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	 <title>Protecting the life and health of workers during the COVID 19 pandemic: Overview of national legislative and policy responses</title>
	 <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the cardinal importance of protecting health and safety in the workplace. ILO Member States are responding, through legislative and policy measures in the world of work, to the occupational health and safety issues raised by this extraordinary situation.  This Brief provides examples of laws and policies from 35 countries and territories that are relevant to understanding how workers’ safety and health have been upheld during the crisis.]]></description>
	
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	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_648620/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>The International Labour Organization and Globalization: Fundamental Rights, Decent Work and Social Justice</title>
	 <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2018 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses how the ILO reacted to the challenges to its raison d’être posed by the end of the Cold War and the new globalization era. It shows that its continued relevance was attained in three main stages: the adoption of the 1998 Declaration, the development of the “decent work” concept and the adoption of the 2008 Declaration. The paper examines the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, its adoption, its logic, achievements and limitations. It then discusses the definition and the promotion of the “decent work” concept, and its inclusion in the UN system and the international arena. Thereafter, it covers the 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, the intricate process towards its adoption, its objectives, principles and potential. Finally, the paper shows how the ILO has reinforced the notion of “social justice” as a central aim of national and international policies.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_593076/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_593076/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>The impact of minimum wage increases on the  South African economy  in the Global Policy Model</title>
	 <pubDate>Thu, 9 Nov 2017 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper uses the United Nations Global Policy Model (GPM) to assess the impact of increases in minimum wages on the South African economy. The results indicate that higher (relative) real wage growth rebalances national income, and the labour share increases since relative wages rise and employment is roughly maintained.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_549037/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_549037/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Foreign trade barriers and jobs in global supply chains</title>
	 <pubDate>Wed, 29 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of how trade and trade policies shape job creation and destruction across countries in the context of a globally fragmented production, by considering manufacturing and services jobs separately. The analysis takes into account not only tariff and non-tariff barriers to goods trade, but also barriers to services trade.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_532405/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_532405/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>The future of work: The meaning and value of work in Europe</title>
	 <pubDate>Thu, 13 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper looks at the notion of work historically and how new meanings have enriched this notion over centuries. It then analyses the importance Europeans give to the concept of work, and examines the future of work in the coming decades in the light of three broad scenarios, which are competing to present a mid-term view of the future of work.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_522355/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_522355/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Digitalization and structural labour market problems: The case of Germany</title>
	 <pubDate>Tue, 13 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper looks at one of the main drivers of technological change, digitalization and how it will impact jobs. Taking the case of Germany the paper argues that smart automation might not lead to overall job losses but considerable shifts in the structure of employment with regard to industries, occupations, skills and tasks.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_512514/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_512514/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Linking jobs in global supply chains to demand</title>
	 <pubDate>Thu, 18 Aug 2016 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper presents evidence on the number of jobs in global supply chains for 40 countries, and explores in detail whose demand these jobs depend on in terms of countries and sectors. The paper documents the rapidly increasing number of jobs supported by production linkages between emerging economies, and provides evidence on the so-called servicification of manufacturing. Wage shares drop when a sector increases its participation in global supply chains as a supplier.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_499918/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_499918/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Decomposing income inequality into factor income components: Evidence from selected G20 countries</title>
	 <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jul 2016 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the factors that have contributed to the level of inequality and its changes over time in 13 selected G20 countries in order to address this at the policy level. The results show that labour income is the most powerful factor contributing to inequality in all countries under analysis. Transfers and benefits are most important factors contributing to reducing inequality.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_480957/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_480957/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Global Supply Chain Dynamics and Labour Governance: Implications for Social Upgrading</title>
	 <pubDate>Fri, 13 May 2016 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper examines how the emergence and change of the fragmented cross-national production system affects social upgrading in developing countries, focusing on the impact of private governance on labour conditions and workers’ rights. It also discusses the role of private voluntary standards in governing labour relations in GSCs, and their limitations and tensions with buyers’ purchasing practices.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_476193/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_476193/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Corporate Social Responsibility in International Trade and Investment Agreements: Implications for States, Business and Workers</title>
	 <pubDate>Fri, 29 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper assesses the reference to CSR commitments in trade and investment agreements and finds that CSR language is relatively weak in terms of obligation, precision and delegation. Emphasising the potential to use the mechanisms that are provided in these agreements to activate and follow-up CSR commitments, it looks at what the implications could be for states, business and workers, and the potential ILO involvement.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_431640/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_431640/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Labour market reforms in the Euro area: A DSGE Approach</title>
	 <pubDate>Tue, 1 Dec 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper develops a framework to study the impacts of labour market institutions in the context of a DSGE model. The paper reveals that between 1970 and 2003, changes in labour market institutions had only a limited impact on the volatility of output, inflation and unemployment.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_380364/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_380364/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Beggar or prosper-thy-neighbour? The international spillovers of labour cost</title>
	 <pubDate>Mon, 6 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a two-country DSGE model with frictions in the labour market and constrained households to assess the international spillovers of a decline in labour costs.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_250977/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_250977/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Why is female labour force participation declining so sharply in India?</title>
	 <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2014 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper attempts to shed light on the causes behind the recent sharp decline in female labour force participation in India and to identify factors underpinning the long-term stagnation in female participation.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_235111/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_235111/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Labour formalization and declining inequality in Argentina and Brazil in 2000s: A dynamic approach</title>
	 <pubDate>Mon, 3 Feb 2014 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper analyses the processes of labour formalization in Brazil and Argentina and its interrelation with the evolution of income inequality over the 2000s. It also contributes to the debates on formalising the informal and how to reduce income inequality.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_222527/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_222527/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Understanding the drivers of the youth labour market in Kenya</title>
	 <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2013 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the macroeconomic and individual elements affecting youth unemployment and inactivity in Kenya with a view to discussing the elements that are important for the youth labour market challenges.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_218547/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_218547/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Macroeconomic policy advice and the Article IV consultations: Comparative Overview of European Union Member States</title>
	 <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper examines 67 IMF Article IV consultations in 27 EU member states between 2008 and 2011, and shows that there is an overwhelming emphasis on fiscal consolidation, reduction of social expenditures, and measures that weaken the bargaining power and income of labour, and make it difficult to promote growth and employment.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_216451/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_216451/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Employment and Economic Class in the Developing World</title>
	 <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jun 2013 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper introduces a model for generating national estimates and projections of the distribution of the employed across five economic classes for 142 developing countries over the period 1991 to 2017.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_211506/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_211506/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Trade and Employment in a Vertically Specialized World</title>
	 <pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper decomposes the employment effects of a country’s trade into five components, specifically the labour content (1) in exports, (2) in imports, (3) in the import content of exports, (4) in the export content of imports, and (5) in intermediates contained in imports from a third country using the factor-content and input-output methods.]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_207860/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_207860/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>The comments of the ILO&#39;s Supervisory bodies:
Usefulness in the context of the sanction-based dimension of labour provisions in US free trade agreements</title>
	 <pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[This paper looks at recent complaints under the labour chapters of three US trade agreements – the CAFTA-DR, the US-Bahrain and the US-Peru FTAs – and undertakes a preliminary analysis of the use of the comments of the ILO’s supervisory bodies in the regulation mechanisms of labour provisions contained in those trade agreements]]></description>
	
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	 <guid>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_195178/lang--en/index.htm</guid>
	 <link>http://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/papers/WCMS_195178/lang--en/index.htm</link>
	 <title>Structure Matters: Sectoral drivers of growth and the labour
productivity-employment relationship</title>
	 <pubDate>Tue, 4 Dec 2012 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
 	 <description><![CDATA[The paper uses accounting methods to decompose aggregate labour productivity and employment growth into their sectoral components as well as into within-sector and employment reallocation effects for a sample of 81 countries.]]></description>
	
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