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ILO Home::IILS Home::Publications::Discussion Papers::Venezuela: Exclusion and integration- A synthesis in the building?
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Venezuela: Exclusion and integration- A synthesis in the building?
Tables 1-10
table of contents

Table 1. Venezuela. Macroeconomic indicators 1990-1993
Indicator 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
GDP (real growth) 6.9 9.7 6.8 -1.0 -3.3
Inflation (year ends) 36.5 31.0 31.9 45.9 70.8
Exchange rate ($=Bs, Dec. of each year) 50.4 61.6 79.5 106.2 170
Public sector deficit/GDP 1.1 4.4 -5.8 -3.7 -15.2
Merchandise exports (M$) 17,444 14,968 13,955 14,222 15,695
Merchandise imports (M$) 6,807 10,131 12,266 11,013 7,709
Balance of trade 10,637 4,837 1,689 3,209 -
Current account balance 8,279 1,732 -3,365 -2,223 4,121
Current account/ GDP 17.0 3.2 -5.6 -2.9 -
Foreign exchange reserves (M$) 11,759 14,105 13,001 12,399 11,904
Source: Diario El Nacional Special edition, 24 February 1994. Para 1994: Purroy (1995).

Table 2. Venezuela: Index of human development. 1990-1992
Indicator 1990 1992
1. Life expectancy at birth (years) 70.00 70.10
2. Educational achievement (Weighting = 2/3 illiterate and 1/3 schooling) 2.24 2.21
Rate of adult literacy (%) 88.10 89.00
Average number of years of scholarity 6.32 6.50
3. Adjusted to GDP 4,902 5,230
GDP per capita (Purchasing power parity in US$) 6,169 8,120
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX 0.824 0,820

Source : Consejo de Economía Nacional: Perfil de Desarrollo Humano 1994

Table 3. Income poverty in Venezuela. 1991-1993
  1991 1992 1993
Condition Persons % Persons % Persons %
Total 19,428,856 100.0 19,890,092 100.0 20,351,645 100.0
Poor 11,618,456 59.8 10,362,738 52.1 10,827,065 53.2
Indigence 4,934,930 25.4 3,938,238 19.8 4,029,625 19.8
Critical 6,683,526 34.4 6,424,500 32.3 6,797,449 33.4
Not poor 7,810,400 40.2 9,527,354 47.9 9,524,570 46.8

Source: OCEI/FEGS. 1994.

Table 4. Characteristics of households by income quartiles
  Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4 Total
No. of households 976,400 976,114 976,740 975,608 3,904,862
No. of persons 5,538,397 5,146,685 4,690,073 3,750,993 19,126,148
% of persons per quartile 29.0 26.9 24.5 19.6 100.0
Average No. of members 5.67 5.27 4.80 3.84 4.90
Characteristics of head          
Average age 43.9 43.3 44.2 44.9 43.9
Average level of education 3.9 5.6 6.9 9.9 6.5
Composition of household          
average number of members 5.67 5.27 4.80 3.84 4.90
majors of 15 years 2.78 3.09 3.28 2.90  
Average number of children per 2.41 2.00 1.68 1.23 1.86
Woman*          
% of nuclear households 48.3 49.8 55.5 63.9 -
% extended households 23.0 22.7 21.0 13.5 -
First generation head 16.5 16.6 15.2 7.5 -
Second generation head 6.5 6.1 5.7 6.0 -
Households headed by women 28.0 23.0 22.0 18.6 22.6
Incomplete nuclear families, woman head** 10.2 7.3 7.0 7.0 -
Extended** 34.5 33.5 28.7 16.0 -
First generation head** 27.4 25.9 22.3 10.8 -
Second generation head ** 7.1 7.7 6.5 5.2 -

* Women between 12 and 49 years.

** Percentage out of all households headed by women

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing CIES.

Table 5. Households by sex and age of the head and family income
  25 to 49 years   50 years and over  
  Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 4 Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile
Female head 142,379 121,799 90,519 119,373 97,711 86,716
% of total 14.6 12.5 9.3 12.2 10.0 8.9
Head's years of schooling 5.2 6.3 10.9 1.9 3.3 6.8
Household characteristics          
Members 5.5 5.5 3.7 4.9 5.1 3.8
Over 15 years of age 2.3 3.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.2
% nuclear families 69.4 63.9 73.7 24.8 26.8 36.2
Household income/SBA 2.32 6.07 21.31 2.39 5.61 19.28
Male head 456,595 501,185 514,950 188,414 196,802 246,510
% of total 46.8 51.3 52.8 19.3 20.2 25.3
Head's years of schooling 5.2 6.8 11.1 3.0 4.1 8.5
Household characteristics          
Members 6.3 5.5 4.0 5.9 5.9 4.2
Over 15 years of age 2.7 2.8 2.6 3.5 4.0 3.6
% nuclear families 85.6 85.7 88.9 50.3 51.0 68.8
Household income/SBA 3.11 6.07 23.13 2.80 6.57 27.07

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing CIES.

Table 6. Access to basic mother-and-child health services
  Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4 Total
Healthy 10-year old children who do not have medical check-ups    
Total 437,091 247,987 120,264 54,718 871,144
% of the total age group 23.2 17.3 12.5 8.6 17.5
% of each total quartile 50.2 28.5 13.8 6.3 100.0
% of those who have a check-up who          
who go to public centres 88.0 74.7 65.9 27.6 66.5
Pregnancies with no check-up        
% of pregnancies 34.9 28.6 17.7 16.1 25.3
Percentage of deliveries        
Followed by medical personnel 91.7 96.0 96.9 96.8 94.8
At home 6.5 2.3 1.0 0.5 3.4
In public hospitals 88.5 86.4 70.9 46.7 78.6
In private hospitals 4.3 10.7 26.2 51.7 17.0

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing CIES.

Table 7. Indicators of accommodation suitability by family income quartiles
  Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4 TOTAL
Accommodation suitability          
Suitable accommodation* 272,656 417,239 623,440 793,940 2,107,275
Proportion of accommodation:          
Adequate 28.49 30.29 64.55 81.82 54.43
Inadequate 71.51 69.71 35.45 18.18 45.57
Type of inadequacy:          
Households with overcrowding ** 399,458 304,674 159,666 63,352 927,150
  41.74 31.64 16.53 6.53 24.02
Households without excreta disposal 282,984 170,434 81,253 35,040 569,711
  29.60 17.69 8.41 3.60 15.00
Households without running water 196,228 117,423 73,781 35,621 423,053
  20.53 12.20 7.65 3.67 11.09
* With no overcrowding, and with running water and excreta disposal services

** Three or more persons per bedroom.

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing CIES

Table 8. Educational attainment by major age groups and family income quartiles
  Quartile 1  Quartile 2  Quartile 3  Quartile 4  Total 
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
No level 20.49 10.71 7.13 3.41 10.29
Basic 67.00 69.29 59.50 40.61 59.27
Middle-grade 9.29 14.37 20.74 24.12 17.24
Higher 2.84 5.22 12.22 31.53 12.82
From 15 to 25 years of age 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
No level 7.08 3.02 2.03 1.18 3.40
Basic 74.34 70.53 56.46 39.99 61.75
Middle-grade 13.78 19.72 27.57 33.03 22.98
Higher 4.62 6.39 13.80 25.55 11.64
From 26 to 49 years of age 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
No level 17.52 7.84 4.44 1.93 7.53
Basic 71.14 72.49 60.73 33.85 58.88
Middle-grade 8.64 13.62 20.13 23.32 16.80
Higher 2.25 5.81 14.34 40.59 16.45
50 years of age and over 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
No level 54.67 36.16 25.07 10.28 30.76
Basic 42.04 57.47 62.57 59.16 55.59
Middle-grade 1.88 4.42 8.02 14.32 7.40
Higher 0.75 0.90 3.18 15.81 5.43

Source : OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing CIES.

Table 9. Families by schooling of family head
  Quartile 1  Quartile 2  Quartile 3  Quartile 4  
No. of households 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
With a male head 72.06 76.96 78.01 81.41
With a female head 27.94 23.04 21.99 18.59
up to 3 41.44 27.56 20.04 11.27
With a male head 27.80 18.53 14.19 8.28
With a female head 13.65 9.03 5.85 2.99
from 4 to 9 years 48.91 56.43 52.60 35.29
With a male head 36.98 45.37 42.53 28.10
With a female head 11.93 11.06 10.07 7.18
10 years and more 9.65 16.01 27.36 53.45
With a male head 7.28 13.06 21.29 45.03
With a female head 2.37 2.95 6.07 8.42

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing CIES.

Table 10. Exclusion profile in childhood education
  Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4 Total
Children not at school 573,631 333,432 169,551 89,715 1,166,329
From 3 to 5 397,338 255,824 136,903 69,855 859,920
From 6 to 9 95,253 37,949 12,799 10,450 156,451
From 10 to 14 81,040 39,659 19,849 9,410 149,958
Exclusion rate (%) 26.5 20.5 15.2 12.8 20.8
From 3 to 5 67.7 57.9 46.2 37.8 57.0
From 6 to 9 12.5 6.9 3.6 4.2 8.2
From 10 to 14 9.9 6.3 4.3 3.5 6.9
Desertion rate* 4.7 3.7 3.0 3.2 3.9
From 3 to 5 3.7 5.9 0.0 4.3 3.5
From 6 to 9 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.7 3.0
From 10 to 14 6.1 4.2 3.2 3.6 4.6
Repeat** 433,742 292,076 196,634 96,737 1,031,666
6 to 14 27 21 17 11 21
15 to 19 26 20 15 9 20

Updated by RS. Approved by AVJ. Last Updated 16 March 2004.

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