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Passive smoking - 136 entries found

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  • Passive smoking

2010

CIS 10-0542 Boffetta P., Autier P., Boniol M., Boyle P., Hill C., Aurengo A., Masse R., de Thé G., Valleron A.J., Monier R., Tubiana M.
An estimate of cancers attributable to occupational exposures in France
A quantitative estimate of the proportion of cancers attributable to occupational exposures in France in 2000 was performed. Exposure data for established carcinogens were obtained from a 1994 survey and other sources. Relative risks for 23 exposure-cancer combinations were derived from meta-analyses and pooled analyses. A total of 4335 cases of cancer among men (2.7% of all cancers) and 403 cases among women (0.3% of all cancers) were attributed to occupational exposures. Asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chromium VI were the main occupational carcinogens in men, while asbestos and passive smoking were the main carcinogens in women. Corresponding proportions for cancer deaths were 4.0% and 0.6% in men and women, respectively. Lung cancer represented 75% of deaths attributable to occupational exposures.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Apr. 2010, Vol.52, No.4, p.399-406. 49 ref.

2009

CIS 10-0834 Etter J.F.
Secondhand smoke in Geneva, 1996-2006 - Changes in exposure, opinions, and workplace smoking bans in the absence of national legislation
Postal surveys were conducted in 1996 and 2006 to assess change in duration of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS), frequency of smoking bans at the workplace, and opinions on smokefree measures in Geneva, Switzerland, in the absence of national smoke-free legislation. A random sample of 742 participants in 1996 and 1487 in 2006 showed length of exposure to SHS decreased from 7h/week to 4h/week, with the largest decrease among 26-45 year olds. Workplace smoking bans increased from 33.4% to 66.3%. Agreement that SHS is dangerous to health increased from 77.5% to 86.0%. Agreement that all restaurant tables should be reserved to nonsmokers also increased, from 14.8% to 41.4%. Opinions were more favourable to all smoke-free measures in 2006 than in 1996, except, "More information should be given on the health dangers of SHS," suggesting a level of saturation was reached for information on SHS.
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2nd quarter 2009, Vol. 15, No.2, p.159-165. 57 ref.

CIS 09-1340 Ayres J.G., Semple S., MacCalman L., Dempsey S., Hilton S., Hurley J.F., Miller B.G., Naji A., Petticrew M.
Bar workers' health and environmental tobacco smoke (BHETSE): Symptomatic improvement in bar staff following smoke-free legislation in Scotland
The objective of this study was to examine changes in the health of bar workers after smoke-free legislation was introduced in Scotland. Bar workers were followed from before legislation introduction and at two months and one year after the introduction. Participants included 371 bar workers recruited from 72 bars. Of the 191 (51%) workers seen at the one-year follow-up, the percentage reporting respiratory symptoms fell from 69% to 57% and for sensory symptoms from 75% to 64%. As these improvements were seen in both non-smokers and smokers, smoke-free working environments may have potentially important benefits even for workers who smoke.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 2009, Vol.66, No.5, p.339-346. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 09-1138 Bondy S.J., Zhang B., Kreiger N., Selby P., Benowitz N., Travis H., Florescu A., Greenspan N.R., Ferrence R.
Impact of an indoor smoking ban on bar workers' exposure to secondhand smoke
To evaluate the impact of an indoor smoke-free law in Toronto, Canada, implemented June 2004, this study used a pre-post comparison design to assess secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among 79 bar workers in Toronto and 49 bar workers in a control community, Windsor (no law change), at four times: pre-ban, and 1, 2, and 9 months post-ban. SHS exposure time and urinary cotinine level were substantially reduced in Toronto bar workers immediately after the ban by 94% (from 7.8 to 0.5 hours) and 68% (from 24.2 to 7.8 ng/mL), respectively. The reduction was sustained throughout follow-up. There was no change among Windsor bar workers. Compliance with the ban was high, and the ban led to a substantial reduction in SHS exposure.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 2009, Vol.51, No.5, p.612-619. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 09-1043 Arjomandi M., Haight T., Redberg R., Gold W.M.
Pulmonary function abnormalities in never-smoking flight attendants exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke in the aircraft cabin
To determine whether the flight attendants who were exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke in the aircraft cabin have abnormal pulmonary function, 61 never-smoking female flight attendants who worked in active air crews before the smoking ban on commercial aircraft were administered questionnaires and pulmonary function testing. Although the flight attendants had normal FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio, other pulmonary function abnormalities were suggestive of airway obstruction and impaired diffusion, likely to be related to their exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in the cabin.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 2009, Vol.51, No.6, p.639-646. Illus. 55 ref.

CIS 09-429 Exposure limits at the workplace 2009 [Switzerland]
Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz 2009 [in German]
Valeurs limites d'exposition aux postes de travail 2009 [Suisse] [in French]
List of exposure limits at the workplace for 2009 in Switzerland. Contents: exposure limits for harmful substances; list of average and limit exposure values; permissible biological exposure indices; permissible values for physical agents at the workplace (ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, noise and vibration, compressed air, infrared radiation). Replaces CIS 07-673.
Suva, Arbeitsmedizin, Postfach, 6002 Luzern, Switzerland, 2009. 152p. Illus.
https://wwwsapp1.suva.ch/sap/public/bc/its/mimes/zwaswo/99/pdf/01903_d.pdf [in German]
https://wwwsapp1.suva.ch/sap/public/bc/its/mimes/zwaswo/99/pdf/01903_f.pdf [in French]

2008

CIS 11-0103 Ostrea E.M., Villanueva-Uy E., Ngerncham S., Punnakanta L., Batilando M.J., Agarwal P., Pensler E., Corrion M., Ramos E.F., Romero J., Thomas R.L.
An epidemiologic study comparing fetal exposure to tobacco smoke in three Southeast Asian countries
The high prevalence of smoking in Southeast Asia means pregnant women face exposure to tobacco smoke that may affect the health of their fetus. This study determined fetal exposure to tobacco smoke by meconium analysis for cotinine in three regions of Southeast Asia, located in the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore. Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke (active and passive ranged from 54.1% to 71.1%, while foetal exposure to tobacco smoke (by meconium analysis) ranged from 1.3% to 13.1%; however, a large proportion of infants who tested positive for cotinine (65%) were born to mothers who gave no history of either active or passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Implications of these findings are discussed.
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 4th quarter 2008, Vol.14, No.4, p.257-262. 34 ref.

CIS 09-881 Arheart K.L., Lee D.J., Fleming L.E., LeBlanc W.G., Dietz N.A., McCollister K.E., Wilkinson J.D., Lewis J.E., Clark J.D., Davila E.P., Bandiera F.C., Erard M.J.
Accuracy of self-reported smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in the US workforce: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Occupational health studies often rely on self-reported secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. This study examines the accuracy of self-reported tobacco use and SHS exposure. Data on serum cotinine, self-reported tobacco use and SHS exposure for 17,011 workers were extracted from three United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Serum cotinine levels were used to classify workers into SHS exposure categories. The percent agreement between self-reported tobacco use and SHS exposure with the cotinine categories was calculated. Workers generally reported their smoking status and SHS exposures accurately. However, substantial numbers of workers reporting no exposures had detectable levels of serum cotinine, indicating exposure to SHS. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dec. 2008, Vol.50, No.12, p.1414-1420. 36 ref.

CIS 09-130 Gan Q., Hammond S.K., Jiang Y., Yang Y., Hu T.W.
Effectiveness of a smoke-free policy in lowering secondhand smoke concentrations in offices in China
To examine the second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure level in Chinese office buildings and to evaluate the effectiveness of a smoke-free policy in reducing SHS exposure, a survey was carried out in 14 office buildings from 10 provinces in China. Smoking in the building significantly elevated the SHS concentrations both in offices with at least one smoker and in offices with no smokers. In one building that recently adopted a smoke-free policy, the nicotine concentrations decreased significantly. It is concluded that the enactment of no-smoking policies would be effective in reducing SHS exposure in office buildings.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 2008, Vol.50, No.5, p.570-575. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 09-68 Larsson M., Boëthius G., Axelsson S., Montgomery S.M.
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and health effects among hospitality workers in Sweden - before and after the implementation of a smoke-free law
This study attempted to identify changes in exposure to tobacco smoke, as well as symptoms and attitudes among hospitality workers after the introduction of extended smoke-free workplace legislation in Sweden. A total of 91 volunteers working in casinos, bars and restaurants in Sweden participated in the study, among whom 71 out of 91 (14 smokers and 57 nonsmokers) also participated in the follow-up survey 12 months after the introduction of the smoking ban. Data concerning exposures to environmental tobacco smoke, smoking habits, respiratory symptoms and attitudes towards the ban were obtained by means of questionnaires. Participants were also subjected to a spirometry. Findings are discussed. The introduction of the smoke-free legislation was associated with a substantial reduction in respiratory symptoms, as well as reduced exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Aug. 2008, Vol.34, No.4, p.267-277. 45 ref.

CIS 08-1376 Clark J.D., Wilkinson J.D., LeBlanc W.G., Dietz N.A., Arheart K.L., Fleming L.E., Lee D.J.
Inflammatory markers and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among U.S. workers
The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) indicated by serum cotinine, and markers of inflammation in adult workers. Using the subpopulation of employed participants (20 years and older) who were non-smokers and denied home SHS exposure from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002, the association between serum cotinine and inflammatory markers was analyzed. Serum cotinine levels were significantly higher among participants reporting SHS exposure in the workplace. Exposure to SHS as measured by serum cotinine also resulted in increased homocysteine levels. These results provide further evidence in support of universal workplace smoking restrictions in order to protect worker health.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 2008, Vol.51 No.8, p.626-632. 22 ref.

2007

CIS 08-400 Stayner L., Bena J., Sasco A.J., Smith R., Steenland K., Kreuzer M., Staif K.
Lung cancer risk and workplace exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
This literature survey sought to quantitatively evaluate the association between workplace environmental tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer. A meta-analysis of data from 22 studies on workplace exposure to tobacco smoke and lung cancer risk was carried out. Estimates of relative risk from these studies were analyzed by fitting the data to fixed and mixed effects models. Analyses of highly exposed workers and of the relationship between duration of exposure and lung cancer were also performed. The analysis indicated a 24% increase in lung cancer risk (relative risk (RR)=1.24) among workers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. A two-fold increased risk (RR=2.01) was observed for workers classified as being highly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. A strong relationship was observed between lung cancer and duration of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
American Journal of Public Health, Mar. 2007, Vol.97, No.3, p.545-551. Illus. 53 ref.

CIS 07-673 Exposure limits at the workplace 2007 [Switzerland]
Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz 2007 [in German]
Valeurs limites d'exposition aux postes de travail 2007 [Suisse] [in French]
List of exposure limits at the workplace for 2007 in Switzerland. Contents: definitions of exposure limits for harmful substances; list of exposure limit values (including short-term exposure values); carcinogens and other harmful exposures (carcinogenic nitrosamines, benzo(a)pyrene and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, passive smoking at the workplace, asbestos, mutagens, substances toxic for reproduction, artificial mineral fibres, organic peroxides, inert substances, dust and gases); definition of the biological exposure indices (BEI); biological monitoring of harmful substances; list of BEIs; BEI of carcinogens; admissible threshold values for physical agents at the workplace (ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, noise and vibration, compressed air, infrared radiation). Replaces CIS 05-409.
Suva, Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt, Postfach 6002 Luzern, Switzerland, 2007. 148p. Illus.
https://wwwsapp1.suva.ch/sap/public/bc/its/mimes/zwaswo/99/pdf/01903_f.pdf [in French]
https://wwwsapp1.suva.ch/sap/public/bc/its/mimes/zwaswo/99/pdf/01903_d.pdf [in German]

2006

CIS 08-397 Hahn E.J., Rayens M.K., York N., Okoli C.T.C., Zhang M., Dignan M., Al-Delaimy W.K.
Effects of a smoke-free law on hair nicotine and respiratory symptoms of restaurant and bar workers
In this study, bar and restaurant workers' exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) was compared before and three and six months after implementation of a smoke free ordinance in the county of Lexington, Kentucky, United States. Subjects consisted of 105 smoking and nonsmoking workers from randomly-selected establishments. Nicotine was determined in hair, while data on smoking, self-reported exposure to SHS and respiratory symptoms were collected during interviews. Thirty-eight percent were current smokers. When controlling for cigarettes per day, there was a significant decline in hair nicotine after three months, which was maintained after six months. Bar workers showed a significantly larger decline in hair nicotine compared with restaurant workers. Regardless of smoking status, respiratory symptoms declined significantly.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 2006, Vol.48, No.9, p.906-913. Illus. 57 ref.

CIS 07-1139 Skogstad M., Kjćrheim K., Fladseth G., Gjřlstad M., Daae H.L., Olsen R., Molander P., Ellingsen D.G.
Cross shift changes in lung function among bar and restaurant workers before and after implementation of a smoking ban
To study the effects of a smoking ban on the pulmonary function of bar and restaurant employees, 93 subjects employed in 13 different establishments in Oslo, Norway were examined at the beginning and end of a workshift, before and after the smoking ban. The mean levels of nicotine and total dust before the ban were 28g/m3 and 275µg/m3, respectively, while the corresponding levels after the ban were 0.6µg/m3 and 77µg/m3. Assessment of lung function included dynamic lung volumes and flows. The cross shift reduction in forced vital capacity (FVC) changed from 81ml before to 52ml after the smoking ban. The reductions in forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) during a workshift before and after the ban were 89ml and 46ml, respectively. The reduction in forced mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF25-75%) changed significantly from 199ml/s to 64ml/s. Among 26 non-smokers and 11 asthmatics, the reduction in FEV1 and FEF25-75% was significantly larger before compared to after the smoking ban. There was an association between the dust concentration and decrease in FEF 25-75% before the ban among non-smokers.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, July 2006, Vol.63, No.7, p.482-487. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 07-985 Bondéelle A., Fellmann A., Favier A.L.
Alcohol and tobacco at the place of work: Very poor habits
Alcool, tabac... au travail - De bien mauvaises habitudes [in French]
Topics addressed in this collection of articles on alcoholism and smoking at the place of work: creating awareness of the problem; preventive measures within the enterprise; passive smoking; French legislation; initiative taken by a mechanical engineering enterprise aimed at completely eliminating alcohol and tobacco at the place of work.
Travail et sécurité, Nov. 2006, No.667, p.28-36. Illus. 7 ref.
http://www.travail-et-securite.fr/archivests/archivests.nsf/(alldocparref)/TS667page29_1/$file/TS667page29.pdf?openelement [in French]

CIS 07-627 Sánchez Barba J.C.
Smoking in the enterprise
El tabaco en los centros de trabajo [in Spanish]
In Spain, smoking causes more than 46,000 deaths per year and generates heath costs estimated at more than EUR 1.5 billion. This article examines Spanish legislation on smoking at the place of work and highlights problems in implementing the regulations in cases where workers refuse to comply with the imposed measures.
Prevención, Apr.-June 2006, No.176, p.52-64. Illus.

CIS 07-657 Labbé F.
The fight against smoking in the enterprise
La lutte contre le tabagisme en entreprise [in French]
Contents of this comment on French legislation on smoking at the place of work: enforcement of the law on smoking prohibition at the place of work with the exception of premises that may be provided for this purpose; responsibilities of employers for enforcing the law, providing premises for smokers and ensuring penalties in order to protect employees against the effects of passive smoking; integrating the anti-smoking campaign into the overall effort to promote occupational safety and health.
Santé et Sécurité au Travail Actualités, Sep. 2006, No.93, p.5-6, 12. Illus. 1 ref.

CIS 07-584 Menzies D., et al.
Respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, and markers of inflammation among bar workers before and after a legislative ban on smoking in public places
Scotland prohibited smoking in confined public places on March 26, 2006. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of smoke-free legislation with symptoms, pulmonary function and markers of inflammation of bar workers. It was conducted in Tayside, Scotland from February-June 2006. 195 non-asthmatic and asthmatic non-smoking bar workers were initially enrolled, of whom 77 completed the study. Respiratory and sensory symptoms, spirometry measurements, serum cotinine levels, peripheral inflammatory cell count, asthma quality-of-life scores and exhaled nitric oxide levels were evaluated before and after introduction of the smoking ban. Findings are discussed. Smoke-free legislation was associated with significant early improvements in symptoms, spirometry measurements, and systemic inflammation of bar workers. Asthmatic bar workers also had reduced airway inflammation and improved quality of life.
Journal of the American Medical Association, Oct. 2006, Vol. 296, No.14, p.1742-1748. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 07-165 Carpenter D.O., et al.
Children's environmental health in Central Asia and the Middle East
Children in Central Asia and the Middle East bear disproportionate environmental threats to health, of which the most widespread and serious result from poverty, malnutrition, lack of access to safe drinking water and food, and exposures to toxic chemicals. Their psychological health is threatened in several parts of this region by internal wars and strife. Many, or even most, children are regularly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. In many of these countries, children constitute very high percentages of the population. Because children constitute the future, it is critical that these threats to their health be addressed and reduced to the greatest extent possible through both provision of safe and adequate drinking water and nutrition and reduction of exposures to environmental contaminants.
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Oct.-Dec. 2006, Vol.12, No.4, p.362-368. Illus. 60 ref.
http://www.ijoeh.com/pfds/IJOEH_1204_Carpenter.pdf [in English]

2005

CIS 08-14 Stop smoking - Collection of booklets for helping smokers or ex-smokers to quit or to stay off cigarettes
Stop tabac - Série de brochures pour motiver et aider les fumeurs ou anciens fumeurs ŕ arręter de fumer ou ŕ rester ex-fumeur [in French]
Collection of eight booklets, of which seven are aimed specifically at the following categories of persons: persons who are not seriously considering to quit cigarette smoking; persons who are seriously considering to quit cigarette smoking, but are not yet ready to make an attempt; cigarette smokers who are ready to make an attempt to quit; persons who quit cigarette smoking less than six months earlier; persons who quit cigarette smoking more than six months earlier; persons who have taken up cigarette smoking again after having made an attempt to quit; women who smoke. Finally, a booklet explains the additives found in cigarette tobacco.
Programme Stop-tabac.ch, IMSP-CMU, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Genčve 4, Switzerland, [ca. 2005]. Series of 8 booklets.
http://www.stop-tabac.ch/fr/hon/pdf/stop-tabac1fr.pdf [in French]
http://www.stop-tabac.ch/fr/hon/pdf/stop-tabac2fr.pdf [in French]
http://www.stop-tabac.ch/fr/hon/pdf/stop-tabac3fr.pdf [in French]
http://www.stop-tabac.ch/fr/hon/pdf/stop-tabac4fr.pdf [in French]
http://www.stop-tabac.ch/fr/hon/pdf/stop-tabac6fr.pdf [in French]
http://www.stop-tabac.ch/fr/hon/pdf/stop-tabac7fr.pdf [in French]
http://www.stop-tabac.ch/fr/hon/pdf/stop-tabac8fr.pdf [in French]
http://www.stop-tabac.ch/fr/hon/pdf/stop-tabac5fr.pdf [in French]

CIS 07-1144 Toubeau E., Everaet K., Franquinet A.
Smoking policy
Politique en matičre de tabac [in French]
Het rookbeleid in de pratijk [in Dutch]
According to the provisions of the Belgian Royal Decree of 19 January 2005 on protection against tobacco smoke, employees have a right to work in smoke-free premises. The Decree sets the legal framework for employers to define a policy in this respect. This document provides guidance for developing, implementing and improving the smoking policy. The first part covers the issue of smoking and underscores the need for a smoking policy, with reference to the new legislation. The second part helps employers define a consistent and effective smoking policy with the help of a step-by-step plan. Appendices include an example of the commitment made by an enterprise, an example of the implementation of a smoking policy, statistics on the consequences of smoking and the full text of the Royal Decree. An information leaflet for workers is included.
Prevent, rue Gachard 88/4, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium, [ca 2005]. 26p. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 06-883 Mirabelli D., Kauppinen T.
Occupational exposures to carcinogens in Italy - An update of CAREX database
To update estimates of occupational exposures to carcinogens in Italy, data on 85 agents listed in an Italian carcinogens database (CAREX) were re-assessed. Exposure estimates were updated taking into account changes in exposure patterns and in numbers of employees by industrial class. Of the 21.8 million employees in Italy (19.4 in industry and services and 2.4 in agriculture), 4.2 million had exposures. Exposure prevalence was highest for environmental (passive) tobacco smoke (800,000 exposures), followed by solar radiation (700,000), diesel engine exhaust (500,000), wood dust (280,000), silica (250,000), lead and inorganic lead compounds (230,000), benzene (180,000), hexavalent chromium compounds (160,000), glass wool (140,000) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (120,000).
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Jan.-Mar. 2005, Vol.11, No.1, p.53-57. 16 ref.

CIS 05-656 Blanpain R.
Smoking and the workplace
This publication examines the attempts being made worldwide to control the level of tobacco smoke in the workplace environment. Among the many aspects discussed are legislation, company policies, litigation, occupational safety and health, the world tobacco industry, ILO policies on workplace smoking, European Union policies on tobacco and health and the question of the right to smoke. It includes chapters summarizing the situation in 13 countries (Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, USA).
Kluwer Law International, P.O.Box 85889, 2508 CN The Hague, Netherlands, 2005. xii, 254p. Bibl.ref. Price: EUR 80.00.

CIS 05-409 Exposure limits at the workplace 2005 [Switzerland]
Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz 2005 [in German]
Valeurs limites d'exposition aux postes de travail 2005 [Suisse] [in French]
List of exposure limits at the workplace for 2005 in Switzerland. Contents: definitions of exposure limits for harmful substances; list of exposure limit values (including short-term exposure values); carcinogens and other harmful exposures (carcinogenic nitrosamines, benzo(a)pyrene and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, passive smoking at the workplace, asbestos, mutagens, substances toxic for reproduction, artificial mineral fibres, organic peroxides, inert substances, dust and gases); definition of the biological exposure indices (BEI); biological monitoring of harmful substances; list of BEIs; BEI of carcinogens; admissible threshold values for physical agents at the workplace (ionizing radiations, non-ionizing radiations, noise and vibration, compressed air, infrared radiation). Replaces CIS 03-520.
Suva, Arbeitsmedizin, Postfach, 6002 Luzern, Switzerland, 2005. 144p. Illus.
http://wwwitsp1.suva.ch/sap/its/mimes/waswo/99/pdf/01903-f.pdf [in French]
http://wwwitsp1.suva.ch/sap/its/mimes/waswo/99/pdf/01903-d.pdf [in German]

CIS 03-520 Exposure threshold limits at the workplace 2005 [Switzerland]
Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz 2005 [in German]
Valeurs limites d'exposition aux postes de travail 2005 [Suisse] [in French]
List of exposure limits at the workplace for 2005. Definitions of TLVs for the concentration of harmful substances; list of MAC values (including short-term exposure values); list of carcinogens; carcinogenic nitrosamines, passive smoking at the workplace, artificial mineral fibres, organic peroxides, inert substances, dust and gases. Definition of the biological exposure indices (BEI), biological monitoring of harmful substances, list of BEIs, BEI of carcinogens. Admissible threshold values for physical agents at the workplace: ionizing radiations, non-ionizing radiations, noise and vibrations, compressed air, infrared radiation. Replaces CIS 02-1014. The ILO archival copy is that of the 2003 version.
Suva, Gesundheitsschutz, Postfach, 6002 Luzern, Switzerland, 2005. 147p. Illus.
http://wwwitsp1.suva.ch/sap/its/mimes/waswo/99/pdf/01903-f.pdf [in French]
http://wwwitsp1.suva.ch/sap/its/mimes/waswo/99/pdf/01903-d.pdf [in German]

2004

CIS 06-918 Smoking policy
Politique en matičre de tabac [in French]
This information sheet summarizes the legal responsibilities of employers with respect to passive smoking in Belgium. Employers are required to implement the necessary measures for limiting the use of tobacco within the enterprise. The main legal provisions are highlighted and the seven steps of an anti-smoking action plan at the place of work are presented.
PREVENT, rue Gachard 88, Bte 4, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium, Sep. 2004. 2p. Illus.

CIS 05-44
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin
Workplaces - Ordinance and directives related to workplaces - Status: August 2004 [Germany]
Arbeitsstätten: Arbeitsstättenverordnung - ArbStättV - und Arbeitsstätten-Richtlinien - ASR - Stand: August 2004 [in German]
This update of the document analysed as CIS 03-1005 contains the 2004 amendment which completely overhauls the German Ordinance relating to workplaces, together with the 30 corresponding directives. Requirements with respect to workplaces are regrouped in the appendix of the ordinance which is divided into five chapters: general requirements; protective measures applicable to specific hazards (falls of persons and objects, dangerous areas, fire protection, emergency exits and escape ways); working conditions (working area, workplace layout, equipment, lighting, temperature, ventilation, noise); sanitary facilities, rest areas, work areas for watchmen, first aid facilities, housing facilities; complementary requirements applicable to special workplaces (open or open-air workplaces, construction sites).
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Postfach 10 11 10, 27511 Bremerhaven, Germany, 39th ed., 2004. 186p. Illus. Index. Price: EUR 17.00.

CIS 04-420
World Health Organization (WHO)
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans - Volume 83: Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking
In a previous IARC Monograph on Tobacco Smoking (Vol.38, see CIS 89-350), a certain number of cancers were identified as caused by cigarette smoking. In the present report, the studies reviewed by the Working Group show sufficient evidence for a additional association between cigarette smoking and cancers of the nasal cavities, nasal sinuses, oesophagus, stomach, liver, kidney and uterine cervix, as well as myeloid leukaemia. There is evidence of synergy between smoking and several occupational causes of lung cancer (arsenic, asbestos and radon). Secondhand tobacco smoke includes the same carcinogens and toxic substances produced by active smoking. Non-smoking spouses of smokers, as well as non-smoking workers exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at the workplace are at a statistically-significant increased risk of lung cancer. Overall, the Working Group concludes that exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke is carcinogenic in humans (Group 1).
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genčve 27, Switzerland, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France, 2004. xiv, 1452 pages. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: USD 40.00

2003

CIS 04-426
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (Worksafe Australia)
Guidance note for the elimination of environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace
This guidance document replaces the one on passive smoking issued in 1994 (see CIS 95-271). Contents: environmental tobacco smoke as a risk to OSH; elimination of environmental tobacco smoke; implementation of a workplace policy on tobacco smoking. In appendices: a model policy for a smoke-free workplace; supplementary information on health and legal matters in Australia.
Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, 2003. x, 26p. 24 ref.
http://www.ascc.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/7479E22B-EC1D-41D2-B939-657775661681/0/GNNOHSC30192003.pdf [in English]

CIS 03-1756 Wakefield M., Trotter L., Cameron M., Woodward A., Inglis G., Hill D.
Association between exposure to workplace secondhand smoke and reported respiratory and sensory symptoms: Cross-sectional study
The purpose of this work was to assess the relation between exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) at work and reported respiratory and sensory symptoms. Data was collected by means of a cross-sectional telephone survey of 382 non-smokers working in indoor workplaces. After controlling for potential confounders, exposure to SHS at work was significantly associated with an increased risk of wheeze (odds ratio OR=4.26), frequent cough (OR=2.26), sore eyes (OR=3.77) and sore throat (OR=2.70). Among workers who had not experienced a cold in the past four weeks, strong dose-response relationships were found between increasing levels of exposure to SHS at work and morning cough, frequent cough, sore eyes and sore throat, and a positive relationship for wheeze. These findings provide compelling evidence that non-smoking indoor workers are adversely affected by exposure to SHS at work, and underline the importance of workplace smoke-free policies in protecting the health of workers.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 2003, Vol.45, No.6, p.622-627. Illus. 26 ref.

CIS 03-1788 Johnsson T., Tuomi T., Hyvärinen M., Svinhufvud J., Rothberg M., Reijula K.
Occupational exposure of non-smoking restaurant personnel to environmental tobacco smoke in Finland
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure levels in different restaurant types in Finland were assessed before the National Tobacco Act restricting smoking in restaurants was activated. Exposure to ETS was determined by measuring nicotine in the breathing zone of non-smoking restaurant workers and by quantification of the nicotine metabolites cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine in the urine of these workers during a whole work week. Altogether 23 workers from 15 restaurants were included in the study. The geometric mean (GM) breathing-zone nicotine level was 3.9µg/m3. The GM cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine level in urine were 3.3ng/mg(creatinine) and 15.3ng/mg(creatinine), respectively. The exposure to ETS of restaurant workers in dining restaurants was clearly lower than that of workers in pubs and nightclubs as indicated by all ETS-markers used in the present study. During the work week, the cotinine and 3'-hydroxycotinine levels in urine of the study subjects increased. The correlation between breathing zone nicotine and urine cotinine and hydroxycotinine was 0.66 for both compounds. Post-shift cotinine and hydroxycotinine levels were not significantly higher than pre-shift levels. The study indicates that measures to restrict ETS exposure in restaurants are needed.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 2003, Vol.43, No.5, p.523-531. Illus. 56 ref.

CIS 03-1286 Hoffmann R.
Passive smoking at the workplace
Tabagisme passif sur les lieux de travail [in French]
On the basis of epidemiological studies and other scientific knowledge, national and international health organizations classify secondary tobacco smoke as being a human carcinogen. It is also associated with heart diseases. Smoking prohibitions at the place of work have been in existence for a long time in Germany. They were justified on the basis of fire and explosion hazard prevention or for reasons of hygiene, and are found in certain technical regulations. However, they were not specifically intended to protect non-smokers. In April 2000, the German parliament petitioned the government to improve the protection of non-smokers at the place of work. A new provision of the German labour code now requires employers to ensure sufficient protection of their non-smoking employees, leaving them however free in the choice of measures to be adopted.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygične et sécurité du travail, 3rd Quarter 2003, No.192, p.29-34. 25 ref.

CIS 03-1308 Heloma A.
Impact and implementation of the Finnish Tobacco Act in workplaces
This report, originally a thesis submitted at the Tampere School of Public Health (Finland), presents a study aimed at describing the baseline situation of employee exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and employee smoking habits before the 1994 revision of the Finnish Tobacco Act and to evaluating the impact and the implementation of the legislation in large and medium-sized workplaces both short-term and long term. Data were collected by the means of questionnaires, nicotine measurements in indoor air and a field study. The results showed a clear decrease in employee exposure to ETS in workplaces one year after the legislation took effect. The nicotine concentrations in indoor air were consistent with the decreasing trend of ETS exposure of employees. In the four-year follow up, a steadily-reducing exposure of employees was observed. The daily smoking prevalence had decreased considerably after the law was implemented and remained low, but it did not decrease any further than the initial drop following the enforcement of the law. A literature review of the tobacco epidemic and smoking prevalence is also presented in this report.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Publication Office, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland, 2003. 62p. Illus. 165 ref.

2002

CIS 03-1826 Health without tobacco: Technical and methodological guide - Programme for a tobacco-smoke free environment
Salud sin tabaco: Guía técnica-metodológica - Programa Ambientes Libres del Humo de Tabaco [in Spanish]
As part an anti-smoking drive, the Chilean government has implemented a programme entitled "Tobacco smoke-free environments". A technical guide first describes the damages caused by smoking, with emphasis on the risks to women, followed by prevention strategies for controlling smoking at the workplace and the approach for obtaining the accreditation of workplaces as being smoke-free environments. A directory lists 502 organizations and enterprises having publicly declared being "smoke-free", classified by region and locality. Smoke-free environments are signalled with a board on which it is written "breathe deeply".
Gobierno de Chile, Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile, 2002. 181p, Illus. 37 ref. (technical guide); 57p. (directory).

CIS 03-1104 Safety and health in the office
Sécurité et santé au bureau [in French]
Veilig en gezond op kantoor [in Dutch]
Booklet on occupational safety and health in office environments. Topics covered: work at screens; office furniture; housekeeping; lifting of loads and strain injuries; electrical hazards; heating; noise; tobacco smoke; stress; dangerous substances; fire hazards; environmental protection.
PREVENT, rue Gachard 88, Bte 4, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium, 2002. 23p. Illus 8 ref. Price: EUR 3.00.

CIS 02-1887 Moschandreas D.J., Chu P.
Occupant perception of indoor air and comfort in four hospitality environments
This article reports on a survey of customer and staff perceptions of indoor air quality at two restaurants, a billiard hall and a casino. The survey was conducted at each environment for eight days: two weekend days on two consecutive weekends and four weekdays. Occupant perception of environmental, comfort and physical variables was measured using a questionnaire. Significant differences of occupant environment perception were identified among customers and staff. The acceptability of the environment was found to be affected by temperature, occupant density, occupant smoking status, odour perception, health conditions, sensitivity to chemicals and enjoyment of activities.
AIHA Journal, Jan.-Feb. 2002, Vol.63, No.1, p.47-54. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 02-1782 Wortley P.M., Caraballo R.S., Pederson L.L., Pechacek T.F.
Exposure to secondhand smoke in the workplace: Serum cotinine by occupation
To examine workplace exposure in the United States to second-hand smoke by occupation, data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994), a nationally representative sample of the non-institutionalized population was analysed. The analysis was restricted to 4952 employed nonsmoking adults who reported no home exposure to cigarette smoke. Occupations were assigned to 40 groups and seven categories. Among the categories, geometric mean serum cotinine (ng/mL) ranged from 0.09 for farming/forestry/fishing occupations to 0.22 for operators/fabricators/labourers (median, 0.16). The lowest values were observed among farmers and nursery workers (0.06) and the highest among waiters (0.47). Between 1988 to 1991 and 1991 to 1994, the overall geometric mean cotinine and the proportion reporting that they could smell smoke at work decreased significantly.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 2002, Vol.44, No.6, p.503-509. 30 ref.

CIS 02-826 Zitting A., Husgafvel-Pursiainen K.
Health effects of environmental tobacco smoke
Collection of articles on the health effects of passive smoking, covering the following topics: passive smoking exposure in Finland in 2000; long-term trends in occupational and non-occupational passive smoking exposure in Finland; biomarkers for the assessment of passive smoking exposure; passive smoking and risk of lung cancer risk; passive smoking and risk of cardiovascular disease; effects of passive smoking on the respiratory health of adults; effects of passive smoking on the respiratory health of children; effects of passive smoking on reproductive health.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 2002, Vol.28, Suppl.2, p.3-96 (whole issue). Illus. Bibl.ref.

2001

CIS 02-1014 Exposure threshold limits at the workplace 2001 [Switzerland]
Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz 2001 [in German]
Valeurs limites d'exposition aux postes de travail 2001 [Suisse] [in French]
List of exposure limits at the workplace for 2001. Definitions of TLVs for the concentration of harmful substances; list of MAC values; carcinogens, carcinogenic nitrosamines, passive smoking at the workplace, artificial mineral fibres, organic peroxides, inert substances, dust and gases. Definition of the biological exposure indices (BEI), biological monitoring of harmful substances, list of BEIs, BEI of carcinogens. Admissible threshold values for physical agents at the workplace: ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, noise and vibration, compressed air, infrared radiation. (Replaces CIS 01-303).
Suva, Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt, Postfach, 6002 Luzern, Switzerland, Feb. 2001. 148p. Illus.

CIS 02-344 Bartual Sánchez J., Bereguer Subils M.J., Bernal Domínguez F., Freixa Blanxart A., Guardino Solá X., Hernández Calleja A., Martí Solé M.C., Rosell Farrás M.G.
Quality of indoor air
Calidad de aire interior [in Spanish]
Persons living in industrialized countries spend 60 to 80% of their time in enclosed areas. Consequently, the questions of quality of indoor air and associated health problems are becoming more and more important. This document presents the state of current knowledge in this area. Contents: general concepts (thermal comfort, air quality criteria, contamination sources); odours; chemical contaminants; radon; cigarette smoke and passive smoking; biological contaminants; ventilation of premises; example of analysis of an indoor air quality problem.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 2001. vi, 200p. Illus. 43 ref.

CIS 02-366
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin
List of threshold limit values in air for substances with carcinogenic or mutagenic effects or toxicity to reproduction
Verzeichnis von Luftgrenzwerten und krebserzeugenden, erbgutverändernden oder fortpflanzungsgefährdenden Stoffen [in German]
This booklet provides a list of harmful substances, their threshold limit values in air and their classification with respect to carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and toxicity for reproduction. CAS, European EINECS and ELINCS registry numbers are also provided. This list contains all the substances of technical rules TRGS 900 and TSGS 905 of Appendix I of the Council Directive 67/548/EEC (CIS 87-1162). Replaces CIS 00-813.
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Postfach 10 11 10, 27511 Bremerhaven, Germany, 2001. 165p. 18 ref. + Diskette.

CIS 01-796 Keith M.M., Cann B., Brophy J.T., Hellyer D., Day M., Egan S., Mayville K., Watterson A.
Identifying and prioritizing gaming workers' health and safety concerns using mapping for data collection
Gaming occupation workers suffer from a variety accidents and illnesses, and have and multiple health and safety concerns. Using participatory action research principles, 51 gaming workers in the province of Ontario (Canada) and 20 gaming workers in the province of Manitoba were consulted during focus group sessions. Mapping was used to survey the participants' health concerns, perceived occupational hazards and the impact of working conditions on their personal lives. Participants were then asked to prioritize their concerns and make recommendations for improvements. Results show that gaming workers from both provinces identified similar health, hazard and psycho-social concerns. They prioritized the issues of stress, ergonomics, air quality (including second-hand smoke and temperature), biological hazards, physical hazards and noise.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 2001, Vol.39, No.1, p.42-51. 46 ref.

CIS 01-501 Otsuka R., Watanabe H., Hirata K., Tokai K., Muro T., Yoshiyama M., Takeuchi K., Yoshikawa J.
Acute effects of passive smoking on the coronary circulation in healthy young adults
Cross-sectional study involving 30 healthy Japanese men (mean age: 27 years; 15 non-smokers and 15 active smokers). Various measures of heart function were taken before and after 30min exposure to environmental (passive) tobacco smoke. Passive smoking did not affect heart rate, blood pressure or basal coronary flow velocity in either group. However, mean coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) was significantly higher in non-smokers than in active smokers before exposure to passive smoking (4.4 vs. 3.6), while this difference disappeared after such exposure (3.4 vs. 3.3). As a lowering of CFVR is an important sign of endothelial dysfunction, this finding provides direct evidence of the harmful effects on the circulatory system of exposure to passive smoking.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 25 July 2001, Vol.286, No.4, p.436-441. Illus. 41 ref.

2000

CIS 02-1843 Dautzenberg B
Fighting smoking in the enterprise: A guide
La lutte contre le tabac en entreprise: le guide [in French]
This guide is aimed at all persons involved in fighting smoking in the workplace. It provides useful information and describes practical projects in the area of smoking prevention and helping workers quit smoking, information on legislation and information on managing conflicts. It comprises four parts: reasons for fighting tobacco consumption in the workplace (health hazards, passive smoking, tobacco-free enterprises, nicotine-based substitution products); how to help smokers quit (information, weaning, anxiety and depressive disorders), legal context (legislation and regulations against smoking in France, consensus conference on the means of helping to quit smoking). Appendices include texts of various laws on fighting tobacco consumption.
Editions Margaux Orange, 20 rue du Mail, 75002 Paris, France, 2000. xviii, 194p. Illus. Index.

CIS 01-1125 Heloma A., Kähkönen E., Kaleva S., Reijula K.
Smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke at medium-sized and large-scale workplaces
A questionnaire survey on smoking prevalence and indoor air quality (IAQ) measurements were performed in 10 medium-sized and large-scale workplaces. The questionnaire was distributed to all (1,471) workers. IAQ measurements were performed in 4-7 locations in each workplace. Altogether, 1,027 (70%) employees, of whom 31% were women, responded to the questionnaire. Prevalence of daily smokers was 28.3% (32.3% for men and 22.9% for women). The prevalence was highest among workers in the service sector (32.7%) and lowest in offices (21.6%). Among smokers, 86% of men and 75% of women smoked inside the building. Exposures greater than one hour to environmental tobacco smoke were highest in industry (66.3%) and lowest in services (42.6%). Non-smokers complained more often than the regular smokers about the spreading of tobacco smoke to non-smoking areas, and than felt that workplace smoking was a significant discomfort. Mean concentration of nicotine was highest in service environments (3.0µg/m-3) and lowest in offices (0.6µg/m-3).
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 2000, Vol.37, No.2, p.214-220. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 01-378
Health and Safety Executive
Passive smoking at work
Tobacco smoke contains small droplets of tar together with nicotine and a wide range of gases including carbon monoxide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and acrolein, as well as small amounts of substances which been shown in laboratory tests to induce cancer in animals. Studies have shown that passive exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smoking) can cause lung cancer in non-smokers. It also causes acute irritant effects on the eyes, throat and respiratory tract, and can aggravate asthma. This booklet provides guidance to employers on action to prevent passive smoking, and recommends the introduction of a policy to control smoking at the workplace. The current legal situation in Britain is highlighted. Replaces CIS 91-423.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Rev.ed., May 2000. 12p. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 00-460 Kauppinen T., Toikkanen J., Savela A., Pedersen D., Young R., Ahrens W., Boffetta P., Kogevinas M., Hansen J., Kromhout H., Maqueda Blasco J., de la Orden-Rivera V., Mirabelli D., Pannett B., Plato N., Vincent R.
Occupational exposure to carcinogens in the European Union
CAREX, a carcinogen exposure database, was designed to provide selected exposure data of the number of workers exposed to carcinogens by country, carcinogen and industry in the member states of the European Union. CAREX includes data on agents evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (all agents in groups 1 and 2A as of February 1995, and selected agents in group 2B) and on ionizing radiation. Results indicate that approximately 32 million workers (23% of those employed) were exposed to agents covered by CAREX. At least 22 million workers were exposed to IARC group 1 carcinogens. The exposed workers had altogether 42 million exposures (1.3 mean exposures for each exposed worker). The most common exposures were solar radiation (9.1 million workers exposed at least 75% of working time), environmental tobacco smoke (7.5 million workers exposed at least 75% of working time), crystalline silica (3.2 million exposed), diesel exhaust (3.0 million), radon (2.7 million) and wood dust (2.6 million).
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 2000, Vol.57, No.1, p.10-18. Illus. 15 ref.

1999

CIS 01-1742 Scherer G., Adlkofer F.
Environmental tobacco smoke - Determining the exposure to hazardous substances for assessing the risk to health from passive smoking
Tabakrauch in der Raumluft - Erfassung der Schadstoffbelastung durch Passivrauchen zur Bewertung des gesundheitlichen Risikos [in German]
Cigarette smoke in ambient air consists mostly of smoke generated by the incandescent cone or exhaled by smokers. The physical, chemical and toxicological properties of these two constituents are considerably different. For this reason, the evaluation of the risk linked to the exposure to tobacco smoke must be carried out on the basis of the various substances present in the smoke. Several detection methods have been developed and validated. The examination of the weighted average values of the various harmful substances contained in cigarette smoke in ambient air show that the exposure of non-smokers to toxic and genotoxic substances contained in cigarette smoke is relatively low. This hypothesis is validated by monitoring of nitrosamine and its metabolites in the biological liquids of passive smokers.
Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft, Nov.-Dec. 1999, Vol.59, No.11-12, p.435-443. Illus. 109 ref.

CIS 01-1490
VDI Gesellschaft Technische Gebäudeausrüstung
Technical concepts with respect to air for smoking and nonsmoking zones
Lufttechnische Konzepte für Raucher- und Nichtraucherzonen [in German]
Proceedings of a German Association of Engineers (VDI) conference on the design of ventilation systems for smoking and nonsmoking zones in buildings, held at Fulda on 25 Feb. 1999. Topics covered: legal situation protecting nonsmokers; recommendations for ventilation in buildings having both smoking and nonsmoking zones; characteristics of tobacco smoke; air purification; separation of ventilation air flows from smoking and nonsmoking zones; ventilation techniques; perception of cigarette smoke in the air and degree of acceptance by smokers and nonsmokers. Filters for smoke elimination have proven to be unsatisfactory so far.
VDI Verlag, Postfach 10 10 54, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany, 1999. 107p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Price: DEM 78.00.

CIS 01-168 Environmental exposure to benzene
This report provides a review of health risks from environmental exposure to benzene. A method is described that allows the estimation of the daily absorbed dose of benzene for a range of individuals representative of different life-styles and occupations. The current understanding of the relationship between exposure to benzene and the occurence of leukaemia is summarized.
CONCAWE, Madouplein, 1210 Brussels, Belgium, Oct. 1999. iv, 34p. Illus. 52 ref.

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