Nickel and compounds - 215 entries found

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1995

CIS 96-2088 Kieć-Swierczyńska M., Szymczak W.
The effect of the working environment on occupational skin disease development in workers processing rockwool
A total of 259 workers manufacturing insulation matting of rockwool and phenol-formaldehyde resin were examined. All subjects and a control group of 529 workers were patch-tested. Dermatitis was found in roughly every fourth subject examined, oil acne in every tenth. The development of dermatitis is attributed to the irritating effects of rockwool and the sensitizing action of phenol-formaldehyde resin and metals present in the working environment. Regarding the latter, the risk of nickel allergy appears to be six times higher, and that of cobalt allergy five times higher, in people exposed to rockwool as opposed to controls.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1995, Vol.8, No.1, p.17-22. 13 ref.

CIS 95-2155 Gawkrodger D.J., Healy J., Howe A.M.
The prevention of nickel contact dermatitis: A review of the use of binding agents and barrier creams
Chelating agents and other substances can be used to bind nickel or reduce its penetration through the skin and hence to reduce the symptoms of nickel sensitivity. Topical usage is mostly described but chelating agents are also used systemically. The most effective ligand for nickel has been proved to be 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol (clioquinol). Although normally regarded as safe, its usage in some situations may be limited by concerns about its toxicity. Other ligands with demonstrable effect include EDTA, diphenylglyoxime and dimethylglyoxime. Cation exchange resins can effectively bind nickel and work through the skin. Corticosteroids and cyclosporin work in nickel dermatitis by suppressing the immunological reaction rather than through an effect on nickel. Studies of the oral administration of ligands have given conflicting results. Further work is required to develop the existing agents and to look at the use of novel combinations.
Contact Dermatitis, May 1995, Vol.32, No.5, p.257-265. Illus. 54 ref.

CIS 95-1357 Hasselmann A., Kölmel F.
Occupational dermatoses among cleaning personnel
Berufsdermatosen des Reinigungspersonals [in German]
In the years between 1977 and 1992 the Dermatology Department of the University Hospital in Göttingen, Germany, recorded 64 cases of skin disease among cleaning personnel in institutions such as schools, old age homes, recreational centres, hospitals, etc. In 40 cases an allergic contact dermatitis and in 21 cases eczema was diagnosed. In patch tests nickel and formaldehyde were identified as the major allergens. Formaldehyde and other aldehydes were found in the cleaning agents and disinfectants used.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Umweltmedizin, Mar. 1995, Vol.30, No.3, p.106, 108-112, 117-118, 120. 30 ref.

1994

CIS 96-2192 Betz B.
Analysis of response parameters in small and medium-size plants using high-quality steel welders as an example
Analyse von Beanspruchungsparametern in Klein- und Mittelbetrieben am Beispiel von Edelstahlschweissern [in German]
The results of urine analyses performed once a year in 1990, 1991 and 1992 in a small plant with aprox. 160-200 employees are used to illustrate what kind of information industrial physicians can gain from such sporadic, low-cost medical supervision. The urine samples came from the 10 to 17 gas and electric welders and polishers of chromium and nickel alloyed sheet metal. Through comparison, plausibility checks, and descriptive statistical evaluation of the results, information was obtained on the individual extent of the exposure to chromium and nickel and the sources of the pollutants. Ventilation was improved and welders' helmets fed with fresh unpolluted air were introduced for workers with high exposure to chromium and nickel.
Die BG, May 1994, No.5, p.341-344. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 95-2158 Frenkel K., Karkoszka J., Cohen B., Barański B., Jakubowski M., Cosma G., Taioli E., Toniolo P.
Occupational exposures to Cd, Ni, and Cr modulate titers of antioxidized DNA base autoantibodies
The study determined whether occupational exposures to derivatives of carcinogenic metals evoke inflammatory immune responses, as determined by the presence of elevated titres of antibodies (Ab) that recognize oxidized DNA bases. The oxidized thymidine [5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HMdU)] coupled to bovine serum albumin was used as an antigen. Titres of anti-HMdU Ab were significantly elevated in the high cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) exposure groups (18.3 ± 3.2 vs. 10.8 ± 2.1 A492/µL). The Ab titres present in the sera of controls for Cd and Ni exposures appear to be constant regardless of the protein content. In contrast, both lightly and heavily exposed subjects exhibited Ab titres that increased with increasing protein content. The anti-HMdU titres of 12 workers wearing personal monitors showed a significant difference between the groups with light and heavy exposures to Cd (9.8 ± 3.7 vs. 22.1 ± 3.7 A492/µL) and Ni (11.7 ± 1.4 vs. 31.0 ± 1.8)
Environmental Health Perspectives, Sep. 1994, Vol.102, Suppl.3, p.221-225. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 95-1426 Sjögren B., Stagis Hansen K., Kjuus H., Persson P.G.
Exposure to stainless steel welding fumes and lung cancer - A meta-analysis
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 1994, Vol.51, No.5, p.335-336. 14 ref. ###

CIS 95-1412 Karlsen J.T., Torgrimsen T., Langård S.
Exposure to solid aerosols during regular MMA welding and grinding operations on stainless steel
Air concentrations of solid aerosols were measured during manual metal arc welding (MMA) on stainless steel at three worksites. Mean fume concentrations were 5.4mg/m³ inside a ship section, 3.0mg/m³ in a module for water injection into offshore oil wells, and 2.0mg/m³ in welding shops. The highest concentrations of hexavalent chromium were found inside the ship section. Although the base material contained approximately 20% chromium and 10% nickel, the contents of these metals varied greatly among the different sites. Grinding generated a mean concentration of 11mg/m³, of which chromium was about 10% of the total solid aerosol.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Dec. 1994, Vol.55, No.12, p.1149-1153. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 95-1011 Lidén C.
Cold-impregnated aluminium. A new source of nickel exposure
A case of work-related allergic contact dermatitis in an engraver with nickel allergy is reported. Investigations revealed that the majority of aluminium sheets he was working with were positive to the dimethylglyoxime test, indicating that nickel was being released. It is concluded that cold-impregnated aluminium is a new source of nickel exposure probably previously unknown to dermatologists.
Contact Dermatitis, July 1994, Vol.31, No.1, p.22-24. 14 ref.

CIS 95-913 Morgan L.G., Usher V.
Health problems associated with nickel refining and use
After a brief mention of history and world use, the major health hazards associated with nickel and its compounds are reviewed. These include pulmonary and sino-nasal cancer from exposure to the dusts involved in certain, now obsolete processes, dermatitis and nickel carbonyl poisoning. Brief mention is also made of other less well established or hypothetical health risks mentioned in the nickel context including asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and acute poisoning. In conclusion mention is made of some current work being undertaken in the occupational health field and sources of further information are given.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Apr. 1994, Vol.38, No.2, p.189-198. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 95-981 Kiilunen M.
Occupational exposure to chromium and nickel in Finland - Analysis of registries of hygienic measurements and biological monitoring
Two large databases, one including the results of determination of total dust, nickel, total and hexavalent chromium, and the other, the concentration of chromium and nickel in workers' urine, were developed in the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Data were analyzed to assess occupational exposure to chromium and nickel during the last decade, using the Standard Industrial Classifications for grouping industrial activities. The number of analyses was highest in fabricated metal products manufacturing, and welders and sheet metal workers were the largest and most heavily exposed groups. Occupational exposure limits were exceeded in 15.8% of all chromium measurements (500µg/m³ for total chromium and 50µg/m³ for hexavalent chromium). Recommended biological action level (BAL) (1.0µgmol/L) was exceeded in 0.8-7.1% of the cases in different years. Altogether, 18.3% (range 7.6-28.3%) of the air nickel measurements were higher than the occupational exposure limit for nickel compounds (100µg/m³), but only 0.2-3.1% of results exceeded the BAL for nickel (1.30µgmol/L).
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Apr. 1994, Vol.38, No.2, p.171-187. Illus. 26 ref.

CIS 95-679
Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association
Safe use of nickel in the workplace
This guide is intended for individuals responsible for the health and safety of workers, including executives, managers, industrial hygienists, occupational health nurses, physicians, joint occupational safety and health committees and other health professionals. Nickel occurs naturally in a number of minerals, and is a constituent of hundreds of thousands of manufactured products. Primary routes of exposure to metallic nickel, nickel alloys or nickel compounds are inhalation and skin contact. Nickel carbonyl is acutely toxic on inhalation. Many nickel compounds cause allergic contact dermatitis. The role of nickel in the respiratory system cancer seen in nickel refinery workers remains unclear. Exposure can best be minimized by engineering controls. Health surveillance and workplace surveillance programmes following recognized industrial hygiene principles are recommended; routine biological monitoring is not.
Nickel Development Institute, 214 King Street West, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3S6, Canada. 65p. + 34p. Annexes, 12p. Summary, 7p. Brochure for workers. May 1994. Bibl.ref. Gratis.

CIS 94-1813 European Dir. 94/27/EC of 30 June 1994 amending for the 12th time Dir. 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of...dangerous substances and preparations [European Communities]
Dir. 94/27/CE du 30.6.94, portant 12e mod. de la dir. 76/769/CEE sur le rapprochement des dispositions législatives, ... et administratives des Etats membres ...à la limitation de la mise sur le marché et de l'emploi de ... substances et préparations dangereuses [Communautés européennes] [in French]
This directive proposes measures to limit the use of nickel in certain objects coming into direct and prolonged contact with the skin, which may cause sensitization of humans to nickel and may lead to allergic reactions. The annex of the text modifies annex I to directive 76/769/EEC (CIS 92-22).
Official Journal of the European Communities - Journal officiel des Communautés européennes, 22 July 1994, Vol.37, No.L.188, p.1-2.

1993

CIS 96-2100 Muir D.C.F., Julian J., Jadon N., Roberts R., Roos J., Chan J., Maehle W., Morgan W.K.C.
Prevalence of small opacities in chest radiographs of nickel sinter plant workers
Radiographs from 745 nickel sinter plant workers were taken and classified by five readers using the International Labour Office (1980) protocol. Each reader worked independently and the films were randomly mixed with films from a non-dust exposed office population and also with films from subjects known to have silicosis or asbestosis. The prevalence of small irregular opacities was selected as the outcome of interest. In the sinter workers this was within the range identified in cigarette smokers or in workers exposed to dusts of low fibrogenicity. Only minimal evidence of small round opacities was noted. There was no evidence from the chest radiographs that exposures to high concentrations of dusts containing compounds of nickel caused an inflammatory or fibrogenic response in the lungs of the exposed population.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1993, Vol.50, No.5, p.428-431. 12 ref.

CIS 96-2229
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for nickel: Update
Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: lung diseases; heart diseases; haematotoxic effects; renal diseases; skin rashes; skin sensitization; asthma; carcinogenic effects (lung and nasal cancer).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Apr. 1996. 151p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 96-1595 Nickel (II) oxide
International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: irritates the eyes and the respiratory tract. Long-term exposure effects: skin sensitization; asthma; carcinogenic effects. Occupational exposure limit: TLV: 0.05mg/m³ (as Ni) (ACGIH 1990-1991).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1651 Dufresne A., Krier G., Muller J.F., Perrault G.
Measurement of metallic particles extracted from the lung parenchyma of two electricians and one electrotechnician
X-ray spectroscopy and laser microprobe mass analysis were used to determine the chemical nature of particles extracted from the lung parenchyma of two electricians and one electrotechnician who had died of lung cancer. The retained particles were qualitatively representative of these workers' work history (e.g. the electrician who had worked in a mine had retained more silicates than the two others). The concentration of nickel in the lungs of these workers was higher than the concentrations measured in the lungs of 39 other workers who died of different types of cancers.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1993, Vol.54, No.9, p.564-568. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 93-1858 Roels H., Van de Voorde R., Vargas V.M.M., Lauwerys R.
Relationship between atmospheric and urinary nickel in workers manufacturing electrical resistances using nickel oxide - Role of the bioavailability of nickel
The daily concentrations of nickel in total (i.e. inhalable) and respirable airborne dust (personal sampling) and in post-shift and pre-shift urine samples were monitored during five consecutive work days in 20 workers exposed to NiO in a workshop manufacturing electrical resistances. The individual daily atmospheric nickel concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 9,586µg Ni/m³ (geometric mean 22.9) for total dust and from 0.2 to 332µg Ni/m³ (geometric mean 3.5) for respirable dust. The results of the urinary excretion of nickel suggested that the occupationally-related systemic absorption of nickel strongly differed in one subject compared to the other 19 workers. In the latter group the nickel concentration in urine never exceeded 5µg Ni/g creatinine, it did not differ between post-shift and pre-shift samples (geometric means: 1.1 versus 1.2µg Ni/g creatinine), and it was only slightly higher than that measured in a group of 17 non-exposed subjects.
Occupational Medicine, May 1993, Vol.43, No.2, p.95-104. Illus. 34 ref.

CIS 93-1620 Tandon R., Aarts B.
Chromium, nickel and cobalt contents of some Australian cements
The total chromium, nickel and cobalt concentrations of 8 Australian Portland cements ranged from 49 to 99µg/g, 5 to 54µg/g and ≤1 to 13µg/g, respectively. The water-soluble chromate concentrations of the cements ranged from 0.2 to 8.1µg/g, and the sodium sulfate-extractable chromates form 1.4 to 9.7µg/g. Results for water-soluble nickel (≤0.2µg/g) and cobalt (≤0.05µg/g) indicate that the metals are present only as water-insoluble compounds. The significance of the various data is considered from a dermatological point of view. Cement extracts for the analysis of water-soluble hexavalent chromium (chromates) are stable for at least 12 days. The optimum extraction time for hexavalent chromium in cement appears to be 1h. Almost 100% reduction of hexavalent chromium is possible after 1h using 100 x the stoichiometric value of iron (II) sulfate. The chromates can become gradually insolubilised when the solution from the water added is in direct contact with the cement, i.e., over a period of >60min to 7 days, even without the addition of iron (II) sulfate.
Contact Dermatitis, Apr. 1993, Vol.28, No.4, p.201-205. 17 ref.

1992

CIS 02-1071 Nickel and its inorganic compounds
Nickel et ses composés minéraux [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Update of data sheet already summarized in CIS 89-1136. Acute toxicity: digestive disorders; bradycardia; hypothermia. Chronic toxicity: sensitization; contact dermatitis; allergic asthma; rhinitis; respiratory tract cancers; chromosome changes. Exposure limits: TWA (France) = 1mg/m³ (metallic dusts); 1mg/m³ Ni (fumes and dusts of matte roasting); TWA (USA, ACGIH 1991) = 1mg/m³ Ni (metal and insoluble compounds); 0.1mg/m³ Ni (soluble compounds). EEC numbers and mandatory labelling codes: No.028-002-00-7; Xn, R40, R43, S22, S36/37 (nickel); No.028-003-00-2; T, R49, R43, S55, S44 (nickel monoxide). The complete datasheet collection on CD-ROM has been analysed under CIS 01-201.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, CD-ROM CD 613, May 2000. Rev.ed. 6p. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 94-101 Nickel
Nickel [in French]
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of skin and eyes; skin sensitization; dermatitis; pulmonary sensitization. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis; chronic eczema; asthma; conjunctivitis; suspected human carcinogen.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1992. 2p. Illus.

CIS 93-1659 Nieboer E., Nriagu J.O.
Nickel and human health. Current perspectives
This volume contains revised and updated papers from the Fourth International Conference on Nickel Metabolism and Toxicology held in Helsinki, Finland, 5-9 September 1988. Papers include: historical account of hazards from exposure to nickel; biological utilisation of nickel; occupational exposures; absorption, distribution and excretion of nickel; toxicokinetics of nickel in humans; determination of nickel in urine, hair, fingernails and tissues as measures of occupational exposure; renal toxicity; nickel contact hypersensitivity; nickel and the immune system; problems in the toxicology, diagnosis and treatment of nickel carbonyl poisoning; long-term health effects of exposure to low concentrations of nickel carbonyl; studies of respiratory cancer mortality in nickel refiners; nasal and lung cancer death in nickel refiners.
John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester PO22 9SA, West Sussex, United Kingdom, 1992. xxii, 680p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: GBP 101.00

CIS 93-1255 Baranowska-Dutkiewicz B., Różańska R., Dutkiewicz T.
Occupational and environmental exposure to nickel in Poland
Exposure to nickel was evaluated on the basis of nickel in urine concentration (Ni-U) in 649 persons, both adults and pre-school children; 241 persons were occupationally exposed in steel-mills and rolling-mills. Environmentally exposed groups consisted of inhabitants of industrial and rural towns. The occupationally exposed groups showed Ni-U mean concentrations of 25.7, 18.1, 15.9, and 15.7µg/dm³. In environmentally exposed groups of adults, Ni-U concentrations were almost equal in persons inhabiting industrial and rural areas - 7.8 and 7.7µg/dm³, respectively. Ni-U concentrations in children were more differentiated: 8.5 and 9.2µg/dm³ in rural areas and 9.9 and 10.6µg/dm³ in industrial areas. The recommended mean group allowable Ni-U concentration for occupational exposure is 12µg/dm³, and for environmental exposure it is 2.7µg/dm³. Thus, there is substantial occupational and environmental exposure to nickel in the populations studied here.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1992, Vol.5, No.4, p.335-343. 50 ref.

CIS 92-1248 Wilkinson S.M., Heagerty A.H.M., English J.S.C.
Hand dermatitis in the pottery industry
Irritant hand dermatitis has long been recognised in the pottery industry. Among workers handling glaze, sensitisation to chromate was common and allergy to other metals and to biocides also occurred. Allergy to oil additives was found in mould makers. Whilst irritant hand dermatitis does occur, allergy to metals and biocides should be looked for in workers handling glazes, and allergy to oil additives in mould makers.
Contact Dermatitis, Feb. 1992, Vol.26, No.2, p.91-94. 11 ref.

1991

CIS 07-1398
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Nickel, nickel carbonyl, and some nickel compounds - Health and safety guide
This document provides practical guidance on the application of exposure limitation guidelines contained in Environmental Health Criteria 108 (see CIS CIS 91-1949). Contents: identity and uses of nickel and nickel compounds; human health hazards; health surveillance and first aid; safe storage and use; environmental hazards; summary of chemical safety information for use in the workplace; current regulations and guidelines. Target organs for nickel are the respiratory system, especially the nasal cavities and sinuses, and the immune system. Nickel and its salts are potent skin sensitizers and possible respiratory sensitizers. Nickel compounds are classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) by the IARC and metallic nickel as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B). Nickel carbonyl is the most acutely toxic nickel compound in humans.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 46p. 12 ref.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg062.htm [in English]

CIS 93-571 Magos L.
Epidemiological and experimental aspects of metal carcinogenesis - Physicochemical properties, kinetics, and the active species
The carcinogenic properties of selected metals and their compounds are reviewed to provide a useful reference for existing knowledge on relationships between physical and chemical forms, kinetics and carcinogenic potential and between epidemiology, bioassays, and short-term tests. Extensive consideration is given to arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel. Other metals such as antimony, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc are discussed briefly.
Environmental Health Perspectives, Nov. 1991, Vol.95, p.157-189. 284 ref.

CIS 93-597 Verma D.K., Shaw D.S.
An evaluation of airborne nickel, zinc, and lead exposure at hot dip galvanizing plants
Industrial hygiene surveys were conducted at three hot dip galvanising plants to determine occupational exposure to nickel, zinc, and lead. All three plants employed the "dry process" and used 2% nickel, by weight, in their zinc baths. A total of 32 personal and area air samples were taken. The air samples were analysed for nickel, zinc, and lead. Some samples were also analysed for various species of nickel (i.e., metallic, soluble, and oxidic). The airborne concentrations observed for nickel and its three species, zinc, and lead at the three plants were all well below the current and proposed threshold limit values recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Dec. 1991, Vol.52, No.12, p.511-515. 15 ref.

CIS 92-1925 Shannon H.S., Walsh C., Jadon N., Julian J.A., Weglo J.K., Thornhill P.G., Cecutti A.G.
Mortality of 11,500 nickel workers - Extended follow up and relationship to environmental conditions
An extended follow-up from 1977-84 was achieved in a cohort of 11,567 nickel workers engaged in mining, milling and smelting originally studied during 1950-76. Exposure data were incorporated into the analysis. One case of nasal cancer occurred. The lung cancer Standardised Mortality Ratio beyond 15 years from first exposure was significantly high overall (128) and in miners (153). However, detailed analyses by era of first mining and duration of mining, as well as cumulative exposure to different nickel species, did not appear consistent with an occupational aetiology since significant trends were not observed. At the levels of exposure incurred in nickel refineries elsewhere, no large increases in lung and nasal cancer were observed.
Toxicology and Industrial Health, 1991, Vol.7, No.4, p.277-294. 13 ref.

CIS 92-1264 Pott F., Rippe R.M., Roller M., Rosenbruch M., Huth F.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz
Comparative studies on the carcinogenicity of nickel, different nickel compounds and nickel alloys
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Kanzerogenität verschiedener Nickelverbindungen und Nickellegierungen [in German]
This study is divided into two sections. I. - Bibliographical review (in tabular form) of the carcinogenic effects on animals of nickel (Ni), nickel compounds and nickel alloys. II - Assessment, through animal experiments, of the carcinogenicity of nickel powder, and of six nickel compounds (chloride, sulfate, acetate, carbonate, subsulfide, oxide) as well as 3 nickel alloys. Highly soluble nickel compounds (Ni-chloride, -sulfate, -acetate) were very toxic but only weakly carcinogenic. Ni-subsulfide showed a lower toxicity but the strongest carcinogenicity of all tested substances (inducement of sarcomas and mesotheliomas in 56% of animals from 6mg Ni). Higher doses (25 to 50mg Ni) of two nickel alloys containing 50% or 66% of nickel oxide produced a carcinogenic but no toxic effect. 100mg Ni injected with a nickel alloy containing 29% Ni and 160mg of two iron oxides were not proven to be carcinogenic. Summaries in English, French and German.
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Postfach 10 11 10, Am Alten Hafen 113-115, D-W-2850 Bremerhaven 1, Germany, 1991. 59p. Illus. 45 ref.

CIS 92-259
Health and Safety Executive
Nickel and its inorganic compounds: Health and safety precautions
Contents of this guidance note: occurrence, properties and use of nickel and its compounds; effects on health (lung and nasal cancers, skin sensitisation, occupational asthma); hazard assessment in the workplace; prevention and control of exposure as required by the COSHH Regulations (occupational exposure limits, engineering controls, housekeeping, personal protection, emergency procedures); maintenance, examination and testing of control measures; monitoring exposure; health surveillance; notification of reportable disease; information, instruction and training.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, Dec. 1991. 8p. 29 ref. Price: GBP 2.00.

CIS 91-1949
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Nickel
This criteria document surveys the available literature on the toxicology of nickel and its compounds. Nephrotoxic effects have been reported in cases of accidental industrial exposure to nickel carbonyl, the most acutely toxic nickel compound in humans. Chronic effecs such as rhinitis, sinusitis, and asthma have been reported in nickel refinery and nickel plating workers, and there are also reports of pulmonary changes with fibrosis in workers inhaling nickel dust. Nickel contact hypersensitivity has been documented extensively. In the past, very high risks of lung and nasal cancer were reported in nickel refinery workers exposed to high levels of nickel subsulfide and nickel oxide, although there is little or no detectable risk in most sectors of the nickel industry at current exposure levels. Detailed summaries in French and Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 383p. ca. 850 ref. Price: CHF 38.00; developing countries: CHF 26.00.

CIS 91-1940 Vilaplana J., Romaguera C., Grimalt F., Cornellana F.
New trends in the use of metals in jewellery
Owing to the constant increase in the number of cases of nickel sensitisation seen in most allergy departments of dermatology and to the fact that sensitisation to nickel is almost always through contact with jewellery and imitation jewellery, an update was carried out on the metal alloys principally used in the manufacture of such jewellery (earrings, bracelets, necklaces, rings, watch straps, etc.). The conclusions of this review demonstrate that nickel is irreplaceable in the majority of the alloys because of its excellent technical properties and low price and, as a result, the percentage of sensitisations to this allergen will not only maintain their present high level but will probably increase in the future.
Contact Dermatitis, Sep. 1991, Vol.25, No.3, p.145-148. 11 ref.

CIS 91-1162 Wall L.M., Gebauer K.A.
A follow-up study of occupational skin disease in Western Australia
From a total of 993 previously reported cases of occupational skin disease (OSD), 954 (96%) were contacted and 711 (75%) examined. The review time (i.e. period from original diagnosis of OSD until review) varied from a minimum of 6 months to a maximum of over 8 yrs. Over 60% of cases were reviewed more than 2yrs after the original diagnosis was made. More than 50% were still suffering from OSD or consequences related thereto. Clearance was less likely in those who remained in their original, or similar, occupational environment. However, of those who changed their job due to OSD, many suffered aggravation of the dermatitis from factors in the new work environment. Over 10% of cases had evolved into a persistent postoccupational dermatitis without obvious cause. This condition is responsible for considerable impairment and is of medicolegal importance due to confusion as to its relationship to the original occupational factors.
Contact Dermatitis, Apr. 1991, Vol.24, No.4, p.241-243. 12 ref.

1990

CIS 92-222 Kollmeier H., Seemann J.W., Rothe G., Müller K.M., Wittig P.
Age, sex and region adjusted concentrations of chromium and nickel in lung tissue
Chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) concentrations were measured in lung tissue from 110 random necropsies by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The subjects originated from the Ruhr district and Dortmund (Germany), which has been defined as a particular pollution area with locally high Cr and Ni emissions, and from Münster and vicinity. The Cr and Ni concentrations in lung tissue of the subjects from the Ruhr district were 4.8 and 2.8 times higher than those from Münster. Concentrations of Cr and Ni in men were twice those in women. All data showed an age dependent increase of Cr and Ni in the lung. Thus it was possible to calculate age, sex, and region adjusted expected values of pulmonary Cr and Ni concentrations, and to identify the difference between expected and observed values. This might be helpful to interpret measurements in individual cases and in epidemiological studies.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Oct. 1990, Vol.47, No.10, p.682-687. Illus. 31 ref.

CIS 91-1442 Nickel
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of skin and eyes; skin sensitisation; dermatitis; pulmonary sensitisation. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis; chronic eczema; asthma; conjunctivitis; suspected human carcinogen.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1990. 2p. Illus.

CIS 91-1185 Sjögren B., Ulfvarson U.
Nordic Expert Group for Documentation of Occupational Exposure Limits - 90. Welding gases and fumes
Nordiska Expertgruppen för Gränsvärdesdokumentation - 90. Svetsgaser och svetsrök [in Swedish]
Many welding operations are related to the development of chronic bronchitis among welders with long exposure. Among shipyard welders airway obstruction has also been observed. Exposure to hexavalent chromium, isocyanate and ozone, and welding in epoxypainted steel, may result in reversible bronchial obstruction. Exposure to cadmium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and phosgene may cause pulmonary oedema. Exposure to asbestos, chromium (VI) and nickel occuring in welders' working areas implies risk of lung cancer development. Exposure to lead, manganese and possibly aluminium may affect the nervous system.
Arbetsmiljöinstitutet, Förlagstjänst, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1990. 33p. Illus. 195 ref.

CIS 91-902 Mahien J.C., Oury B., Boulet A.
Characteristics of the aerosol emissions of nickel plating baths
Caractéristiques de l'émission d'aérosols des bains de nickelage [in French]
Atmospheric samples were taken near nickel plating tanks in order to determine pollution levels and ventilation efficiency. Contents: summary on nickel plating techniques; results of the measurements; characteristics of nickel salt aerosol emissions to be taken into account when installing exhaust devices on nickel plating tanks.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 2nd Quarter 1990, No.139, Note No.1774-139-90, p.313-322. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 91-214
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans - Chromium, nickel and welding
Monographs providing chemical and physical data for chromium and nickel and their compounds, details of production, use, occurrence and analysis, and a review of biological data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. It is concluded that chromium (VI) compounds are carcinogenic to humans, while metallic chromium (III) compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity. Nickel sulfate and combinations of nickel sulfides and oxides are considered to be carcinogenic, while metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic. The major welding processes are described along with the composition of welding fumes, operational exposures of welders and relevant biological data. Welding fumes are evaluated as being possibly carcinogenic in humans.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1990. 677p. Bibl. ref. Price: CHF 95.00; USD 76.00.

CIS 90-1988 Berlin A., Draper M., Krug E., Roi R., van der Venne M. T.
The toxicology of chemicals - 1. Carcinogenicity, Vol.II - Summary reviews of the scientific evidence
This volume contains reviews of 21 compounds, including 10 of the nickel family. An introductory chapter is devoted to the inorganic chemistry, biological properties and the processing of nickel ore. In each review the data is presented under the following headings: introductory remarks, animal data, mutagenic, genotoxic and related information, human data, scientific conclusions, need for further work and references.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1990. 145p. Bibl. Price: ECU 13.75.

CIS 90-1290
International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man
Report of the International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man
This report summarises the results of a large scale epidemiologic study primarily designed to determine the specific forms of nickel which are associated with an increased risk of lung and nasal sinus cancers. The main conclusion is that more than one form of nickel gives rise to these 2 types of cancer (oxidic and sulfidic nickels, solubles nickels). There was no evidence of association between metallic nickel and lung and nasal cancer.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Feb. 1990, Vol.16, No.1, Special issue, p.1-82. 31 ref. Illus.

1989

CIS 91-144 Emmerling G., Zschiesche W., Schaller K.H., Weltle D.
Study of the exposure of stainless steel welders
Arbeitsmedizinische Belastungs- und Beanspruchungsuntersuchungen von Edelstahlschweissern [in German]
Respirable dust, total and hexavalent chromium and of nickel were measured in workplace air, and chromium and nickel were determined in urine samples from welders from 29 plants. Of all welders, metal active gas welders had the highest exposure to dut, total chromium and nickel, and manual arc welders using coated electrodes were exposed most heavily to hexavalent chromium. Post-shift chromium and nickel concentrtions in urine best reflected exposure. Chronic bronchitis and opacities in the lungs were more frequent among welders than among 203 controls.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, 1989, Vol.24, No.11, p.251-254. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 90-1269 Cavelier C., Foussereau J., Gille P., Zissu D.
Allergy to nickel or cobalt: Tolerance to nickel and cobalt samples in man and in the guinea pig allergic or sensitized to these metals
The aim of this study was to evaluate, in animals and humans sensitive to nickel or cobalt, the tolerance to manufactured metal samples of nickel and cobalt of a defined metallographic structure, plated or not with a layer of chrome or copper/chrome of a determined thickness. Under the defined experimental conditions, a guinea pig sensitised to one metal (nickel or cobalt) was intolerant to both metals (nickel and cobalt). A plating of chrome or copper/chrome did not act as a protection. In the human, it was not the same: the tolerance to metal samples was determined by the specific sensitivity. A plating of chrome or copper/chrome did not act as protection.
Contact Dermatitis, Aug. 1989, Vol.21, No.2, p.72-78. 14 ref.

CIS 89-1623 Nickel and nickel compounds: review of toxicology and epidemiology with special reference to carcinogenesis
Review of the available data on the toxicology of nickel with particular reference to metabolism, animal carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and epidemiology. The physical and chemical properties of nickel and its compounds are briefly described, as are methods of production from nickel-containing ores. The uses and relative commercial importance of nickel and its compounds are also indicated. Although nickel subsulfide produces tumours in animals, the experimental conditions are not relevant to human exposure. There is sound epidemiological evidence that workers in nickel refining and nickel sulfate production may develop cancers of the respiratory tract, but the mixed exposures in these environments prevent the identification of any individual nickel compound as a proven human carcinogen (Category 1, according to EEC criteria). Nickel subsulfide may be considered a Category 2 substance (presumptive carcinogen). Nickel powder and nickel (II) oxide are possible carcinogens (Category 3). Although several of the other compounds studied are toxic, none of them can be classified in terms of carcinogenicity.
European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre, Avenue Louise 250, B.63, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium, Feb. 1989. 111p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 89-1136 Nickel and its inorganic compounds
Nickel et composés minéraux [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Exposure limits (France, 1985, 1987): TWA = 1mg Ni metal and Ni roasting dust/m³. Acute toxicity: digestive disorders in case of ingestion. Chronic toxicity: skin allergies and sensitisation; dermatitis; allergic asthma; cancer of the lungs, nasal passage and larynx.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1989. 6p. Bibl.

CIS 89-915 Sunderman F.W.
Mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis
Recent investigations on possible mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis are reviewed. The weight of evidence supports the following tentative conclusions: differences in the carcinogenic activities of nickel compounds may reflect variations in their capacities to provide nickel ions at critical sites within target cells; Ni²⁺ can initiate carcinogenesis, possibly by mutagenesis, chromosome damage, formation of Z-DNA, inhibition of DNA excision-repair or epigenetic mechanisms; Ni²⁺ can function as a tumour promoter; Ni²⁺ can enhance tumour progression by inhibiting NK cell activity; and nickel carcinogenesis can be suppressed or modified by certain other metals (eg. manganese and magnesium).
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Feb. 1989, Vol.15, No.1, p.1-12. 147 ref.

1988

CIS 92-960
Commission of the European Communities
Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals: Aromatic amines, aromatic nitro compounds, carbamate pesticides, nickel
The available data on the human health effects, metabolism and biological indicators of these substances are reviewed. Conclusions reached: for aromatic amines and aromatic nitro compounds, determination of methaemoglobin level is used for detecting recent exposure to those compounds capable of oxidising haemoglobin iron, along with measurement of the compounds or their metabolites in urine; the internal dose and level of exposure to carbamates can be assessed by determination of their urinary metabolites; for carbamate insecticides with anticholinesterase activity, blood cholinesterases can be used as bioindicators of absorption and effect; determination in plasma/serum and urine are the most useful methods for biological monitoring of nickel exposure.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1988. 80p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 91-549 Kieć-Swierczyńska M.
Allergy to chromium, cobalt and nickel in metal and electrical industry workers
Patch tests were carried out on 303 metal and electrical industry workers. Allergy to chromium was diagnosed in 19.2% of the metal industry and in 12.5% of the electrical industry workers. Hypersensitivity to cobalt was observed in 9% of the metal industry and in 5.9% of the electrical industry workers. Allergy to nickel was encountered more frequently in the electrical industry workers than in the metal industry employees (5.9% and 1.8%, respectively). Sensitisation to chromium compounds prevailed among galvanisers. Hypersensitivity to metals was determined as the cause of dermatitis in 29.4% of the metal industry and 38.3% of the electrical industry workers.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine, Apr. 1988, Vol.1, No.4, p.298-305. 23 ref.

CIS 90-831 Grattan C.E.H., English J.S.C., Foulds I.S., Rycroft R.J.G.
Cutting fluid dermatitis
174 consecutive patients with suspected cutting fluid dermatitis were investigated in 2 occupational dermatology clinics. 43% showed allergic reactions which were thought to be relevant to their dermatitis. Irritant contact dermatitis occurred in 63%, but only in 21% was it thought to be the sole diagnosis. Biocides, especially formaldehyde releasers, were the commonest cause of allergic reactions in a cutting fluid patch test series.
Contact Dermatitis, May 1989, Vol.20, No.5, p.372-376. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 90-902 De Boer E.M., Bruynzeel D.P., Van Ketel W.G.
Dyshidrotic eczema as an occupational dermatitis in metal workers
Metalworkers exposed to metalworking fluids often encounter dermatological problems. In an epidemiological study of 286 metalworkers, 14% had dermatitis. Of these, 21 (54%) presented with the clinical appearance of dyshidrotic eczema. Three out of these 21 operators had positive patch test reactions, 1 to nickel and 2 to formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers, while 1 other was diagnosed as atopic. According to the literature, dyshidrotic eczema is strongly related to an atopic constitution and to contact sensitisation, especially to nickel. However, the findings suggest that dyshidrotic eczema in metalworkers is a predominantly irritant dermatitis, mainly induced by exposure to soluble oils and unrelated to atopy.
Contact Dermatitis, Sep. 1988, Vol.19, No.3, p.184-188. 18 ref.

CIS 90-479 Hogan D.J., Hill M., Lane P.R.
Results of routine patch testing of 542 patients in Saskatoon, Canada
542 patients (330 women, 212 men) with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested to standard series allergens between January 1983 and June 1987. Positive reactions were most frequently seen with nickel (17.4%), ethylenediamine (8.7%), formaldehyde (7.4%), colophony (7.0%), potassium dichromate (6.1%) and neomycin (5.7%). Patients with dermatitis involving the legs were those significantly more likely to be allergic to ethylenediamine (p=0.01) and benzocaine (p=0.04) than those with dermatitis not involving the legs. Neomycin allergy was not associated with dermatitis involving the legs. Patients allergic to ethylenediamine were significantly more likely to be allergic to neomycin than patients not allergic to ethylenediamine (p=0.002).
Contact Dermatitis, Aug. 1988, Vol.19, No.2, p.120-124. 17 ref.

CIS 90-478 Lunder M.
Variable incidence of nickel dermatitis
The incidence of nickel sensitivity in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, was stable in the periods 1972-1976 (6.7%) and 1977-1981 (6.3%). An increase became apparent when the incidence rose to 8.0% in 1982, and 9.1% in 1982-1986. The sex ratio in 1972-1976 was 2:1 with a female predominance, doubling to 4:1 in 1977-1981 and doubling again to 9:1 in 1982-1986. The highest incidence was in the age groups of 11-20 and 21-30 yrs. Nickel remains a rare cause of occupational dermatitis. Cheap metal jewellery is the likely source of the increased incidence.
Contact Dermatitis, May 1988, Vol.18, No.5, p.287-289. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 90-475 Romaguera C., Grimalt F., Vilaplana J.
Contact dermatitis from nickel - An investigation of its sources
Patch tests with the GEIDC standard series of allergens, and with 8 washers made of copper, nickel, nickel-palladium, palladium, brass, bronze, gold and iron, were carried out in 964 consecutive patients who complained of intolerance to metals and in 200 controls who did not. All subjects were also questioned as to personal and family history of atopy, occupational contact and intolerance to gold. The results provide support for the substitution of nickel in imitation jewellery with metals such as palladium or bronze.
Contact Dermatitis, July 1988, Vol.19, No.1, p.52-57. 43 ref.

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