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		New Volume The promise and perils of participatory policy making by Lucio Baccaro, Konstantinos Papadakis Discussion Paper 190 Executive compensation: Trends and policy issues by Franz Christian Ebert Raymond Torres Konstantinos Papadakis Discussion Paper 192 Labour, Globalization and Inequality: Are Trade Unions Still Redistributive? by Lucio Baccaro Discussion Paper 193 Impact of changing work patterns on income inequality, by Uma Rani Subscribe to our mailing list and we will keep you informed about our new publications

Table A1. Production indicators, prices and labour market

Year	GDP % (index)	Inflation (average)	Fiscal deficit (% of GDP)	Unemployment rate(%)
1981	100,0	16,2	2,2	6,1
1982	97,6	9,5	-2,1	7,1
1983	89,4	6,4	-0,6	10,3
1984	87,4	12,2	2,7	13,4
1985	85,5	11,4	2,0	12,1
1986	88,5	11,5	-0,4	10,3
1987	89,2	28,1	-1,6	8,5
1988	91,8	29,5	-7,4	6,9
1989	81,3	84,5	-1,0	9,6
1990	82,3	40,7	-2,0	9,9
1991	87,3	34,2	2,6	8,7
1992	91,2	31,4	-3,5	7,1
1993	87,6	38,1	-3,5	6,6
1994*	82,4	70,0	-9,3	8.7

* Own estimates on the basis of preliminary results.

Source: Marquez 1992, CIES 1994.

Table A2. demographic structure of households

	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	TOTAL
No. of persons	5,538,397	5,146,685	4,690,073	3,750,993	19,126,148
From 0 to 5 years	1,181,714	912,389	628,011	407,777	3.119,917
From 6 to 14 years	1,587,410	1,192,423	826,309	521,836	4,127,978
From 15 to 19 years	562,669	569,829	525,764	294,957	1,953,219
From 20 to 25 years	454,178	562,123	648,614	465,164	2,130,079
From 26 to 49 years	1,254,668	1,409,432	1,502,034	1,491,775	5,657,909
From 50 to 59 years	212,887	252,800	293,369	298,564	1,057,620
60 years and over	294,845	247,689	265,972	270,920	1,079,426
In percentage	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
From 0 to 5 years	21.15	17.73	13.39	10.91	16.31
From 6 to 14 years	28.66	23.17	17.62	13.91	21.58
From 15 to 19 years	10.16	11.07	11.21	7.86	10.21
From 20 to 25 years	8.20	10.92	13.83	12.40	11.14
From 26 to 49 years	22.65	27.39	32.03	39.77	29.58
From 50 to 59 years	3.84	4.91	6.26	7.96	5.53
From 60 and over	5.32	4.81	5.67	7.22	5.64

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A3. Poor and extremely poor households by geographic area 1990

Geographical area

Total NBI Households Population

Extreme poverty Households Population

National total	1 439 901	7 952 402	609 915	3 570 294
Zulia	203 571	1 156 280	90 351	546 356
Miranda	123 050	642 353	49 711	274 479
Lara	104 891	569 538	50 964	288 489
Carabobo	111 569	590 989	46 314	254 145
Sucre	62 242	298 133	29 432	187 463
Anzoátegui	76 548	431 284	34 746	205 229
Bolivar	68 139	384 374	28 700	164 762
Portuguesa	56 946	321 562	28 521	171 503
Aragua	76 856	401 563	28 449	157 052
Guárico	46 334	253 506	22 423	128 322
Trujillo	48 052	256 072	21 562	123 534
Falcón	51 628	298 180	20 788	129 761
Apure	32 908	191 175	19 465	118 645
Barinas	40 428	220 250	19 462	111 761
Táchira	57 271	313 462	19 435	116 349
Yaracuy	31 620	176 367	12 388	72 655
Monagas	38 303	220 206	15 505	94 202
Cojedes	15 948	83 526	6 763	36 533
Nva Esparta	16 982	93 376	4 950	32 678

Source: OCEI, 1990 census. (does not include the states of Amazonas, Dto Federal, Delta Amacuro and Mérida).

Table A4. Employed persons by average years of education, sex and age groups

15 to 25

26 to 49

50 and over

	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Total	6.98	8.56	7.99	8.93	5.51	4.73
Quartile 1	5.23	6.30	5.15	5.49	2.95	2.14
Quartile 2	6.41	7.40	6.67	7.07	4.14	3.58
Quartile 3	7.44	9.04	8.04	8.77	5.00	4.36
Quartile 4	9.16	9.91	11.06	11.37	8.55	7.17

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A5. Structure by worker age

	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	TOTAL
Total	1,124,729	1,501,673	1,813,437	1,823,777	6,263,616
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
From 15 to 25 years	25.1	26.4	26.8	17.7	23.7
From 26 to 49 years	59.4	59.3	59.0	65.9	61.2
From 50 and over years	15.4	14.3	14.3	16.5	15.1
Total	18.0	24.0	29.0	29.1	100.0
From 15 to 25 years	19.0	26.6	32.6	21.7	100.0
From 26 to 49 years	17.4	23.3	27.9	31.4	100.0
50 years and over years	18.3	22.7	27.3	31.7	100.0

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A6. Rates of school attendance, employment and unemployment by age

adolescents between 15 and 19 years

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Total

Attendance rate school	49.64	50.82	58.27	69.89	55.38
15	68.14	74.18	82.06	87.60	75.75
16	59.36	59.68	68.13	78.82	64.35
17	45.31	45.70	58.33	66.22	52.28
18	33.39	39.54	50.02	61.68	44.38
19	27.35	27.30	34.70	55.02	34.41
Employment rate	28.90	32.45	29.77	23.18	29.31
15	15.95	15.44	10.46	8.34	13.49
16	21.16	24.99	19.80	15.40	21.24
17	33.75	31.86	27.83	22.26	29.76
18	39.34	43.71	38.72	31.20	39.15
19	44.55	52.28	50.10	38.58	47.39
Unemployment rate	31.89	24.35	19.59	12.09	23.73
15	32.92	21.00	20.35	9.32	24.78
16	30.40	25.43	24.15	7.97	24.85
17	28.62	21.71	22.62	13.88	23.18
18	31.75	21.72	15.18	10.25	21.13
19	35.61	29.28	19.79	14.66	25.57

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A7. Employed persons by branch of economic activity and income quartile

RAMAS

1st Quartile

2nd. Quartile

3rd Quartile

4th Quartile

Total

TOTAL	1,142,688	1,453,263	1,664,677	1,889,929	6,150,557
Agriculture	29.4	12.7	6.9	3.6	11.4
Mining	0.8	1.1	1.4	2.3	1.5
Industry	13.2	19.9	20.1	14.7	17.1
Electricity, gas, water	0.8	0.9	1.2	1.0	1.0
Construction	8.5	9.2	7.8	6.4	7.8
Commerce	18.7	20.3	21.1	20.1	20.2
Transport	4.4	5.9	7.1	5.7	5.9
Finance	2.6	4.2	6.0	12.2	6.8
Services	21.7	25.8	28.4	34.0	28.3

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A8. Employed persons by occupational category and income quartiles

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Total

Formal	43.93	57.41	66.30	72.17	61.8
Government salaried employee	4.97	8.99	15.70	21.95	14.0
Government wage-earning worker	5.01	6.46	5.13	2.79	4.71
Salaried employee, undertakings with over 5 workers	7.70	13.75	20.19	30.94	19.6
Wage-earners, undertakings with over 5 workers	24.34	26.45	22.51	7.57	19.2
Director or employer	1.19	0.98	1.68	5.36	2.55
Self-employed professional person	0.71	0.78	1.08	3.55	1.70
Informall	56.07	42.59	33.70	27.83	38.1
Salaried employee, undertakings with under 5 workers	2.84	3.57	4.06	3.38	3.51
Wage-earners, undertakings with under 5 workers	11.09	7.62	3.85	1.76	5.44
Director or employer	5.85	4.54	5.05	6.49	5.52
Domestic service	5.03	4.09	2.51	3.51	3.66
Self-employed non-professional person	31.26	22.77	18.24	12.68	20.0

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A9. Workers' incomes by income quartile, branch of economic activity and age group

Index. (Average income 26 to 49 =100)

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Total

15 to 25 years	65.1	63.9	62.5	51.1	50.3
Agriculture	46.0	44.2	49.9	54.8	28.6
Manufacturing industry	82.6	69.1	59.3	52.0	53.0
Construction	78.9	67.2	72.1	49.3	54.9
Commerce and catering	74.8	60.6	56.0	47.3	50.3
Transport, warehousing and communication.	77.8	82.5	70.9	68.4	75.8
Financial establishments	106.6	68.7	65.6	47.9	68.2
Community services	54.6	56.6	57.3	34.0	45.6
26 to 49 years	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture	70.4	80.5	85.3	115.8	56.8
Manufacturing industry	101.9	92.8	88.1	86.9	89.7
Construction	114.6	94.1	93.7	93.8	90.4
Commerce and catering	84.0	79.5	84.0	93.4	91.6
Transport, warehousing and communication.	116.2	110.2	107.9	112.3	115.4
Financial establishments	96.2	91.2	92.2	98.0	134.3
Community services	89.8	83.6	85.5	67.8	84.0
50 years and over	72.0	81.9	85.5	106.5	100.1
Agriculture	57.7	59.7	69.2	29.3	50.9
Manufacturing industry	69.7	60.9	74.5	92.1	90.9
Construction	97.1	105.9	87.5	146.8	129.4
Commerce and catering	60.7	62.0	79.3	92.6	96.0
Transport, warehousing and communication.	91.5	118.1	99.5	76.3	90.0
Financial establishments	89.1	74.8	66.3	93.5	127.9
Community services	80.5	69.4	70.8	71.2	81.7
Average income 26 to 49 years	6,367	10,572	15,174	35,856	18,157
In CNA units	2.5	4.1	5.9	14.0	7.1
SMU Proportion	0.71	1.17	1.69	3.98	2.02

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A10. Profile of Venezuelan adolescent at 19 years of age, 1991.

	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4
Average years of schooling	7	8	9	10
Percentage that achieves:
Full primary	74	81	90	93
Full basic	40	42	53	72
Complete medium-level	19	21	36	50
More than medium level	9	7	16	25
Employment
Rate of employment	45	52	50	39
Rate of unemployment	36	29	20	15
Employed persons
Average years of education	5	7	8	8
Average income	3,516	5,604	8,329	14,294
In CNA	1.37	2.18
Unemployed
Average years of schooling	9	9	10	12

Table A11. Family employment strategies by family composition and family life cycle

25 to 49 years

50 years and over

	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 4	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 4
Female head
Nuclear	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Nobody working	20.4	5.8	0.5	25.9	9.9	1.0
Family head only working	47.0	45.8	53.7	14.3	13.5	6.8
Family head and children	20.4	25.1	29.4	10.5	28.4	40.2
Children and others only	12.1	23.3	16.5	49.3	48.2	52.0
Extended	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Nobody working	8.4	0.7	0.0	12.7	7.9	0.0
Family head only working	27.0	22.8	30.6	7.4	4.8	5.5
Family head and children	23.9	29.7	26.2	8.4	20.7	26.9
Children and others only	40.7	46.8	43.2	71.5	66.5	67.6
Male head
Nuclear	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Nobody working	1.1	1.1	0.6	6.7	4.5	1.7
Family head only working	71.2	52.8	31.3	33.2	22.9	15.4
Family head and children	15.8	33.2	54.0	15.3	22.8	28.4
Children and others only	8.6	9.2	3.2	28.8	31.2	28.6
Solo hijos u otros	3.2	3.7	10.9	16.1	18.7	25.8
Extended	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Nobody working	0.6	0.0	0.0	5.8	0.9	1.8
Family head only working	30.6	22.4	20.0	19.4	4.4	9.9
Family head and spouse	15.6	19.7	24.0	8.3	12.9	13.4
Family head and children	23.1	22.1	10.6	30.5	29.4	38.3
Children and others only	30.0	35.9	45.5	36.0	52.4	36.7

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A12. Households by head of households employment situation

Distribution of disadvantage

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Total

Female head	30	25	24	20
26 to 49	31	26	24	20	100
Employed	24	26	25	25	100
Unemployed	45	28	17	11	100
Inactive	47	25	20	7	100
50 years and over	30	24	24	22	100
Employed	22	26	24	28	100
Unemployed	29	27	17	27	100
Inactive	33	24	25	18	100
Male head	23	25	25	27	100
27 to 49	23	26	25	26	100
Employed	23	26	25	27	100
Unemployed	37	27	26	11	100
Inactive	24	27	26	24	100
51 years and over	22	23	26	29	100
Employed	19	22	27	31	100
Unemployed	26	27	29	19	100
Inactive	29	24	25	23	100

Source: OCEI. Social survey 1991. Processing Cies

Table A13. Compensatory programmes. Plan for halting poverty

Area	Programme	Content
Food programmes and child and adolescent care programmes	Food allowance Cereals allowance, Milk allowance School uniforms and materials Bolstering of food programmes	500 Bolivares for each child registered in a public school (pre-school and basic) in poor and rural areas. Coupons exchangeable for rice, flour and milk. Supply of three uniforms and materials within schools. Jug of milk and or school lunch.
	Extended mother-and-child programme	Food supplement through outpatient clinics for children under 6 years of age, nursing mothers and pregnant women.
	Extension of day care homes	Care of children of between 0 and 6 years of age by means of "stand-in mothers". Agreement with around 250 non-governmental organizations for administration of programme.
Workers' protection programmes	Protection against dismissal	Introduction of insurance for wage-earners who have contributed for one year, giving entitlement to a maximum of 60% of wages for periods of three to six months.
	Employment and social infrastructure maintenance programme	Programme for repairing social infrastructure and facilities to create about 50.000 temporary jobs in one year.
	Extension of works restaurants	Extension of the range of employees for programme cover in private firms (restaurant or cash allowance)
	Micro-enterprise support programme	Preferential conditions credit programme, administered by agreements with non-governmental organizations con ONGs and local governmental organizations.