Sahara: A review of the literature. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 62 (96 pp.).
Gordon, S. 1997. Poverty and social exclusion in Mexico. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 93 (21 pp.). Pobreza y patrones de exclusión en México. Ginebra, IIEL, Documentos de trabajo núm. 92 (22 págs.).
Faria, W. 1994. Social exclusion in Latin America. An annotated bibliography. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 70 (69 pp.).
de Haan, A. and Nayak, P. 1995. Social exclusion and South Asia. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Paper Series No. 77 (75 pp.).
Inack Inack, S. 1997. L'exclusion sociale au Cameroun. Genève, Série de Documents de travail no 89 (78 pp.)
Institute for Labour Studies (Manila). 1995. Social exclusion in the Philippines. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 79 (104 pp.).
Lim Teck Ghee. 1995. Social integration in Malaysia: A review of literature and empirical material. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 82 (31 pp.).
Rodgers, G. 1994. Overcoming exclusion: Livelihood and rights in economic and social development. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 72 (59 pp.).
Silver, H. 1994. Social exclusion and social solidarity: Three paradigms. Geneva, IILS Discussion Papers Series No. 69 (69 pp.). Also in Geneva, ILO, International Labour Review, Vol. 133, No. 5-6 (pp. 531-578).
Silver, H. and Wilkinson, F. 1995. Policies to combat social exclusion: A French-British comparison. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 83 (37 pp.).
Singer, P. 1997. Social exclusion in Brazil. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 94 (32 pp.).
Wolfe, M. 1994. Some paradoxes of social exclusion. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 63 (16 pp.).
Yepez del Castillo, I. 1994. Review of the French and Belgian literature on social exclusion. A Latin American perspective. Geneva, IILS, Discussion Papers Series No. 71 (28 pp.).
Leaflets and Reports
Bessis, S. 1995. From social exclusion to social cohesion: A policy agenda. Paris, MOST Programme of the UNESCO, Policy Papers No. 2. (E,F,S), (56 pp.).
IILS. 1995. Overcoming Social Exclusion - A contribution to the World Summit for Social Development. Geneva, IILS, (E,F,S) ,(22 pp.).
IILS. 1996. Social exclusion and anti-poverty strategies. Research project on the patterns and causes of social exclusion and the design of policies to promote integration: A synthesis of findings. Geneva, IILS, (31 pp.).
ILO (Bangkok). 1995. Asian subregional symposium on social exclusion and extension of social protection. Bangkok, ILO Regional Office, (36 pp.).
ILO (Lima) and IILS. 1995. Social exclusion in Latin America - La exclusión social en América Latina. Lima, ILO Regional Office, (E,S), (35 pp.).
ILO (Santiago) and IILS. 1996. Elements for the design of policies against social exclusion in Chile. Santiago, ILO Multidisciplinary Technical Team, (39 pp.).
Meetings
The first IILS Workshop on Social Exclusion
VALLETTA (Malta), 19-22 January 1994
This was an internal preparatory Meeting with all participants in the project to define the research strategy and a common framework for the country case studies.
The Second IILS Workshop on Social Exclusion
CAMBRIDGE (UK), 14-18 July 1994
This was an internal meeting with all participants in the project, to discuss preliminary research outcomes and prepare a report for the World Summit for Social Development
National Technical Workshop on Social Exclusion and Development Policy in Thailand
BANGKOK, 15-17 August 1994
Co-organized by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, Royal Thai government, the ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok and the IILS/ILO, Geneva.
Asian Subregional Symposium on Social Exclusion and Extension of Social Protection
PATTAYA, 22-25 November 1994
Co-organized by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, Royal Thai Government, the ILO East Asian Multidisciplinary Advisory Team, the ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, and the IILS/ILO, Geneva.
Taller sobre Exclusión Social en América Latina: un Tema para el Análisis y el Diálogo Social
ILO, LIMA, 17-19 January 1995
Co-organized by the ILO Regional Office, Lima, and the IILS/ILO, Geneva.
From Social Exclusion to Social Cohesion: Towards a Policy Agenda
ROSKILDE, University of Roskilde, 2-4 March 1995
Co-organized by the Management of Social Transformation Programme (MOST) of the UNESCO, Paris the IILS/ILO, Geneva, the WHO, Geneva, the DG-XII of the Commission of the European Union, Brussels, the ORSTOM, Paris, and the University of Roskilde, Roskilde.
Taller sobre Exclusión Social en Chile
ILO, SANTIAGO, 6-7 December 1995
Co-organized by the ILO Multidisciplinary Technical Team, Santiago, and the IILS/ILO, Geneva.
Policy Forum on Social Exclusion
UN, NEW YORK, 22-24 May 1996
Organised by the IILS/ILO, Geneva.
Conference on "Overcoming social exclusion: The ILO contribution"
ILO, GENEVA, 20-21 May 1997
organised by the IILS/ILO
Technical workshop on "Social exclusion, social inclusion and poverty reduction"
World Bank, WASHINGTON DC, 2 December 1997
Organized by the World Bank in collaboration with the IILS.
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