l. Introduction

1. The Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, appointed by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office to examine the information and reports submitted under articles 19, 22 and 35 of the Constitution by States Members of the International Labour Organization on the action taken with regard to Conventions and Recommendations, held its 75th Session in Geneva from 25 November to 10 December 2004. The Committee has the honour to present its report to the Governing Body.

8. The Committee has in recent years undertaken a thorough examination of its working methods. In 2001, in order to guide its reflections on this matter in an efficient manner, the Committee decided to create a subcommittee. This subcommittee has as a mandate to examine not only the working methods of the Committee as strictly defined but also any related subjects, and to make appropriate recommendations to the Committee. (Endnote 2)

11. A spirit of mutual respect, cooperation and responsibility has consistently prevailed in the Committee's relations with the International Labour Conference and its Committee on the Application of Standards. The Committee of Experts takes the proceedings of the Conference Committee into full consideration, not only in respect of general matters concerning standard-setting activities and supervisory procedures, but also in respect of specific matters concerning the way in which States fulfil their standards-related obligations. The Committee expressed its regret that the Chairperson of its 74th Session was unable to attend the general discussion of the Committee on the Application of Standards of the 92nd Session of the International Labour Conference (June 2004) as an observer. It noted the request by the abovementioned Committee for the Director-General to renew this invitation for the 93rd Session of the International Labour Conference (June 2005). The Committee has accepted the invitation.

Reports on ratified Conventions (articles 22 and 35 of the Constitution)

A. Supply of reports

13. The Committee's principal task consists of the examination of the reports supplied by governments on Conventions that have been ratified by member States or that have been declared applicable to non-metropolitan territories.

(a) a first report after ratification was due;

(b) important discrepancies had previously been noted between national law or practice and the Conventions in question;

(c) reports due for the previous period had not been received or did not contain the information requested;

(d) reports which were expressly requested by the Conference Committee.

The Committee also had before it a number of reports which it was unable to examine at its previous session.

16. A total of 2,569 reports were requested from governments on the application of Conventions ratified by member States (article 22 of the Constitution). At the end of the present session of the Committee, 1,645 of these reports had been received by the Office. This figure corresponds to 64.03 per cent of the reports requested, compared with 65.87 per cent last year.

20. Most of the governments from which reports were due on the application of ratified Conventions have supplied most or all the reports requested (see Appendix I). However, no reports due have been received for the past two or more years from the following 16 countries: Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Denmark (Greenland), Grenada, Haiti, Iraq, Kiribati, Liberia, Paraguay, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tajikistan, United Republic of Tanzania (Zanzibar), The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan. In addition, all or the majority of the reports due this year have not been received from the following 40 countries: Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories, St. Pierre and Miquelon), Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Netherlands (Aruba), Niger, Pakistan, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sweden, United Republic of Tanzania (Tanganyika), Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom (British Virgin Islands, Isle of Man, Montserrat, St. Helena), Yemen, Zambia.

22. The Committee is still concerned about the number of reports being received after the prescribed time period, especially given the large number of reports received this year. The reports due on ratified Conventions should be sent to the Office between 1 June and 1 September of each year. Due consideration is given, when fixing this date, particularly to the time required to translate the reports, where necessary, to conduct research into legislation and other necessary documents, and to examine reports and legislation.

27. A total of 138 of the 235 first reports due on the application of ratified Conventions were received by the time that the Committee's session ended, compared to last year when 167 out of the 297 first reports had been received. However, a number of countries have failed to supply first reports, some of which are more than a year overdue. Thus, certain first reports on ratified Conventions have not been received from the following 23 States: since 1992 Liberia (Convention No. 133); since 1995 Armenia (Convention No. 111), Kyrgyzstan (Convention No. 133); since 1996 Armenia (Conventions Nos. 100, 122, 135, 151); since 1998 Armenia (Convention No. 174), Equatorial Guinea (Conventions Nos. 68, 92); since 1999 Turkmenistan (Conventions Nos. 29, 87, 98, 100, 105, 111); since 2001 Armenia (Convention No. 176), Kyrgyzstan (Convention No. 105), Tajikistan (Convention No. 105); since 2002 Azerbaijan (Conventions Nos. 81, 129), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Convention No. 105), Chad (Conventions Nos. 132, 182), Gambia (Conventions Nos. 29, 105, 138), Kyrgyzstan (Convention No. 81), Saint Kitts and Nevis (Conventions Nos. 87, 98, 100), Saint Lucia (Conventions Nos. 154, 158, 182); and since 2003 Bahamas (Convention No. 147), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Convention No. 182), Dominica (Convention No. 182), Equatorial Guinea (Convention No. 182), Gambia (Convention No. 182), Iraq (Conventions Nos. 172, 182), Kiribati (Conventions Nos. 29, 105), Lesotho (Conventions Nos. 105, 150), Madagascar (Convention No. 182), Pakistan (Conventions Nos. 100, 182), Paraguay (Convention No. 182), Serbia and Montenegro (Conventions Nos. 24, 25, 27, 102, 113, 114, 156), Uganda (Convention No. 182), Zambia (Convention No. 182).

29. Governments are requested to reply in their reports to the observations and direct requests made by the Committee, and the majority of governments have provided the replies requested. In accordance with the established practice, the International Labour Office wrote to all the governments who failed to provide such replies, requesting them to supply the necessary information. Of the 37 governments to which such letters were sent, only six have provided the information requested.

(a) out of all the reports requested from governments, no reply has been received; or

(b) the reports received contained no reply to most of the Committee's comments (observations and/or direct requests) and/or did not reply to the letters sent by the Office.

33. In examining the reports received on ratified Conventions and Conventions declared applicable to non- metropolitan territories, in accordance with its practice the Committee assigned, to each of its members, the initial responsibility for a group of Conventions. Reports received early enough are sent to the members concerned in advance of the Committee's session. The members submit their preliminary conclusions on the instruments for which they are responsible to all their colleagues for their examination. These conclusions are then presented to the Committee in plenary sitting by their respective authors for discussion and approval. Decisions on comments are adopted by consensus.

34. In many cases, the Committee has found that no comment is called for regarding the way in which a ratified Convention has been implemented. In other cases, however, the Committee has found it necessary to draw the attention of the governments concerned to the need to take further action to give effect to certain provisions of Conventions or to supply additional information on given points. As in previous years, its comments have been drawn up in the form either of "observations" which are reproduced in the report of the Committee, or "direct requests", which are not published in the report, but are communicated directly to the governments concerned. (Endnote 8)

37. The Committee also notes with interest the judicial and administrative decisions on questions of principle relating to the application of ratified Conventions to which certain countries have referred in their reports. It noted that 49 reports contain information of this kind and thereby shed additional light on the problems raised in these cases by the practical application of the Conventions in question.

38. In accordance with its usual practice, the Committee has drawn up a list of the cases in which it has been able to express its satisfaction at the adoption of necessary changes in a country's law or practice following comments by the Committee on the degree of conformity between national law or practice and the provisions of a ratified Convention. Details concerning the cases in question are to be found in Part II of this report and cover 53 instances in which measures of this kind have been taken in 35 countries. The full list is as follows:

42. At each session, the Committee draws the attention of governments to the important role of employers' and workers' organizations in the application of Conventions and Recommendations. Moreover, it highlights the fact that numerous Conventions require consultation with employers' and workers' organizations, or their collaboration in a variety of measures. The Committee notes that almost all governments have indicated in the reports supplied under articles 19 and 22 of the Constitution the representative organizations of employers and workers to which, in accordance with article 23, paragraph 2, of the Constitution, they have communicated copies of the reports supplied to the Office. Almost all governments have indicated the organizations to which they have communicated copies of the information supplied to the Office on the submission to the competent authorities of the instruments adopted by the Conference.

43. Since its last session, the Committee has received 533 observations (compared to 297 last year), 70 of which were communicated by employers' organizations and 463 by workers' organizations. The Committee welcomes this increase, and recalls the importance it attaches to this contribution by employers' and workers' organizations to the tasks of the supervisory bodies, which is essential for the Committee's evaluation of the application of ratified Conventions in law and in practice.

49. In accordance with its terms of reference, the Committee this year examined the following information supplied by the governments of member States pursuant to article 19 of the Constitution of the International Labour Organization:

(a) information on the steps taken to submit to the competent authorities the instruments adopted by the Conference at its 90th Session (2002) (Protocol of 2002, Recommendations Nos. 193 and 194);

(b) information on the steps taken to submit to the competent authorities the Seafarers' Identity Documents (Revised) Convention, 2003 (No. 185), adopted by the Conference at its 91st Session (2001);

(c) additional information on the steps taken to submit to the competent authorities the instruments adopted by the Conference from its 31st Session (1948) to its 90th Session (2002) (Conventions Nos. 87 to 184, Recommendations Nos. 83 to 194 and the Protocols);

(d) replies to the observations and direct requests made by the Committee at its previous session (November-December 2003).

51. The instruments adopted at the 90th Session (June 2002) of the Conference were to be submitted to the competent authorities within one year or, under exceptional circumstances, within 18 months of the closure of the session, that is before 20 June 2003 and 20 December 2003, respectively. The Committee notes with interest the information on submission of these instruments to the competent authorities provided by the following 29 States, in addition to those mentioned in the last report: Albania, Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, El Salvador, Eritrea, France, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Republic of Moldova, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Qatar, San Marino, South Africa, Switzerland and United States. The Protocol of 2002 has received three ratifications.

52. The Seafarers' Identity Documents (Revised) Convention, 2003 (No. 185), adopted at the 91st Session (2003) of the Conference was to be submitted to the competent authorities within one year or, under exceptional circumstances, within 18 months of the closure of the session of the Conference, that is before 19 June 2004 and 19 December 2004, respectively. The following 59 governments have provided information on the steps taken with a view to the submission of Convention No. 185 to the authorities which they consider competent: Barbados, Belarus, Benin, Bulgaria, China, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Republic of Moldova, Morocco, Myanmar, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Suriname, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and Zimbabwe. Convention No. 185, which has received three ratifications, will enter into force on 9 February 2005.

53. The Committee welcomes the special efforts made by the following governments: Guatemala, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa.

54. The Committee has noted the discussions under way in the Governing Body to consider revision of the 1980 Memorandum in order to assist governments and the social partners to discharge the obligations set forth in article 19 of the Constitution and to facilitate the transmission by governments of the information requested along uniform lines.

59. As in its previous reports, the Committee makes individual observations, in section III of Part Two of this report, on the points that should be brought to the special attention of governments. In addition, requests for additional information on other points have been addressed directly to a number of countries (see the list at the end of section III).

61. The Committee regrets that the governments of the following 14 countries have supplied no information showing that the instruments adopted by the Conference at the last seven or more sessions (from the 84th to the 90th) have indeed been submitted to the competent authorities: Afghanistan, Armenia, Cambodia, Djibouti, Guinea, Haiti, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

65. In accordance with the decisions taken by the Governing Body, governments were requested to supply reports under article 19 of the ILO Constitution on the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 (No. 1), and the Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930 (No. 30).

A. Cooperation in the field of standards with the United Nations, the specialized agencies and other international organizations

70. In the context of collaboration with other international organizations on questions concerning supervision of the application of international instruments relating to subjects of common interest, in a new procedure inaugurated this year, the United Nations, certain specialized agencies and other intergovernmental organizations with which the ILO has entered into special arrangements for this purpose, are being asked whether they have information on how Conventions are being applied. The list of the Conventions concerned and the international organizations that were consulted is as follows:

- the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957 (No. 107), to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Inter-American Indian Institute of the Organization of American States, the United Nations, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Health Organization (WHO); the Radiation Protection Convention, 1960 (No. 115), to the International Atomic Energy Agency;

- the Social Policy (Basic Aims and Standards) Convention, 1962 (No. 117), to FAO, the United Nations, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and UNESCO;

- the Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Convention, 1970 (No. 134), and the Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 147), to the International Maritime Organization (IMO);

- the Rural Workers' Organisations Convention, 1975 (No. 141), to FAO, the United Nations and the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights;

- the Human Resources Development Convention, 1975 (No. 142), to UNESCO;

- the Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143), to the United Nations, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UNESCO and WHO;

- the Nursing Personnel Convention, 1977 (No. 149), to WHO;

- the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), to FAO, the Inter-American Indian Institute of the Organization of American States, the United Nations, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UNESCO and WHO.

71. The Office regularly sends written reports and submits oral information, in accordance with existing arrangements with each one of them, to the various bodies responsible for the application of United Nations Conventions that are relevant to the ILO's mandate. These bodies constitute the supervisory machinery established by the United Nations to examine the reports that governments are required to submit at regular intervals on each of the United Nations instruments that they have ratified. Since the Committee's last meeting, activities have been undertaken in relation to the bodies responsible for supervising the application of the following instruments:

- the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (three sessions);

- the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (two sessions);

- the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (three sessions);

- the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (two sessions);

- the Convention on the Rights of the Child (three sessions).

European Code of Social Security and its Protocol

75. In accordance with the supervisory procedure established under article 74(4) of the Code, and the arrangements made between the ILO and the Council of Europe, the Committee of Experts examined 19 reports on the application of the European Code of Social Security and, as appropriate, its Protocol. It noted that the State parties to the Code and the Protocol continue in large measure to apply them. At the sitting in which the Committee examined the reports on the European Code of Social Security and its Protocol, the Council of Europe was represented by Ms. Michelle Akip. The conclusions of the Committee regarding these reports will be sent to the Council of Europe. Estonia and Slovenia ratified the Code in February and May 2004, respectively. 76. In addition, representatives of the ILO took part as technical advisers in the meeting of the Committee of Experts on Standard-setting Instruments in the field of social security held in Limassol (Cyprus) in May 2004, to examine the application of these instruments on the basis of the conclusions of the Committee of Experts. The Committee of Experts on Standard-setting Instruments endorsed the conclusions of the Committee of Experts. Joint missions with the Council of Europe were also carried out in the following countries: Hungary (May 2004), Lithuania (April 2004), Republic of Moldova (November 2004), Netherlands (May 2004) and Spain (March 2004).

77. In accordance with article 26 of the European Social Charter, the ILO participates in an advisory capacity in the sessions of the Committee of Independent Experts responsible for supervising the application of the Charter. Since the last session of the Committee, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belgium have ratified the European Social Charter (Revised) and Hungary has ratified the Protocol amending the Social Charter.

78. Interest in international labour standards continues to increase outside the ILO and there is a growing conviction in other international organizations that sustainable economic development cannot take place without careful attention to the situation of workers, particularly in an economy undergoing the effects of globalization.

Geneva, 10 December 2004.

A. Al-Fuzaie,

Appendix to the General Report

Composition of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations

Mr. Anwar Ahmad Rashed AL-FUZAIE (Kuwait),

Professor of Private Law of the University of Kuwait; attorney; member of the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC); member of the Administrative Board of the Centre of Arbitration of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Kuwait; former Director of Legal Affairs of the Municipality of Kuwait; former Adviser to the Embassy of Kuwait (Paris).

Associate Provost, University of Pennsylvania and Samuel Blank Professor and Professor of Legal Studies and Management of the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania; Vice-Chairman and Founding President, Singapore Management University; Senior Editor, Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal; member of the Executive Board of the International Industrial Relations Association; member of the Executive Board of the US branch of the International Society of Labor Law and Social Security; member of the Public Review Board of the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implements Workers' Union; former Secretary of the Section on Labor Law, American Bar Association.

Former Chief Justice of India; former Chief Justice of the High Court of Gujarat; former Chairman, Legal Aid Committee and Judicial Reforms Committee, Government of Gujarat; former Chairman, Committee on Juridicare, Government of India; former Chairman of the Committee appointed by the Government of India for implementing legal aid schemes in the country; member of the International Committee on Human Rights of the International Law Association; member of the Editorial Committee of Reports of the Commonwealth; Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Centre for Independence of Judges and Lawyers of the International Commission of Jurists, Geneva; Vice- President of "El Taller"; former Chairman of the Standing Independent Group for scrutinizing and monitoring mega- power projects in India; Chairman of the United Nations Human Rights Committee; former member of the International Panel of Eminent Persons for investigating causes of genocide in Rwanda by the OAU; Regional Adviser to the High Commissioner for Human Rights for the Asia-Pacific Region; member of the International Advisory Council of the World Bank for Legal and Judicial Reform; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; honorary member of the Bar of the City of New York.

Professor of Labour Law at the University of Cape Town; former Chief Counsel of the Congress of South African Trade Unions; former Special Adviser to the Labour Minister; former Convener of the Task Team to draft the South African Labour Relations Act. Ms. Laura COX, QC (United Kingdom), Justice of the High Court, Queen's Bench Division; LL B, LL M of the University of London; previously a Barrister specializing in employment law, discrimination and human rights; Head of Cloisters Chambers, Temple (1995-2002); Chairperson of the Bar Council Sex Discrimination Committee (1995-99) and Equal Opportunities Committee (1999-2002); Bencher of the Inner Temple; member of the Independent Human Rights Organization Justice (former Council member) and one of the founding Lawyers of Liberty (the National Council for Civil Liberties); previously a Vice-President of the Institute of Employment Rights and member of the Panel of Experts advising the Cambridge University Independent Review of Discrimination Legislation; currently Chairperson of the Board of INTERIGHTS, the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights and Chairperson of the Equal Treatment Advisory Committee of the Judicial Studies Board.

Doctor of Law; Professor of International Public Law at the Law Faculty of the National Autonomous University of Mexico; Vice-President of the Regional Council of IPPF/WHR; former President of the Senate of the Republic (1989) and of the Foreign Relations Committee; former President of the Population and Development Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and member of the Labour and Social Security Committee; former President of the Inter- American Parliamentary Group on Population and Development and former Vice-President of the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders; member of the National Federation of Lawyers and of the Lawyers' Forum of Mexico; recipient of the award for Juridical Merit "the Lawyer of the Year (1993)"; former Director-General of the National Institute for Labour Studies; former Commissioner of the National Migration Institute and former editor of the Mexican Labour Review.

LL B., LL M., Barrister-at-Law; former Judge and Deputy President of the South Australian Industrial Court and Commission; former Deputy President of the Federal Administrative Appeals Tribunal; Chairperson of the Human Rights Committee of the Law Society of South Australia; former Director, National Rail Corporation; former Commissioner on the Health Insurance Commission; former Chairperson of the Australian Health Ethics Committee of the National Health and Medical Research Council; former Honorary Solicitor for the South Australian Council for Civil Liberties; former Solicitor for the Central Aboriginal Land Council; former Chairman of the South Australian Sex Discrimination Board.

Honorary Advocate-General, Court of Cassation (Social Division); President, Journalists Arbitration Commissions; Former Deputy Director, Office of the Minister of Justice; Graduate of the Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature. Mr. Sergey Petrovitch MAVRIN (Russian Federation), Professor of Labour Law (Law Faculty of the St. Petersburg State University); Doctor of Law; Chief of the Labour Law Department; former Director of the Interregional Association of Law Schools; Expert of the Labour Committee of the State Duma and Regional Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg.

Barrister-at-Law specializing in labour relations (São Paulo); Titular Professor of Labour Law at the Law School of the public University of São Paulo and the Law School of the private Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo; President of the Arcadas Support Foundation for the Faculty of Law of the University of São Paulo; Founder and President of the Centre for the Study of International Labour Standards of the University of São Paulo; Professor honoris causa of the ICA University of Peru and the University Constantin Brancusi (Romania); Academic Adviser, San Martín de Porres University (Lima); honorary member of the Association of Labour Lawyers (São Paulo); Honorary President of the "Asociación Iberoamericana de Derecho del Trabajo y Seguridad Social" (Buenos Aires, Argentina); Honorary President of the "Academia Nacional do Direito do Trabalho" (Rio de Janeiro); member of the International Academy of Law and Economy (São Paulo); titular member of the "Academia Iberoamericana de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social" (based in Madrid); member of the National Commission on Labour Law and Labour Relations for Labour Reform.

Doctor of Law; Ordinary Professor of Law at the University of Cologne; Legal Adviser in the Directorate General of Social Cohesion (DG III) of the Council of Europe (2001-02).

LL D (London); Hon. LL D (University of Nigeria); Senior Advocate of Nigeria; Laureate of the Nigerian National Order of Merit; former Professor of Law at the University of Nigeria; former Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Zambia; former member of the Governing Council, Nigerian Institute of International Affairs; Fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies; former member, Council of Legal Education; former Minister of Education for Nigeria; former Constitutional Adviser to the Government of Kenya (1992), Ethiopia (1992) and Zambia (1993); Honourable Fellow of four higher educational institutions in Nigeria; International Intellectual of the Year for the year 2001.

Doctor of Law; President of the Second Section of the Council of State (Legal, Labour and Social Matters); Professor of Labour Law; Doctor honoris causa of the University of Ferrara (Italy) and the University of Huelva (Spain); President Emeritus of the Constitutional Court; member of the European Academy of Labour Law, the Ibero-American Academy of Labour Law, the Andalusian Academy of Social Sciences and the Environment, and the European Institute of Social Security; Director of the review Relaciones Laborales; President of the SIGLO XXI Club; recipient of the gold medallion of the University of Huelva; former President of the National Advisory Commission on Collective Agreements and President of the Andalusian Industrial Relations Council; former Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Seville; former Director of the University College of La Rábida; former President of the Spanish Association of Labour Law and Social Security.

Honorary President of the Council of State; former member of the Constitutional Council; former President of the Social and Administrative Section of the Supreme Court; former Secretary-General of the Supreme Court; former Councillor of the Supreme Court; former President of the Social Chamber of the Court of Appeal; former Director of Judicial Services; former Councillor of the Court of Appeal; former President of the Dakar Labour Court; former Auditor of the Supreme Court; former Inspector of Railways.

Professor of Public International Law at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Law; Vice-President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea; member of the Institute of International Law; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; member of the OSCE Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; member of the International Council of Environmental Law; member of the Commission on Environmental Law of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Professor, Chuo Law School; Special Adviser to the Rector, United Nations University; Member of the UN Sub- Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.

Endnotes