Safety culture and safety consciousness - 267 entries found

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1999

CIS 01-288 Harvey J., Bolan H., Gregory D.
How many safety cultures are there?
The hypothesis is advanced that within organizations safety cultures differ in fundamental ways among different groups of employees. A study in the nuclear industry clearly showed that these differences exist. A safety attitude survey involving 1000 respondents to 60 questions was conducted in two plants performing comparable work within the same company. The survey revealed two distinct safety cultures: a management culture and a worker culture, with the worker culture being more negative in their evaluation of most factors. The implications of these findings are discussed, and the importance of better management-worker communication is emphasized.
Safety and Health Practitioner, Dec. 1999, Vol.17, No.12, p.9-12. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 01-286 Leonard S.D., Karnes E.W.
Socio-environmental effects on warnings
Warnings signs and notices provide important information about the hazards that are faced in a variety of circumstances. However, this information may be modified extensively by previous experiences and by the specific context in which the warning is presented. Two experiments evaluated the effect of prior experience and of the presence of colleagues on perception of risk. One experiment examined perception of risk for the same signs under different circumstances. The second experiment evaluated the degree of seriousness the participants thought were implied by warnings as a function of the presence or absence of requests for compliance. Although no dependable difference was found in a preliminary test of perception of risk, later ratings showed differences as a function of the requirement for compliance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of reinforcement of warnings by behaviour modelling and by physical barriers.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 3 Nov. 1999, Vol.25, No.1, p.11-18. 5 ref.

CIS 00-978 Preparing young people for a safer working life
Topics: educational institutions; responsibilities of employers; risk awareness; role of government; safety consciousness; safety programmes; safety training in schools; teaching; United Kingdom; young persons.
Safety and Health Practitioner, July 1999, Vol.17, No.7, p.36-38. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 00-87 Hunt S.
Tunnel vision
Occupational safety and health in small enterprises. Topics: Canada; check lists; economic aspects; enforcement; hazard evaluation; hazard identification; industrial hygienists; plant safety and health organization; public OSH institutions; role of management; safety consciousness; safety consultants; safety planning; small enterprises; workers participation.
Accident Prevention, Sep.-Oct. 1999, Vol.46, No.5 p.17-21.

CIS 99-2099 Hartshorn D.
The safety interview
Questions and discussion intended to evaluate attitudes to safety. Can be used for job application interviews or for discussions during safety meetings. Topics: attitude towards accidents; human behaviour; new entrants; occupational safety; responsibilities of employees; responsibilities of employers; safety consciousness; work efficiency.
Occupational Hazards, Oct. 1999, Vol.61, No.10, p.107-112. Illus.

CIS 99-1908 Perkins R.
Safety in the voluntary sector: Problems and solutions
Charities and their activities represent a significant sector of the modern day workforce. Charity work is often seen as something different, something people do in their leisure time, and something that is informally organized. In reality the voluntary sector employs one in 25 of the general workforce, representing 0.6 per cent of the GNP. The health and safety concerns of the United Kingdom's estimated 2.3 million volunteers are investigated. Topics: legislation; responsibilities; safety and health organization; safety and health training; safety consciousness; stress factors; subcontractors; United Kingdom; violence; voluntary workers.
Safety and Health Practitioner, June 1999, Vol.17, No.6, p.24-26. Illus.

CIS 99-1907 Sayer M.
Pushing the police force into a safe system of work?
Police safety advisers have to maintain a delicate balance between allowing officers to get on with their, often inherently dangerous, operational duties and ensuring their safety. The effects of new safety and health legislation in the U.K. which brings police officers in line with civilian support staff are investigated. Topics: dangerous work; hazard evaluation; legislation; personal protective equipment; police forces; safety and health organization; safety consciousness; United Kingdom.
Safety and Health Practitioner, June 1999, Vol.17, No.6, p.20-22. Illus.

CIS 99-1846 Mbakaya C.F.L., Onyoyo H.A., Lwaki S.A., Omondi O.J.
A survey on management perspectives of the state of workplace health and safety practices in Kenya
A survey was conducted in 1995 of management perspectives on occupational safety and health (OSH) structures and practices in Kenya to gain some insight into work safety conditions and to assess the potential for a new OSH manual to meet existing knowledge gaps. Results of the survey indicated that most workplace managers were not familiar with the Kenyan OSH legislation. Work injuries were largely attributable to working with dangerous machinery. Occupational diseases and HIV/AIDS were cited as other causes of workplace morbidity and mortality. Although most respondents (70%) were satisfied with their work safety conditions, only 37% said their workplaces were annually audited by labour inspectors while 45% said injured workers were not treated well by management. Many workplaces (65%) violated the mandatory legal requirement on the establishment of OSH committees. Results provide the basis of a needs analysis for future OSH programmes in Kenya. Topics: immunodeficiency syndrome; international cooperation; Kenya; legislation; plant safety and health organization; questionnaire survey; role of labour inspection; role of management; role of workers organizations; safety and health committees; safety and health training; safety and productivity; safety checks; safety consciousness; safety service records; workmen's compensation.
Accident Analysis and Prevention, July 1999, Vol.31, No.4, p.305-312. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 99-1143 Back M., Woolfson C.
Safety culture - A concept too many?
Topics: human behaviour; human factors; plant safety organization; plant safety supervision; role of management; safety and health committees; safety consciousness.
Safety and Health Practitioner, Jan. 1999, Vol.17, No.1, p.14-16. Illus. 10 ref.

1998

CIS 00-85 Adams A., Bochner S., Bilik L.
The effectiveness of warning signs in hazardous work places: Cognitive and social determinants
Warning signs should display a number of messages, including an alerting word such as "danger" and descriptions of the seriousness, the probable consequences and the means of avoidance of the hazard. Responses from blue-collar workers and students were measured to five industrial warning signs to determine the extent to which these components determine estimated sign effectiveness and behavioural intentions of compliance. Each sign was presented in five versions: the original, a "full" version in which missing components were generated and inserted, and versions omitting, in turn, the hazard, consequences, and instructions statements. When signs were seen singly there was no tendency for versions with components missing to be rated as poorer. Only when all versions were seen together was the "full" version ranked as being better. Finally, social factors were found to be of considerable importance in sign compliance.
Applied Ergonomics, Aug. 1998, Vol.29, No.4, p.247-254. Illus. 34 ref.

CIS 99-1203 Mearns K., Flin R., Gordon R., Fleming M.
Measuring safety climate on offshore installations
Human and organizational factors affecting safety were examined on ten offshore installations using the Offshore Safety Questionnaire. The "safety climates" on the various installations were characterized by most respondents feeling "safe" with respect to a range of offshore hazards and expressing "satisfaction" with safety measures. Respondents reported little risk-taking behaviour and felt positive about levels of work clarity and job communication. There was a wider diversity of opinions on the safety attitudes scale, indicating a lack of a positive, concerted "safety culture" and more evidence for a range of fragmented "safety subcultures" which varied mainly as a function of seniority, occupation, age, shift worked and prior accident involvement. The interaction between these subcultures partly determines the prevailing "safety climate" on any given installation. The existence of a strong, cohesive culture with respect to safety is not necessarily beneficial and may lead to complacency. A healthy culture may be represented by a range of assumptions, values, norms and expectations. Topics: attitude towards accidents; human behaviour; job dissatisfaction; mental workload; offshore oil extraction; questionnaire survey; risk awareness; risk factors; safety consciousness; safety rules; unsafe acts; workers participation.
Work and Stress, July-Sep. 1998, Vol.12, No.3, p.238-254. 28 ref.

CIS 99-1205 Lee T.
Assessment of safety culture at a nuclear reprocessing plant
A detailed survey of attitudes towards safety at a nuclear reprocessing plant is described. Focus groups were held to elicit safety-relevant beliefs, attitudes and values, and the material was incorporated into a questionnaire which was administered as part of the monthly team briefings. The questions covered nine domains of safety: safety procedures, risks, permit-to-work system, job satisfaction, safety rules, training, participation, control of safety and design of plant. Each domain was analysed by principal components analysis and factors accounting for most variance were identified and analysed. Various methods for analysing the data are described. Feedback was provided for relevant subgroups, i.e. gender, age, length of service, active area involvement, days/shifts, departments, general type of work and eight specific job types. Topics: attitude towards accidents; human behaviour; human relations; job dissatisfaction; nuclear fuel processing; questionnaire survey; risk awareness; risk factors; safety by design; safety consciousness; safety rules; safety training in industry; workers participation.
Work and Stress, July-Sep. 1998, Vol.12, No.3, p.217-237. Illus. 32 ref.

CIS 99-1150 Cox S., Flin R.
Special issue: Safety culture
Special issue comprising eight articles on the development of a safety culture in the organization. Topics: attitude towards accidents; cultural variables; human behaviour; human factors; management failure; mathematical models; nuclear fuel processing; offshore oil extraction; rail transport; responsibilities of employers; risk awareness; role of management; safety consciousness.
Work and Stress, July-Sep. 1998, Vol.12, No.3, p.187-306. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 99-427 Hayes B.E., Perander J., Smecko T., Trask J.
Measuring perceptions of workplace safety: Development and validation of the work safety scale
A 50-item instrument that assesses employees' perceptions of work safety, the Work Safety Scale (WSS), was constructed and validated using three independent samples. Results indicated that supervisor safety and management safety practices were the best predictors of job satisfaction and were significantly correlated with reported accident rates. Coworker safety and supervisor safety were strongly linked to employees' compliance with safety behaviours. WSS subscales were logically related to job stress, psychological complaints, physical complaints and sleep complaints. Implications of the results are discussed. Topics: human behaviour; job dissatisfaction; neuropsychic stress; occupational accidents; plant safety organization; questionnaire survey; risk awareness; role of management; role of supervisory staff; safe working methods; safety consciousness.
Journal of Safety Research, Fall 1998, Vol.29, No.3, p.145-161. 32 ref.

CIS 98-1607 Hu S.C., Lee C.C., Shiao J.S.C., Guo Y.L.
Employers' awareness and compliance with occupational health and safety regulations in Taiwan
Topics: health programmes; information of personnel; legislation; manufacturing industries; medical examinations; plant safety and health organization; questionnaire survey; responsibilities of employers; risk awareness; safety consciousness; safety programmes; Taiwan (China).
Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1998, Vol.48, No.1, p.17-22. 12 ref.

CIS 98-1632 Roddis P.
Safety in schools
Topics: educational institutions; risk awareness; role of management; safety consciousness; safety training in schools.
Safety and Health Practitioner, Apr. 1998, Vol.16, No.4, p.22-24. 6 ref.

1997

CIS 97-1858 Díaz R.I., Cabrera D.D.
Safety climate and attitude as evaluation measures of organizational safety
A set of evaluation measures was developed to examine safety climate and attitude in airport ground handling companies. Data on safety attitudes and the organizational safety climate were collected from 166 workers employed by three companies at one Spanish airport. Significant differences in safety attitudes and climate were observed in relation to the type of enterprise. Six factors were identified which accounted for most of the differences in safety climate: company policies towards safety; emphasis on productivity versus safety; group attitudes towards safety; specific prevention strategies; safety level perceived in the airport; and safety level perceived on the job.
Accident Analysis and Prevention, Sep. 1997, Vol.29, No.5, p.643-650. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 97-1405 Simard M., Marchand A.
Workgroups' propensity to comply with safety rules: The influence of micro-macro organisational factors
In a study of 1061 workgroups in 97 manufacturing plants, a model of organizational factors and safety compliance behaviour was developed and tested. Variables studied included work processes and risk, workgroup characteristics, and supervision characteristics (micro level organizational factors), and management commitment to safety, and the firm socio-economic context (macro factors). Micro organizational factors were the primary determinants of the propensity to comply with safety rules, in particular, variables relating to social relationships at the shopfloor level. In addition, it appeared that these relationships could be influenced by implementation of a participatory approach in the supervisory management of safety.
Ergonomics, Feb. 1997, Vol.40, No.2, p.172-188. 67 ref.

1996

CIS 98-173
Health and Safety Executive
The contribution of attitudinal and management factors to risk in the chemical industry
Topics: analysis of accident causes; chemical industry; hazard evaluation; human factors; literature survey; questionnaire survey; report; role of management; safety consciousness; United Kingdom.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, 1996. x, 202p. 37 ref. Price: GBP 50.00.

CIS 97-1741 Rundmo T.
Associations between risk perception and safety
A self-completion questionnaire survey was carried out among employees on twelve offshore oil installations in 1994. The number of respondents was 1138. Employee evaluations of the status of safety and contingency measures were affected by physical working conditions, attitudes towards safety and accident prevention work as well as management commitment and involvement in safety promotion. These factors were also related to job stress, perceived risk and risk behaviour. There was a significant positive correlation between perceived risk and risk behaviour, but risk perception was not found to predict risk behaviour. Risk behaviour affected accidents as well as near-misses. The possibility that safety cannot be improved by changing individual risk perception is discussed.
Safety Science, Dec. 1996, Vol.24, No.3, p.197-209. 21 ref.

CIS 97-331 Guidotti T.L., Watson L., Wheeler M., Jhangri G.S.
The Fort McMurray demonstration project in social marketing: Health- and safety-related behaviour among oil sands workers
In a survey of 150 oil sands workers in Fort McMurray, Canada, the workers reported much stronger attitudes toward safety and risk-taking behaviour than did community residents in general, including strong advocacy of vigorous enforcement of occupational health and safety standards. However, they showed a variability in behaviour at home similar to that seen in the general population, generally reporting less consistent use of personal protection at home than at work. The potential may exist to transfer the technology and attitudes from workplace health and safety to community safety, possibly by involving these workers directly in community initiatives.
Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1996, Vol.46, No.4, p.265-274. 6 ref.

CIS 96-1164 Faria M.G.L.
Attitude of workers towards safety
Atitude dos trabalhadores em relação à segurança [in Portuguese]
Study based on the answers to a 30-question questionnaire survey returned by 251 literate male workers in various industries in Portugal. The survey approached safety attitudes from 6 points of view: confidence, fatalism, lack of realism, active participation, indifference, conformity. The main conclusion is that older workers and workers with low educational attainment tend to score lower on safety attitudes: they have less willingness to participate in safety-related activities and show more indifference and conformity. The questionnaire is reproduced in full in the Annex.
Instituto de Desenvolvimento e Inspecção das Condições de Trabalho, Pr. de Alvalade 1, 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, 1996. 57p.

1995

CIS 97-1390 Williams A.F., Paek N.N., Lund A.K.
Factors that drivers say motivate safe driving practices
An interview survey of 543 licensed drivers showed that these drivers rate themselves above average in terms of both driving skill and safe driving practices. Men tended to rate themselves more highly than women. Negative consequences, such as the potential for a car crash and increase in car insurance, were cited as important factors in increasing concern for safe driving. Increased enforcement and awareness of negative outcomes may be important in promoting safe driving practices.
Journal of Safety Research, Summer 1995, Vol.26, No.2, p.119-124. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 96-2071 Pro-active safety attitudes: Looking out for number one - Prevention, Responsibility, Protection
Training booklet aimed at workers. It defines "pro-active safety" as the taking of responsibility to act safely before being told to or whenever the situation demands safe behaviour. The three key concepts are: prevention, responsibility, protection. Examples of everyday incidents are given throughout. Quiz for testing whether readers have understood the message.
Coastal Video Communications Corp., 3083 Brickhouse Court, Virginia Beach, VA 23452, USA, 1995. 16p. Illus.

CIS 96-557 Lenz R.R.
Success or fictitious effects?
Erfolge oder Scheineffekte? [in German]
The effects of nine different films to promote the use of safety gloves, safety spectacles and safety shoes on more than 2,000 employees were determined. The films used different approaches to get the message across: they informed, appealed to emotions and stressed the benefits of remaining healthy and uninjured. The films were presented in two ways: they were shown continuously at a location which was frequently passed by employees or they were presented formally in a classroom. The films did increase the use of personal protective equipment. The extent of the increase depended on the approach and presentation.
Sicherheitsingenieur, Oct. 1995, Vol.26, No.10, p.32-38. Illus.

CIS 96-65 You and safety
Training booklet on safety awareness in the workplace (and elsewhere). Test for self assessment.
Scriptographic Publications Ltd., Channing House, Butts Road, Alton, Hants GU34 1ND, United Kingdom, 1995. 15p. Illus. Price: GBP 0.55-0.94 (depending on number of Scriptographic booklets ordered). ###

CIS 95-1667 Uhlig D.
Working conditions and motivation to occupational safety in Eastern German enterprises
Pracovné podmienky a motivácia na bezpečnost' práce vo východonemeckých podnikoch [in Slovak]
After the unification of Germany, the branch of the Federal Occupational Safety Institute in Dresden carried out a survey to determine how the changed conditions had affected the occupational safety level in enterprises in 1991-1993. The number of enterprises covered by the survey increased during the period and comprised at the end 764 enterprises from all branches of the national economy. After consolidation and modernization of enterprises, an improvement of the safety level was observed. Only in 6% of the enterprises did a bad economic situation cause a deterioration. Responses to questions that reflect employees' attitudes toward occupational safety are shown in graphs in terms of (1) their role in the enterprise (management, safety engineers, workers), (2) the size of the enterprise and (3) its economic situation. Summaries in English and German.
Bezpečná práca, Jan.-Feb. 1995, Vol.26, No.1, p.37-40. Illus.

1994

CIS 94-1446 Donald I.
Measuring psychological factors in safety
Research carried out by the Safety Research Unit at the University of Surrey demonstrates that it is possible to measure attitudes towards safety in a valid and reliable way and that attitudes are predictive of safety performance. The concept of the attitude approach to safety is discussed along with measurement of safety attitudes, identification of the components of safety attitude, the structure of safety attitude and the centrality of management and the use of attitude scales in the determination of the relationship between safety attitudes and safety performance.
Safety and Health Practitioner, Mar. 1994, Vol.12, No.3, p.26-29. Illus.

CIS 94-1091 Niskanen T.
Assessing the safety environment in work organization of road maintenance jobs
A questionnaire survey of 207 road maintenance workers was carried out to assess workers' responses to the safety environment in relation to organizational, individual and situational factors. Attitudes of co-workers, and judgement and attentiveness had a significant effect on the worker's own attitude. Attitudes of supervisors and co-workers and the manner of instruction had a significant effect on the performance feedback. Workers felt that the establishment of safe working habits would be most affected by the road supervisor's management methods and feedback. A considerable proportion of the workers believed that risk taking was part of their job.
Accident Analysis and Prevention, Feb. 1994, Vol.26, No.1, p.27-39. Illus. 39 ref.

1993

CIS 94-583 Elkind P.D.
Correspondence between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in farm health and safety practices
A literature review and a brief analysis of a farm family study from Washington State suggest that it is unlikely that farm hazards will be diminished by educating farmers. Changes in behaviour ensuring safer practices have questionable correspondence with the introduction of information about farm hazards. There are many social structural and political/economic reasons behind the multitude of farm hazards. These reasons require study, comprehension, and societally-based response before individuals can be expected to make radical changes in the way they farm on a daily basis.
Journal of Safety Research, 1993, Vol.24, No.3, p.171-179. 19 ref.

1992

CIS 93-474 van de Laak P.J.A., Olden J.T.
Economic and legal factors and their relationship to the safety policies of companies
Economische en juridische factoren en hun relatie met het veiligheidsbeleid van ondernemingen [in Dutch]
With the introduction of financial incentives in the system of social security the Dutch government tries to motivate companies to invest in the quality of work. In order to assess the effectiveness of this policy more knowledge is needed on the mechanism determining the effects of external factors in the establishment of safety measures in companies. In this report the external factors are divided into economic and financial factors (differentiation in social security premium payments, provision of subsidies, taxation measures, product liability measures). The aim of this study is to determine what preventive measures employers already take in their organisations, what motives employers have for establishing safety measures, what factors employers consider to be obstacles, and under what conditions employers are interested in providing more attention to health and safety in the company, and what the need is for support. On the basis of a survey of the literature and the results of a workshop a hypothesis is presented on the mechanism of economic and legal factors resulting in preventive measures.
Directorate-General of Labour (Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid), Postbus 90804, 2509 LV Den Haag, Netherlands, 1992. 79p. 39 ref.

1991

CIS 92-418 Safety and health textbook for newcomers
A training manual aimed at entry-level workers in Japan. It explores the main reasons for accidents in the workplace and emphasises the importance of correct working practices, following safety rules, using appropriate protective equipment, and avoiding stress in one's daily life (not only in the workplace). The integrated approach to accident prevention used in Japan (Niken yochi) is explained.
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 5-35-1, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108 Japan, 1991. 101p. Illus.

CIS 91-2096 Cox S., Cox T.
The structure of employee attitudes to safety: A European example
This paper concerns organisational safety culture and the structure of employee attitudes to safety as part of that culture. It reviews literature relevant to this area and reports a study conducted in a European company, which collected and analysed data on employee attitudes to safety. The results suggested that employees' attitudes to safety, within this company (across occupation/occupational level and country), could be mapped by 5 orthogonal factors: personal scepticism, individual responsibility, the safeness of the work environment, the effectiveness of arrangements for safety, and personal immunity. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and attention is drawn to their subsequent use in an intervention to enhance safety culture within the organisation by attacking supervisors' attitudes to safety.
Work and Stress, Apr.-June 1991, Vol.5, No.2, p.93-106. Illus. 50 ref.

1990

CIS 93-1400 Gangopadhyay A., Kaila H.L.
The impact of quality of work life (QWL) on mental health and attitude towards safety at work
The major concern of this report was to relate quality of working life (QWL) to mental health, attitude towards safety and safe behaviour. Data were collected from 143 employees divided into 6 occupational hierarchical groups in a large engineering unit. The findings indicated differential perception of QWL dimensions among various occupational groups. The study emphasises the close links between QWL and safety performance at work.
Central Labour Institute, N.S. Mankikar Marg, Sion, Bombay 400022, India, 1990. 42p. Illus. 6 ref.

1989

CIS 89-1834 Rollett B.
Recognising dangers - Development of safety consciousness among children and teenagers
Der Gefahr auflauern - Entwicklung des Sicherheitsbewusstseins bei Kindern und Jugendlichen [in German]
Safety consciousness requires: (1) mental abilities such as recognising dangers and causes of accidents, which develop between ages 7 and 11; (2) non-fatalistic attitude towards accidents, which greatly depends on the behaviour of parents; (3) perceptual motor-performance and coordination of movements, which develops during school-age; (4) behavioural training to successfully cope with dangerous situations; (5) motivation to safe behaviour, mainly aimed at young persons.
Pluspunkt, 1989, No.1, p.9-11. Illus.

CIS 89-2097 Safety training programme aimed at unsafe behaviour and its success in a production facility of the automobile industry
Schwerpunktorientierte psychologische Massnahmenprogramme und deren Bewährung in einem Betrieb der Automobilindustrie [in German]
In a truck axle manufacturing plant in Kassel, Germany (Fed. Rep.), the frequency of serious accidents at the various production steps was determined. For each serious accident the unsafe human actions and their effects were identified. Between safety officers and managers a programme was worked out aiming at improving safety awareness among the workers. The success of the programme is illustrated by the reduction of accidents (per million workig hours) from 107 in 1983 to 60 in 1987.
Die Nordwestliche, 1989, No.4, p.124-127. Illus.

1988

CIS 88-1855 Heiermann H.
Improving safety awareness as a management task
Verstärkung des Sicherheitsbewusstseins als unternehmerische Aufgabe [in German]
The four most important causes of mining accidents are listed: (1) insufficiently safe equipment, (2) inadequate work organisation, (3) inadequate employee qualification, (4) no or insufficient employee safety awareness. Six measures are presented by which management can motivate safe behaviour among employees: (1) continued safety training, (2) demanding and following a high safety standard, (3) reprimanding hazardous behaviour among employees whenever spotted, (4) placing high priority on safety, (5) holding the opinion that safety enhances productivity, (6) safety competitions to provide renewed impetus to safe behaviour among employees.
Glückauf, 1988, Vol.124, No.3, p.141-144.

1987

CIS 90-822 Safety - an express obligation
Sicherheit ist Pflicht [in German]
This safety guide deals with general safety obligations of employers and employees in Austria, such as observing the pertinent legal and official prescriptions assuring safety-conscious behaviour, the wearing of suitable clothes or protective clothing, providing and making use of plant safety services (safety officers, plant physician, etc.), avoiding alcohol, drugs and narcotics.
Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt, Abteilung für Unfallverhütung und Berufskrankheitenbekämpfung, Adalbert-Stifter-Strasse 65, 1200 Wien, Austria, 1987. 3p.

1986

CIS 88-1125 How do you rate as an accident risk?
Booklet using simple illustrations and text intended to increase safety consciousness among workers. Copies can be personalised with an organisation's logo and other identification for a small extra charge (if at least 500 copies are ordered).
Scriptographic Publications Ltd., Tudor House, Station Approach, Haslemere GU27 2PE, Surrey, United Kingdom, 1986. 15p. Illus. Price: GBP 0.37 - GBP 0.68 (depending on quantity ordered).

CIS 87-1274 Heath E.D.
The evolution of safety management in the United States
The history of the development of safety and health consciousness in the USA is outlined. Periods cover pre-1900, 1900-1918, 1918-1945, 1945-1970, and 1970-present. The changes in the attitudes of government and management are described; significant events and quotations are included.
Professional Safety, Oct. 1986, Vol.31, No.10, p.15-21. 24 ref.

CIS 87-772 Occupational safety and health, fire protection. Earthmoving and road building machines. 1. General requirements of excavators [German Democratic Republic]
Gesundheits- und Arbeitsschutz, Brandschutz. Erdbewegungs- und Strassenbaumaschinen. 1. Allgemeine Festlegungen für Bagger [in German]
This standard (effective 1 Feb. 1987) applies also to excavators in use. Aspects covered: terms and definitions; classification; technical safety requirements.
Verlag für Standardisierung und Standardversand, Postfach 1068, 7010 Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, Mar. 1986. 2p.

CIS 87-771 Occupational safety and health, fire protection. Earthmoving and road building machines. 2. Safety-conscious behaviour as to occupational safety and fire protection during the operation of excavators [German Democratic Republic]
Gesundheits- und Arbeitsschutz, Brandschutz. Erdbewegungs- und Strassenbaumaschinen. 2. Arbeitsschutz- und brandschutzgerechtes Verhalten beim Einsatz von Baggern [in German]
This standard (effective 1 Feb. 1987) defines the safety rules to be observed by the operator during the operation, maintenance and transportation of excavators.
Verlag für Standardisierung und Standardversand, Postfach 1068, 7010 Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, Mar. 1986. 4p.

1985

CIS 89-348 Petersen D.
Readings in behavioral issues in safety
Seventeen papers are reprinted concerning human error and behavioural factors in accident control. Topics covered: psychological climate (motivation, worker involvement and safety programmes, overtime and safety); attitude development and change; positive reinforcement techniques.
American Society of Safety Engineers, 850 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA, 1985. 106p. Illus. Price: USD 10.00.

CIS 85-870 Vojtecky M.A.
Workplace health education
Illustration by case examples of the application of psychological principles that lead to the acquisition of skills, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours for improving safety and health in the workplace.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1985, Vol.27, No.1, p.29-33. 11 ref.

CIS 85-867 Earnest R.E.
Behavior based safety management
Description of the safety management methods used in a large multinational in the USA. The use of goal setting as an effective means of motivating workers to work safely is discussed and an outline of the company's training programme is presented.
Professional Safety, Jan. 1985, Vol.30, No.1, p.32-37. 2 ref.

1984

CIS 86-279 Ladan C.J.
Behavioural safety programs: A review of recent research
Behavioural safety programmes apply the principles of behaviour management to observable worker behaviour. Such programmes focus directly on behaviour rather than attitudes. Consequences of behaviour are systematically arranged so that the performance or safe behaviour becomes more rewarding for the worker. Aspects covered in this review of recent research on this topic: definition of the behavioural safety programme; principles of behaviour management; arranging antecedent conditions and consequences of defined types of behaviour; statistics before and after implementation of the programme; future directions.
Alberta Workers' Health, Safety and Compensation, Occupational Health and Safety Division, 10709 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 3N3, Canada, Dec. 1984. 76p. 56 ref.

CIS 85-2052 Approaches to making safety-conscious behaviour more effective in the prevention of accidents
Ansätze für eine bessere Wirksamkeit des arbeitsschutzgerechten Verhaltens zur Unfallverhütung [in German]
Proceedings of a 1984 meeting of the Council of Occupational Safety Research (German Democratic Republic) which was concerned with the effectiveness of safety-conscious behaviour towards accident prevention. "Erroneous behaviour" (the term is defined) is a major contributor to accidents, but is not an isolated cause of accidents at work. Recognition of causes and circumstances of accidents requires a multi-disciplinary approach. The contributions include practical suggestions for improved accident prevention and orientations for future research.
Zentralinstitut für Arbeitsschutz, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Str. 1, 8020 Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 1984. 107p. Price: M.7.00.

CIS 85-2071 Chhokar J.S., Wallin J.A.
Improving safety through applied behavior analysis
The behavioural safety performance of all employees of a plant was observed and recorded using an observation instrument consisting of 35 specifically identified key behaviours. The applied behaviour analysis package consisted of training, goal setting and feedback. Application of this analysis technique was confirmed, and the implications for measurement and evaluation of safety are discussed.
Journal of Safety Research, Winter 1984, Vol.15, No.4, p.141-151. Illus. 41 ref.

CIS 84-1762 First thoughts - a safety film for every company training newcomers
A training film teaching safety consciousness to new employees in manufacturing and commercial firms, in particular to young people, apprentices and workers undergoing retraining.
Millbank Films Limited, Thames House North, Millbank, London SW1P 4QG, United Kingdom, no date. Available in 16mm film, VHS and U-MATIC videotape formats. Price: £350.00. (For hire: £55 for 2 days; £75 for a week).

CIS 84-1160 Accident report
This film, available in 16mm or on video cassette, illustrates the effect of behaviour on the prevention of accidents.
Parker Productions, Inc., P.O. Box 1476, San Mateo, CA 94401, USA. 16mm or video cassette. 15min. English-speaking. Price: US$420.00

1983

CIS 84-1123 Kjellén U.
The application of an accident process model to the development and testing of changes in the safety information systems of two construction firms
The model, which is described, generated 2 checklists and an accident reporting procedure, the practicality and utility of which were tested at 4 construction sites over 7 months. The changes included an analytical framework for accident and near-accident investigation, group problem-solving, and a structural decision-making process. The changes resulted in an improved basis of information for accident prevention, active efforts to reduce the accident risk, a widened scope for the measures taken, and an increased knowledge and awareness of accident risks and safety measures. A 50% reduction in accident frequency and severity rates is an attainable target over the long-term.
Journal of Occupational Accidents, June 1983, Vol.5, No.2, p.99-119. Illus. 32 ref.

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