Working papers
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Working Paper No. 54 - Indicators of labour standards: An overview and comparison
01 January 2005
This paper proposes a methodology to measure differences in labour standards across countries. This methodology is used in a crossed country comparison developed to address both legal and labour market outcome aspects of a wide range of labour standards (minimum wages, social security…).
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Working Paper No. 53 - Measuring the informal economy : From employment in the informal sector to informal employment
01 January 2005
The purpose of the present working paper is first to explain the international statistical definitions of employment in the informal sector and of informal employment (adopted by the ICLS in 1993 and 2003). The second target of this paper is to illustrate the practical application in household surveys of these definitions in providing examples of their translation into survey questions.
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Working Paper No. 52 - Child Labour, Education and Export Performance
01 January 2004
Including data for up to 162 countries, the paper uses a gravity trade model to estimate the effects of child labour and education on exports for the 1993 to 1999 period. This paper argues that there are two rather separate markets for unskilled labour, and children work in the less skilled of developing countries which is of limited relevance for the trade of manufactures.
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Working Paper No. 51 - Patterns of Job Quality Attributes in the European Union
01 January 2005
The objective of this paper is to exploit The European Survey of Working Conditions (ESWC), which offers an unusual opportunity to address questions about a wide range of job characteristics such as workplace safety, stress, workplace relations and asocial hours. A second objective is to explore the link between job characteristics and “outcomes” such as pay and other employment conditions.
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Working Paper No. 50 - Measuring trade union rights: A country-level indicator constructed from coding violations recorded in textual sources
01 January 2004
The paper argues that the key bottleneck in improving indicators of trade union rights is the need for information sources that provide systematic and detailed information on trade union rights that is consistent both across countries and over time.
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Working Paper No. 49 - The social dimension of regional integration in ECOWAS
01 January 2005
This paper highlights the avenues open to African regional economic communities to strengthen socio-economic development. Foremost among these is reinforcing social dialogue and the social partners for their effective engagement. The author makes suggestions as to how the ILO and other institutions could facilitate this process in ECOWAS, which is politically open to it.
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Working Paper No. 48 - Generating decent work for poverty reduction in Cambodia
01 January 2005
This paper highlights the key interlinked areas for policy action that would enhance the ability of the Cambodian economy to generate work, would improve the productivity and conditions of work of the working poor and would move towards removing structural social discrimination and protecting the most vulnerable.
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Working Paper No. 47 - Trends in Work Stoppages: A Global Perspective
01 January 2004
The paper describes in some detail the serious problems with missing strike activity data, with a large number of countries not collecting these data and a good many others collecting these data only intermittently. The paper makes recommendations as to the most cost-effective means of improving the collection of strike activity data.
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Working Paper No. 45 - The world of work in the context of economic integration and trade liberalization
01 January 2004
This paper is a contribution to the growing body of work devoted to understanding the impact of regional economic integration on employers and workers. It compares these developments in the Americas with those in other parts of the world.
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Working Paper No. 43 - Unemployment and Labour Market Institutions: The Failure of the Empirical Case for Deregulation
01 January 2004
This paper assesses the strength of the evidence regarding the effects of labour market institutions and regulations on unemployment, updating their earlier survey of the literature to include the most recent studies. The paper argues that the empirical results are largely inconclusive, often showing estimates of opposite sign.
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Working Paper No. 42 - Decent work in a least developed country: A critical assessment of the Ethiopia PRSP
01 January 2004
This paper describes how the ILO engages in PRSP processes and where decent work can add value to national poverty reduction strategies. Although the working paper is specific to the case of Ethiopia, many of the issues raised have broader relevance to national poverty reduction processes in other least developed countries, especially in Africa.
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Working Paper No. 41 - Employment in the informal economy in the Republic of Moldova
01 January 2005
In relation to the development of an employment survey, this paper produces statistics on employment in the informal economy in the Republic of Moldova. This paper contains an analysis of the main results obtained of the pilot survey and a statistical annex of tables with detailed data on employment in the informal sector and informal employment broken down by sex, urban/rural areas, branch of economic activity, occupations, status in employment and other variables.
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Working Paper No. 39 - How do trade union rights affect trade competitiveness?
01 January 2004
On the basis of new empirical evidence, this study argues that stronger trade union rights do not generally hinder trade competitiveness, including for trade of labour-intensive goods, and indeed that countries with stronger trade union rights tend to do comparatively well for manufacturing trade as a whole.
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Working Paper No. 38 - Towards a different kind of globalization, or how the anti-globalists view the world
01 January 2004
This paper examines the views of the anti-globalists. In discussing the anti-globalists, the paper focuses on the vast majority of non-violent activists. These anti-globalists seek sustainable, long-term development. In reviewing the causes that the activists defend, he gives particular attention to trade-related issues and the WTO.
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Working Paper No. 37 - Globalization, history and international migration - A view from Latin America
01 January 2004
This paper shows that international migration in Latin America was largely unrestricted during the first wave of globalization (circa 1870-1913), in line with increasingly integrated capital and goods markets under the monetary arrangements of the gold standard. The second wave of globalization in the late 20th century saw a substantial increase in the level of capital mobility and international trade. However, international labour markets have remained segmented, with international migration remaining constrained for unskilled labour and the poor.
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Working Paper No. 36 - Social consequences of the globalization of the media and communications sector: some strategic considerations
01 January 2004
This paper argues that the social consequences of the globalization of the media sector itself are comparable to those of many other sectors and should be included as part of the overall issues surrounding globalization.
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Working Paper No. 35 - Inclusive development strategy in an era of globalization
01 January 2004
This paper assumes that sovereign nation States are and will continue to be the main locus for promoting inclusive development. It is argued, however, that the asymmetric and inequitable forms of globalization prevailing today are detrimental to the interests of developing countries, profiting some insiders and leaving behind many outsiders.