Toxicology - 304 entries found

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• Toxicology

1977

CIS 77-770 Ballantyne B.
Current approaches in toxicology.
This book is a collection of contributions by various authors dealing with toxicity testing and interpretation of results; factors influencing reactions between chemicals and biological materials; critical analysis of current topics; and trends and future developments. Contents: evaluation of the safety of chemicals; temporal variations in toxicity; use of tissue culture in toxicological testing; current problems and current requirements in reproduction studies; reproductive toxicology studies and their evaluation; comparative teratology; embryonic development and inhalation stress; inhalation toxicology; long-term inhalation toxicology studies; studies of irritants on the respiratory tract; irritancy testing by respiratory exposure; the scope and limitations of acute eye irritation tests; applanation tonometry in ophthalmic toxicology; ototoxicity; short-term toxicity tests for carcinogenicity; and several studies concentrated on pharmacological subjects.
Published by John Wright and Sons Ltd., Bristol, United Kingdom, 1977. 310p. Illus. 528 ref. Price: £8.50.

1976

CIS 79-520 Collection of data sheets on toxicology of herbicides
Datensammlung zur Toxikologie der Herbizide [in German]
This loose-leaf collection is published under the auspices of the German Research Association (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). Comments on the criteria used for toxicological evaluation are followed by monographs on various herbicides (uses, human and animal toxicity, metabolism, transformation in plants, in soil and in water). Each monograph is completed by a toxicological evaluation and bibliographical references. The 32 monographs cover the pesticides: amitrole, atrazine, barban, chlorbufam, chlorpropham, cycluron, dalapon, diallate, dicamba, dichlobenil, dichlorprop, dinoseb, dinoseb acetate, diuron, DNOC, linuron, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, monalide, monolinuron, monuron, sodium chlorate, pentanochlor, phenmedipham, prometryn, propazine, propham, simazine, triallate, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB. Appendix: list of manufacturers with addresses.
Verlag Chemie GmbH, Postfach 1260/1280, 6940 Weinheim, Germany (Fed.Rep.), 1st and 2nd instalments, 1974 and 1976. 320p. 767 ref. Price: DM.156.00

CIS 78-414 Gosselin R.E., Hodge H.C., Smith R.P., Gleason M.N.
Clinical toxicology of commercial products - Acute poisoning.
This reference book is designed to assist physicians in dealing quickly and effectively with acute chemical poisoning arising through misuse of commercial products. A chart serves as a guide to the manual, which is divided into 7 coloured sections for ease of reference: a) first-aid and general emergency treatment; b) ingredients index, containing a list of substances or trade-name products with their ingredients where known, and their toxicity; c) therapeutics index, sample formulae of many types of product, their toxicology, poisoning symptoms and therapy; d) supportive treatment (respiration, circulation, central nervous system, etc.); e) trade-name index, listing over 17,500 products, with ingredients or addresses and telephone numbers of companies for use when ingredients are not listed; f) general formulations (list of commercial products according to their use, with ingredients and toxicity); g) manufacturers' index.
Published by Williams and Wilkins Co., 428 East Preston Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA, 4th edition 1976. 1783p. Illus. Bibl. Price: US-$54.00.

CIS 78-112 Ekel G.J., Teichner W.H.
An analysis and critique of behavioural toxicology in the USSR.
Behavioural and neurophysiological methods used in toxicity testing in the USSR were examined, including details of methodology. These methods are contributing factors to the difference between USSR and USA maximum allowable concentrations (MAC). A comparison of the recommended limits for 100 common contaminants showed the USSR MAC to be lower than the US MAC in 78 cases. The standard methods used in USSR toxicity testing are: olfactory sensation, eye-light sensitivity, EEG-unconditioned reflex, optical chronaxy, general motor activity, chronaximetry, motor response latency, motor operant conditioning, EEG-conditioned reflex, and EEG-photic driving. The last 2 methods were the most sensitive to effects of neurotoxic chemicals. The first 2 were used often in the testing.
DHEW Publication No.(NIOSH)77-160, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Dec. 1976. 130p. Illus. 49 ref.

CIS 77-1945 Lomonova G.V., Klimova Ė.I.
Toxicology of higher aliphatic alcohol acrylates
K toksikologii ėfirov akrilovoj kisloty i vysših alifatičeskih spirtov [in Russian]
Animal experiments to determine the toxicity of heptyl acrylate (HA) and nonyl acrylate (NA), used in the plastics industry. HA is much more toxic than the (presumed) hydrolysis products, acrylic acid and heptyl alcohol, and is extremely toxic on acute administration. Chronic exposure to HA and NA affects the oxidation-reduction processes and produces nervous, renal and myocardial toxicity. Proposed TLV for these substances, on the basis of acute and chronic exposure tests: 1mg/m³.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Nov. 1976, No.11, p.41-44. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 77-1362 Tolokoncev N.A., Filov V.A.
Elements of general industrial toxicology
Osnovy obščej promyšlennoj toksikologii [in Russian]
Compendium of monographs on the following subjects: objectives and methods of industrial toxicology; data concerning, and effects of toxic substances; acute and chronic poisoning and threshold toxic effects; cumulative effects and acquired tolerance; synergism; general laws governing metabolism of toxic substances by the human body; toxicokinetics; biochemical bases of toxic action; specific biological reactions to toxic substances; prevention of industrial poisoning - basic trends and guidelines; relations between the state, structure and properties of a chemical compound and its toxic effects; occupational health regulations and standards (TLVs).
Izdatel'stvo "Medicina", ul. Nekrasova 10, 192104 Leningrad, USSR, 1976. 303p. Illus. 230 ref. Price: Rbl.2.24.

CIS 77-1346 Friberg L.
Permanent Commission and International Association of Occupational Health, Subcommittee on the Toxicology of Metals.
Toxicology of metals - Volume I.
This report covers the general principles and mechanisms of absorption and excretion of metals, especially heavy metals. Information is included on accumulation, retention and biological half-times of toxic metals with emphasis on cadmium, lead and mercury. The dose effects and the dose-response relations of the 3 metals are discussed. Critical organs, effects and concentrations and models of retention and excretion and homeostatic mechanisms in general are reviewed.
PB-253 991/4WJ, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161, USA, Mar. 1976. 275p. 698 ref.

CIS 77-1039 Plunkett E.R.
Handbook of industrial toxicology.
This revised edition, arranged by familiar name, contains synonyms, descriptions, occupational exposure, threshold limit values, toxicity (route of entry, mode of action, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, disability), and preventive measures. The appendices contain emergency kit contents, procedure for preparation of a fat biopsy, a reprint of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Values for 1974, the ILO U/C International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses of 1971 and an extensive bibliography. Index.
Chemical Publishing Co. Inc., 155 West 19th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011, USA, 1976. 552p. 69 ref. Price: US-$27.50.

CIS 77-859 Chalfine R.
Some photocopying techniques - Products used - Toxicology - Protection measures
A propos de certains procédés de reprographie - Produits utilisés - Toxicologie - Prévention. [in French]
MD thesis dealing with the hazards associated with thermography, diazo copying and electrostatic copying. After a technical introduction, 3 cases of occupational disease are reported with a review of the few cases found in the literature (allergic skin conditions due especially to diethylaminobenzenediazonium chloride, and respiratory disturbances mainly due to ammonia). The small number of such cases contrasts with the large number of toxic products employed, and a long chapter is devoted to this. The techniques studied thus do not seem to present a great hazard for users. But whatever technique is used protective measures are necessary. These are based on the choice of premises and personnel, personal protection, and supervision of personnel and the workplace atmosphere. In view of the trend towards specialised photocopying units, acutely and chronically toxic substances should be subject to strict controls. The refusal of manufacturers to divulge the chemical composition of their products presents a serious problem.
Université de Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine Paris-Sud, Paris, France, 1976. 87p. 18 ref.

CIS 77-779 Flickinger C.W.
The benzenediols: catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone - A review of the industrial toxicology and curent industrial exposure limits.
This article reviews the acute animal toxicity data (oral LD₅₀, skin penetration LD₅₀, eye irritation, primary skin irritation, inhalation) for catechol, resorcinol and phenol, and studies on plant exposures to resorcinol and hydroquinone. Threshold limit values are discussed. The data suggest a TLV for catechol close to that for phenol (5ppm). Resorcinol is significantly less toxic than phenol, and a TLV of at least 10ppm, possibly 20ppm or higher, is suggested. The TLV for hydroquinone (2mg/m³) appears appropriate. Appendix: physical properties of the 3 benzenediols.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Oct. 1976, Vol.37, No.10, p.596-606. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 76-1902 Ballantyne B., Gazzard M.F., Swanston D.W.
Ophthalmic toxicology of dichloromethane.
A dose of 0.1ml dichloromethane (DCM) caused inflammation of the conjunctiva and eyelids of rabbits, persisting for up to 2 weeks; keratitis and iritis occurred in 2/3 of the animals. Corneal thickness (in vivo) increased by a maximum of 59% at 6h, returning to normal by 9 days. A smaller dose (0.01ml) produced similar but less persistent effects on the conjunctiva and eyelids; keratitis was minor. Corneal thickness increased by 43% at 6h, normal by 9 days. Intraocular tension increased by 33% at 1h, returning to control values by 3 days. Ten-min exposures to DCM vapour at up to 17,500mg/m³ produced no macroscopic changes; mean peak increases in corneal thickness were 13% for 17,500mg/m³ and 5% for 1,750mg/m³; corresponding values for increases in intraocular tension were 18% and 11%. Both effects returned to normal by 2 days. Treatment with Vasocon-A decongestant (containing an antihistamine and an α-adrenergic sympathomimetic) reduced the inflammatory response and the rise in intraocular pressure caused by a splash contamination of the eye with liquid DCM.
Toxicology, Aug.-Sep. 1976, Vol.6, No.2, p.173-187. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 76-763 Zbinden G.
Progress in toxicology - Special topics, Vol.2.
This is a continuation of the previous volume (CIS 75-420) on undesired effects of drugs. Essays cover state of the art and the U.S. Senate 1974 hearing on drug research and toxicology; formal toxicology (role of pathology in toxicity testing, drug combinations - drug interactions); speculative toxicology (drug-induced lipidosis); comparative and pharmacokinetic toxicology (general, urinary pH, percutaneous drug permeation, glutathione); pharmacodynamic toxicology (hyperglycemia); and symptomatic toxicology (pseudolupus, health hazards from food colours).
Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Platz 3, 1 Berlin 33 (Westsektoren), 1976. 117p. 284 ref. Price: DM.18.00.

1975

CIS 78-460 Fréjaville J.P., Christoforov B., Bismuth C., Pebay-Peyroula F., Bourdon R., Nicaise A.M., Pollet J.
Clinical and analytical toxicology
Toxicologie clinique et analytique [in French]
This reference work addressed to the practising physician deals above all with acute intoxications. It is devoted to toxicology in general viewed from different aspects (immediate measures in the event of poisoning, absorption and elimination of toxins, identification and determination, with index of symptoms, therapies, etc.). A section dealing with clinical toxicology contains chapters on poisoning by drugs, domestic products, animals, vegetables, and chemical weapons, 2 chapters on agricultural products (insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, etc.) and industrial substances (alkaline halogens and fluorides, acids and bases, metalloids, inorganic nitrogen and carbon compounds, various organic compounds). List of occupations with cross-reference to relevant exposures. Index of common names, specialities, trade names, zoological and botanical nomenclature, industrial substances with chemical and common names.
Editions Flammarion médecine-sciences, 20 rue de Vaugirard, 75006 Paris, France, 2nd edition, 1975. 1,120p. Price: FF.175.00.

CIS 77-1354 Casarett L.J., Doull J.
Toxicology - The basic science of poisons.
This book is of interest to students and research workers and those concerned with public and occupational health, agriculture, etc. Contents: general principles of toxicology (origin and scope; toxicologic evaluation; absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants; metabolism of toxic substances; factors influencing toxicology); systemic toxicology (central nervous system, liver, kidney, respiratory system, formed elements of the blood, skeletal system, reproductive system, eye); toxic agents, teratogens, chemical carcinogenesis, radiation and radioactive materials, pesticides, metals, solvents and vapours, air pollutants, food additives, toxins of animal origin, phytotoxicology, plastics, poisons with social repercussions); applications (clinical, forensic, industrial and veterinary toxicology, toxicology and the law).
Bailliere Tindall, 35 Red Lion Square, London WC1R 4SG, United Kingdom, 1975. 768p. Illus. 3186 ref. Price: £18.75.

CIS 77-788 Sanockij I.V., Ulanova I.P.
Damage risk criteria adopted for the evaluation of hazards due to chemical compounds, from the health and toxicology viewpoints
Kriterii vrednosti v gigiene i toksikologii pri ocenke opasnosti himičeskih soedinenij [in Russian]
Contents: chemical damage risk criteria (harmful effect thresholds, adaptation and compensation, etc.); present trends in evaluation of toxicity; principles of classification of potential and real hazards of toxic substances; prediction of chronic poisoning hazard based on cumulative properties; differences in sensitivity to toxic substances linked to species and age, and use of the results of animal experiments in the field of occupational health; evaluation of toxicity and hazards of chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene and its homologues, toluene and its chlorinated or fluorinated derivatives, some heterocyclic compounds (imines, amines, piperidine, morpholine, etc.); future trends and perspectives in the application of damage risk criteria and classification of hazards in practice. English translation may be obtained from: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, Moscow, USSR.
Izdatel'stvo "Medicina", Petroverigskij per. 6/8, Moskva, USSR, 1975. 328p. Illus. 349 ref. Price: Rbl.2.07.

CIS 77-206 Hayes W.J.
Toxicology of pesticides.
This book deals with the principles, general conditions of exposure, observed effects on man, problems of diagnosis and treatment, means of preventing injury and brief outlines of the impact of pesticides on animals. Chapters include introduction (definitions, scope, production, use, standard reference works); general principles: dosage and other factors influencing toxicity, metabolism (qualitative and quantitative aspects), and nature of injuries and tests for them (mode of action, effects on cells and tissues, techniques for measuring injury); studies in man; recognised and possible exposure to pesticides and effects in man (residues, incidence of poisoning, safety criteria); diagnosis and treatment of poisoning; prevention of injury; etc. An alphabetical list of chemical names, with CAS Registry numbers, of the compounds mentioned and a subject index are appended.
The Williams and Wilkins Company, 428 E. Preston Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA, 1975. 580p. Illus. 2,500 ref. Price: US-$39.50.

CIS 76-1948 Devlin T.
Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Review of the toxicology of tellurium and its compounds.
This report summarises studies of the toxic effects of tellurium: historical background, toxicological history and category, effects on metabolism, toxicity in animals and humans, attempted antidotes, industrial exposure standards.
SAND-75-8047, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161, USA, Oct. 1975. 22p. 29 ref. Price: Photocopy US-$4.00/Microfiche US-$2.25.

CIS 76-1911 Sunderman F.W.
Toxicology and metabolism of nickel compounds - Progress report, December 1, 1974-November 30, 1975.
Nickel(II) chloride, nickel sulfides (Ni₃S₂ and NiS) and nickel powder were used in studies with rats and hamsters. Results included: hyperglucagonaemia as cause of hyperglycaemia of Ni(II) in rats; Ni(II) produces nephropathy with proteinuria and amino aciduria in rats; manganese inhibits the carcinogenicity of Ni₃S₂ in rats and affects the excretion of nickel and histological reactions of Ni₃S₂; triethylenetetramine is an effective antidote for acute Ni(II) poisoning in rats and it suppresses the acute renal toxicity, but it does not prevent hyperglycaemic and hyperglucagonaemic responses; time- and dose-response relations for nickel-induced erythrocytosis.
COO-3140-34, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151, USA, 15 Aug. 1975. 32p. 15 ref. Price: Photocopy US-$4.00/Microfiche US-$2.25.

CIS 76-1073 Petersen R.V., Lyman D.J., Roll D.B., Swinyard E.A.
Toxicology of plastic devices having contact with blood.
A collection of papers on the following subjects: acute LD₅₀ of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) in mice and rats; sub-acute and local toxicity of MEHP in mice; in vitro uptake of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by rat heart tissues; DEHP effect on rat heart Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase; in vitro metabolism of DEHP by enzyme systems and analyses of organs of calves and humans exposed to cardiac by-pass and renal dialysis procedures; analyses of blood and organs of calves maintained on cardiac by-pass for extended periods of time; localisation of tritiated DEHP in the mouse; fate and metabolism of DEHP in Peromyscus Maniculatus; ultrastructural observations on lung tissue following DEHP administration; effects of DEHP on: hexobarbital sleep time, coagulation time in mice after administration of dicumarol, and reproduction in mice at low dosage; effect of a phthalate plasticiser on blood compatability of polyvinyl chloride; tissue culture studies on MEHP; etc.
PB-244 753/OWV, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151, USA, 1 May 1975. 122p. 67 ref. Price: Photocopy US-$5.25/Microfiche US-$2.25.

CIS 76-1072 Toxicology centres in France
Services de toxicologie en France. [in French]
List of 101 French toxicology or poison centres, grouped under the following headings: research oriented mainly towards human toxicology; mode of action of toxic substances; analytical toxicology and research in human toxicology; special toxicological research. The list is composed mostly of national and university services and centres, giving the address, management, number of research staff and specialisation.
Bulletin de médecine légale, World Federation of Associations of Clinical Toxicology Centres and Poison Control Centres, 12 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France, no date. 26p. (Supplement to Lyon.)

CIS 76-1029 Scala R.A.
Toxicology of particulate polycyclic organic matter (PPOM).
A review of the toxicity of particulate polycyclic organic materials (PPOM), including evidence from historical, epidemiological, animal and analytical studies. These materials are condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons normally arising from the combustion of organic matter and are present in coke oven emissions, roofing operations and electrode manufacture in the aluminium industry. The difficulties of identifying the critical causative factors in the carcinogenic action of certain mixtures containing PPOM are emphasised.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Dec. 1975, Vol.17, No.12, p.784-788. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 76-674 Sanders C.L., Cannon W.C., Powers G.J., Adee R.R., Meier D.M.
Toxicology of high-fired beryllium oxide inhaled by rodents.
Rats and hamsters were exposed to inhalation of an aerosol of beryllium oxide (BeO) particles calcined at 1,000°C. Initial alveolar deposition was 12-160µg. The alveolar retention half-life for BeO was approx. 6 months. Only the pulmonary lymph nodes accumulated detectable amounts of translocated BeO. The alveolar macrophages were early converted to histiocytic cells that accumulated in subpleural and peribronchiolar granulomatous lesions within 8 months of exposure. Alveolar clearance of a test aerosol (²³⁹PuO₂) was 60% of normal 1, 30 and 60 days after exposure to BeO. Thus alveolar macrophages play an important part in beryllium-induced granulomatous disease, their function being rapidly impaired by phagocytosed BeO.
Archives of Environmental Health, Nov. 1975, Vol.30, No.11, p.546-551. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 76-197 Antonjuk O.K.
Toxicology of complex esters of phthalic acid (literature survey)
Toksikologija složnyh ėfirov ftalevoj kisloty (Obzor literatury) [in Russian]
Literature survey of the toxic effects of the following phthalates used as plasticisers in the plastics industry: dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dicapryl phthalate, didodecyl phthalate and DAP (a mixture of C7-9 and C9-11 alcohols). These phthalates are considered as only slightly toxic after one-time exposure. Their general toxicity affects nutrition absorption: slowing down of gain in body weight, impairment of hepatic and renal functions, effects on the nervous system, morphological alterations of the blood, etc. Some phthalates have allergenic and sensitising properties and cause local irritation.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Jan. 1975, No.1, p.32-35. 38 ref.

CIS 75-1408 Weil E.
Elements of industrial toxicology
Eléments de toxicologie industrielle. [in French]
This general work, which explores occupational toxicology in its complexity by following the fate of the substance down to cell level, utilises the latest results of physicochemical, biochemical, clinical, analytical and therapeutic research. It is composed of 6 main sections: the poison and ...the atmosphere; ...the organism; ...the clinical examination; ...laboratory tests; ...preventive measures; ...the antidote. Metabolic breakdown processes and conjugation mechanisms are clearly presented, and the complexity of the toxic effects (which depend chiefly on the dose or concentration, the nature and chemical properties of the substance involved, duration of exposure, etc.) brought out. A large place is devoted to interpretation of analytical results and to the correlations between different chemical and biochemical parameters. The part dealing with prevention refers to the relevant French regulations. 32 tables, the last of which indicates physicochemical properties, synonyms, Soviet and U.S. TLVs, hazards and effects of the principal industrial toxins, are appended. Alphabetical index.
Published by Masson, 120 boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France, 1975. 347p. Illus. 64 ref. Price: FF.167.00.

CIS 75-1375 Buell G.
Some biochemical aspects of cadmium toxicology.
This review article affords comprehensive coverage of the many aspects of cadmium poisoning including: sources of cadmium and its occurrence in various occupations: effects on man of acute and chronic cadmium exposure with special reference to biochemistry and pathophysiology; establishment of an acceptable threshold limit value; and monitoring procedures for exposed workers.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1975, Vol.17, No.3, p.189-195. 106 ref.

1974

CIS 76-297 Candura F.
Elements of industrial toxicology for specialists in occupational medicine
Elementi di tecnologia industriale a uso dei cultori di medicina del lavoro [in Italian]
This book, intended for plant physicians, outlines the technology of the principal industrial sectors and points out the types of accident and health hazards in various industries. Contents: raw materials; mining and quarrying; fuels and other sources of energy (including nuclear energy); silica processing (glass, ceramics, refractory materials); chemicals; iron and steel; metal trades, metallurgy; petrochemicals; plastics; rubber, elastomers; textiles; surfactants; dyes; pigments, paints, varnishes; wood; cellulose, paper; sugar industry; tanning, footwear; printing. Alphabetical and analytical indexes; index of illustrations and tables.
Editions Aurora, Legatoria Cartotecnica di Ge Carla, Via Palestro 26, Pavia, Italy, 1974. 841p. Price: L.74,200.

CIS 75-1943 Holmberg B., Molina G.
The industrial toxicology of vinyl chloride - A review.
A comprehensive review of the pertinent literature on vinyl chloride (VC). Its properties are described and its uses listed as a gas and as a monomer (VCM). The instances when occupational exposure may occur are pointed out: during synthesis of VCM, polymerisation of VCM to polyvinyl chloride (PVC), compounding of PVC, and manufacture of products made from PVC. The acute effects of exposure to high concentrations of VC and its flammability are indicated and the effects of long-term exposure described at length. Results of animal studies are reviewed and threshold limit values discussed in the light of all the toxicological data available.
Work - Environment - Health, 1974, Vol.11, No.3, p.138-144. 49 ref.

CIS 75-1931 Behavioral toxicology - Early detection of occupational hazards.
Sections of the 1970 OSH Act emphasise the need to include behavioural factors in examining problems of occupational safety and health, and to develop new methods in handling these problems. This book records the proceedings of the Behavioural Toxicity Workshop held in Cincinnati on 24-29 June 1973. After an introductory session (behavioural toxicology in the development of threshold limit values, research programmes, etc.), the various sessions deal with the following themes: worker exposure to solvents (anaesthetics, carbon disulfide, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, carbon monoxide): pesticides; metals (mercury, lead and other polyvalent cations, methyl mercury); toxic gases, irritants, odours, alcohol, and effets of drug reactions; demonstrations (controlled environment chamber, test batteries, etc.); overview (development of behavioural toxicology in the USA, use of conditioned reflex methods in Soviet research, etc.).
HEW Publication No.(NIOSH) 74-126, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Post Office Building, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202. Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, USA, 1974. 507p. Illus. 464 ref. Price: US-$7.45.

CIS 75-1679 McNamara B.P., Averille H.P., Owens E.J., Callahan J.F., Fairchild D.G.
The toxicology of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cyclohexanone, and acetone.
A study of the toxicity of the explosives RDX and HMX in various solvents was made to determine whether there is any danger to plant personnel in handling these mixtures. The toxicology literature on RDX, HMX and on each solvent is reviewed. Animal tests were conducted to determine intravenous toxicity of the explosives in DMSO, the skin effects, the pharmacological effects, the sensitisation potential, and ocular effects of both explosives in each solvent. RDX and HMX in the three solvents did not penetrate the skin nor was there any evidence of sensitisation. Intravenous studies indicated that acetone and cyclohexanone alone exerted a depressant effect on the cardiovascular system. Cyclohexanone also caused changes in the electroencephalogram pattern and produced a comatose condition. DMSO had relatively little effect. RDX affected the central nervous system (CNS) immediately and HMX produced a circulatory collapse initially with delayed CNS disturbances. RDX and HMX were no more damaging to the eyes than the solvents alone, but the solvents caused cataracts in guinea pigs.
AD-780 010/5W1, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151, USA, Apr. 1974. 108p. Illus. 75 ref. Price: Photocopy US-$4.50/Microfiche US-$1.45.

CIS 75-1081 Sobels F.H.
Chemical mutagenesis and genetic toxicology
Chemische mutagenese en genetische toxicologie [in Dutch]
Genetic toxicology is the discipline dealing with substances which may, after entering the body, reach the gonads and damage them. Metabolic processes may activate such substances or render them ineffective. The article deals with type mutations, the mutation mechanism, chromosomal aberrations, differences between the genetic effects of chemical substances and ionising radiation, the connection between mutations and chromosomal aberrations, specificity, dose-response relationships, genetic toxicology of environmental mutagens, the detection of mutagenic action and the evaluation of potentially genetic damage.
TNO-Project, Oct. 1974, No.10, p.382-388. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 75-1104 Zielhuis R.L., Verberk M.M.
Validity of biological tests in epidemiological toxicology.
Study of the validity (defined as the sum of sensitivity and specificity) of biological tests in epidemiological toxicology. The method of calculating parameters of validity is demonstrated with reference to: exposure tests, haematological responses, subjective symptoms, physical signs, enzyme activity and other biochemical parameters, and psychological tests. The particular merits of the calculation of validity and its advantages over conventional methods of statistical analysis are stressed.
Internationales Archiv für Arbeitsmedizin - International Archives of Occupational Health, 4 Jan. 1974, Vol.32, No.3, p.167-190. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 75-784 Fournier E., Gervais P., Diamant-Berger O., Efthymiou M.L.
Inventory and interpretation of pulmonary oedema due to lesions observed in clinical toxicology
Inventaire et interprétation des ¿dèmes pulmonaires lésionnels observés en toxicologie clinique. [in French]
A correlation exists between the physical and chemical structure of substances which are toxic for the lungs when inhaled (solubility, volatility, molecular formula) and the clinical and anatomo-pathological course of the pulmonary oedema they give rise to. The authors list the oedemas they observed, distinguishing between forms with and without fibrosis, and propose a chemical classification of the toxic substances concerned, which are generally directly harmful: ionic reagents, reagents which are partially ionic in nature, and free radicals which are highly toxic for the lung. A clinical review of the principal respiratory poisonings completes this study. These poisonings are due to the inhalation of acids (chlorine or phosgene type) bases (e.g. ammoniac), alkylating agents (methyl sulfate), paraquat, nitrous vapours and hexafluorodichlorobutene.
Revue française des maladies respiratoires, 1974, Vol.2, No.1, p.31-44. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 75-440 Teisinger J.
New advances in the toxicology of carbon disulfide.
Text of the 1972 Yant Memorial Lecture. The author presents an over-all review of carbon disulfide toxicology, discussing in particular the effects of diet and CS₂ metabolism in man in the light of recent research.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1974, Vol.35, No.2, p.55-61. 36 ref.

CIS 75-411 Oltramare M., Desbaumes E., Imhoff C., Michiels W.
Toxicology of styrene monomer - Experimental and clinical research in man
Toxicologie du styrène monomère - Recherches expérimentales et cliniques chez l'homme [in French]
A literature survey followed by the results of experimental research in 6 volunteers exposed to various concentrations of styrene, and of observations made under industrial conditions. Main conclusions: the threshold limit value for styrene, which is still 100ppm in most western countries, should be reduced to below 50ppm, on account of the subjective disorders (eye irritation, headache, drowsiness) that occur at this level; broadly speaking, styrene is twice as toxic as toluene; its low eczematogenicity is confirmed; no signs of a hepatotoxic effect or haematological changes (apart from marked lymphocytosis in some subjects) was observed under industrial conditions; despite a certain correlation between the styrene concentration in the alveolar air and the degree of exposure, individual variations render it difficult to deduce the concentrations in the inhaled air from alveolar levels. The same is true of urinary mandelic acid. An 8-page summary in English is appended.
Editions Médecine et hygiène, 78 avenue de la Roseraie, Genève, Switzerland, 1974. 100p. Illus. 96 ref. Price: SF.12.00.

CIS 75-272 Hamilton A., Hardy H.L.
Industrial toxicology.
An introduction on diagnosis of occupational diseases and the physician's responsibility for workmen's compensation is followed by chapters on the following subjects: toxicology of metals and metalloids; chemical compounds (alkalies, sulfur compounds, halogens, cyanides, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, aliphatic, aromatic, chlorinated and other halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and glycols, ketones and ethers, aromatic nitro and amino compounds, esters, carbon disulfide); organic high polymers; pesticides; radiant energy (infrared radiation, ionizing radiation, lasers, microwave radiation, ultraviolet radiation); mineral dusts, biological hazards (organic dusts, mycotoxins, occupational infections, proteolytic enzymes, wood dust, bird-breeders' lung. A glossary and an alphabetical subject index are appended.
Publishing Sciences Group, 411 Massachusetts Avenue, Acton, Massachusetts 01720, USA, 3rd revised edition, 1974. 575p. 1320 ref. Price: US-$20.00.

CIS 75-175 Grant W.M.
Toxicology of the eye.
An introductory survey of the types of toxic effects which involve the eyes or vision is followed by an alphabetically-arranged compendium of information on all substances which by direct contact or by the systemic route may have adverse effects on the eyes or produce visual disturbances. Drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, plants and venoms are covered, and the systemic side-effects of ophthalmic drugs are reviewed. Detailed instructions for the treatment of chemical eye burns and data on testing methods and species specificity are provided in separate sections. There is a detailed alphabetical subject index.
Charles C. Thomas, 301-327 East Lawrence Avenue, Springfield, Illinois, USA, 1974. 1201p. 268 ref. Price: US-$47.50.

CIS 74-1914 Lieben J.
III. International symposium on toxicology of carbon disulphide.
Brief account of a symposium organised by the Permanent Commission and International Association on Occupational Health (Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt, 4-9 May 1974). 39 papers were presented and discussed. Subjects for discussion included: the cardiovascular effects of CS₂ (on which conflicting reports were made); TLVs; excretion products and metabolic effects of CS₂; psychological effects of CS₂ changes in the EEG; research for a satisfactory quantitative test for CS₂; exposure of women to CS₂. The 13 recommendations made are reproduced.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, July 1974, Vol.16, No.7, p.483-484.

CIS 74-1691 Tarasenko N.Ju., Pronin O.A.
Occupational hygiene and industrial toxicology problems in the production of barium salts
Voprosy gigieny truda i promyšlennoj toksikologii v proizvodstve solej barija [in Russian]
The production of barium salts is characterised by the use of discontinuous processes and by numerous operations carried out by hand. The dust and gases released at crushers, leachers, filter presses, etc. give rise to various diseases, particularly progressive pulmonary fibrosis. The results are given of numerous air samples taken in barium chloride, hydroxide and carbonate production plants (up to 100mg/m³ of baryte dust). On the basis of animal experiments, it is recommended that the TLV for barium should not exceed 0.5mg/m³. Suggestions for the reduction of atmospheric concentrations include: treatment of raw materials in granular form, pneumatic transport, mechanisation.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Jan. 1974, No.1, p.27-30, 5 ref.

1973

CIS 75-428 Schwetz B.A., Norris J.M., Sparschu G.L., Rowe V.K., Gehring P.J., Emerson J.L., Gerbig C.G.
Toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins.
Experiments were carried out using various animal species to evaluate the toxicity of some chlorinated dibenzodioxins. The compounds used were: 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,7-DCDD); 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD); 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4-TCDD); hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HCDD); and octachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD). Tests were conducted to estimate acute lethality, acnegenic activity, teratogenicity, embryotoxicity and eye irritative effects. Some gross pathological and histopathological examinations were performed. The results show that: 2,3,7,8-TCDD has an unusually high toxicity; 2,7-DCDD and OCDD have a low toxicity; HCDD is highly toxic but less toxic than 2,3,7,8-TCDD; isomers of the same dibenzo-p-dioxin vary in toxicological properties, making it important to identify them specifically.
Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, USA, Sep. 1973, Experimental issue No.5, p.87-99. 17 ref.

CIS 75-420 Zbinden G.
Progress in toxicology - Special topics, Vol.1.
An introductory review of the many aspects of toxicology is followed by a collection of short essays dealing with current problems in drug toxicology. The author is concerned mainly with the undesired effects of drugs, which have become one of the most important causes of disease. He describes the toxicologist's task in demonstrating the safety of drugs, i.e. the lack of toxicity in ways predetermined by tradition and official regulations. Guidelines for the toxicological evaluation of new drugs are discussed. The significance of experimental toxicological observations such as LD₅₀, protein binding of drugs, drug-induced stimulation of microsomal enzymes, influence of age and ambient temperature on drug toxicity are explained.
Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Platz 3, 1 Berlin 33 (Westsektoren), 1973. 88p. 229 ref. Price: DM.12.00.

CIS 74-1923 Andersen M.E., Mehl R.G.
A comparison of the toxicology of triethylene glycol dinitrate an propylene glycol dinitrate.
A study of the acute toxicity of triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN) in several animal species indicates that its LD₅₀ is 2 to 5 times as high as that of propylene glycol dinitrate. Both compounds cause hypotension and methaemoglobinaemia, but TEGDN in addition produces severe tremor suggestive of neurological toxicity.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Dec. 1973, Vol.34, No.12, p.526-532. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 74-1679 Braun D.C., Detrick R.S., Smith D.L., Gerarde H.W., Cornish H.H., Rinehart W.E., Drew R.T., Fouts J.R., Kocsis J.J., Snyder R., Robbins C., Halen R.J., Mayers J.W., McNerny J.M.
Proceedings of the Symposium on toxicology of benzene and alkyl benzenes.
Proceedings of a symposium organised by the Industrial Health Foundation (Pittsburgh, 28-29 Aug. 1973). Participants included specialists in toxicology drawn from industry, universities and government. The full text of the papers presented is reproduced, together with summaries of the conclusions of the medical, engineering and toxicology discussion groups.
Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 5231 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA, 1973. 61p. 4 ref. Price: US-$15.00.

CIS 74-1061 Letavet A.A., Sanockij I.V.
The toxicology of new industrial chemical substances - Series 13
Toksikologija novyh promyšlennyh himičeskih veščestv - Vypusk 13 [in Russian]
Contributions by various authors to the following subjects: prognosis of chronic biological effects from short-term experiments; primary reactions to threshold concentrations of chemical substances; comparative study of methods to assess irritation and threshold limits; rise of odour threshold as an index of harmfulness of toxic substances; toxicity classification of parenterally injected substances; mutagenic effects; effects of chloroprene on the generative function of mammals; systemic and gonadotrope effects of aminopyrimidine; embryotrope effects of ethylenimine, dimethylformamide and N-butyl-2-dibutylthiourea; toxicity of alkylated carbamates; chronic toxicity of morpholine and piperidine; toxicity of chlorinated phosphorus compounds; toxicology of acetopropyl acetate and its halogenated derivatives; toxicology of acetopropyl alcohol and β-ethoxypropionitrile; comparative assessment of the toxic effects of some aromatic polynitro-compounds; effect of repeated small doses of carbon tetrachloride on the cholepoietic function of the liver; sensitisation by cyclic epoxy compounds; toxicity of phenolic resin antioxidants.
Izdatel'stvo "Medicina", Petroverigskij per. 6/8, Moskva, USSR, 1973. 159p. Illus. 211 ref. Price: Rbl.0.87.

CIS 74-1052 Vernot E.H., Haun C.C., MacEwen J.D., Egan G.F.
Acute inhalation toxicology and proposed emergency exposure limits of nitrogen trifluoride.
Investigations were undertaken to evaluate the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃) at 15, 30 and 60 min in rats and mice and the lethal concentration, for broad comparison, in dogs and monkeys. Additional experiments were conducted to determine what short-term exposure levels of NF₃ would have no significant effect on the species tested. Confirmatory evidence was obtained that the immediate effects of acute exposure are caused by extensive methaemoglobin formation and resulting anoxia. The results of the experiments justify recommending an upward revision of the EEL (emergency exposure limit) from 3,000 to 30,000 ppm-min.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Sep. 1973, Vol.26, No.1, p.1-13. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 74-1026 Norseth T.
Toxicology
Toksikologi [in Norwegian]
Introduction to the basic concepts of occupational toxicology: definitions (dose, target organ, critical dose); absorption (routes of entry), transport, biotransformation and excretion; dose-response relationship; direct effects and selectivity of the toxic substance; indirect effects; immunity and allergy; mutagenic and teratogenic effects; control and assessment of exposure.
Arbeidervern, Nov. 1973, Vol.1, No.4, p.28-31. Illus.

CIS 74-776 Ariëns E.J., Simonis A.M.
Introduction to general toxicology
Inleiding in de algemene toxicologie [in Dutch]
A review of the different fields of toxicology (in particular, industrial toxicology and radiation toxicology), followed by chapters devoted to the following: toxic processes (exposure, pharmacokinetic phase, pharmacodynamic phase, classification of toxic effects); dose-response, dose-effect and time-effect relationships; risk-determining factors in handling dangerous substances; interaction among various substances in toxicology; monitoring for hazardous exposure; treatment in case of poisoning.
Stafleu's Wetenschappelijke Uitgeversmaatschappij B.V., Leiden, Netherlands, 1973. 236p. Illus. 290 ref. Price: Glds.47.50.

CIS 74-809 Kay K.
Toxicology of pesticides: Recent advances.
Recent advances in the toxicology of pesticides are reviewed under the following headings: production and control legislation; general toxicity considerations; organic phosphates and carbamates with special reference to perinatal effects and endocrine activity; chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, including endocrine aspects and potential perinatal activity; pesticides containing mercury; bi-pyridyl herbicides; toxicology of captan; carcinogenic aspects of pesticides vehicles and carriers; distribution of pesticides in the environment.
Environmental Research, June 1973, Vol.6, No.2, p.202-243. 324 ref.

CIS 74-464 Thiess A.M., Hey W., Zeller H.
Toxicology of bis (chloromethyl) ether - Suspicion of carcinogenic effects on man
Zur Toxikologie von Dichlordimethyläther - Verdacht auf kanzerogene Wirkung auch beim Menschen [in German]
Description of a fatal accident, followed by a study of the chemical and physical properties of bis(chloromethyl) ether and its uses, and observations concerning health damage to animals and man. After 6 years of heavy exposure to this substance 8 cases of lung cancer were recorded, 6 among 18 research workers and 2 among 50 production workers. The period of latency before the appearance of lung cancer was 8-16 years. Reference is made to communications from the USA concerning lung carcinoma.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz, Apr. 1973, Vol.23, No.4, p.97-102. Illus. 12 ref.

1972

CIS 74-1021 Letavet A.A., Burykina L.N.
The toxicology of radioactive substances - Series 8: Iodine 131
(Materialy po toksikologii radioaktivnyh veščestv - Vypusk 8: Jod-131 [in Russian]
A literature review on the toxicology of radioactive iodine is followed by sections devoted to: metabolism of iodine 131 in rats (thyroid function changes); early and late sequelae due to the combined action of iodine 131 and X-rays in relation to the age of test animals (ceruloplasmin activity, copper levels, neutrophile changes, immunological changes, reproductive function); combined long-term action of small doses of iodine 131 and gamma radiation; harmful effects of iodine on embryogenesis.
Izdatel'stvo "Medicina", Petroverigskij per. 6/8, Moskva, USSR, 1972. 246p. Illus. 96 ref. Price: Rbl.1.29.

CIS 72-2619 Deichmann W.B.
Toxicology of DDT and related chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
The results of studies extending over a period of approximately 30 years and relating to the toxicological action of DDT and certain related compounds are reviewed. Reference is made to synergistic effects. The importance of the role played by DDT in the control of various diseases is emphasized.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Apr. 1972, Vol.14, No.4, p.285-292. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 73-170 Lauwerys R.R.
Handbook of industrial toxicology and occupational poisoning
Précis de toxicologie industrielle et des intoxications professionnelles [in French]
A concise handbook designed for university teaching and for practising occupational physicians. Part I (87p) covers the general principles of toxicological investigations. Part II details occupational poisoning pathology. Individual sections are devoted to: definition, objectives, history and principles of industrial toxicology; mechanisms of toxic action; absorption, distribution, metabolism; interaction of toxic agents; monitoring industrial exposure; main inorganic and organometallic substances; non-substituted hydrocarbons; halogenated hydrocarbons; amino- and nitro-compounds; hydrazine and derivatives; alcohols, glycols; ethers; ketones; aldehydes and acetals; organic acids, anhydrides and amides; phenols and derivatives; esters; irritant and asphyxiant gases and vapours; hydrocyanic acid and related compounds; fluorine derivatives; dusts; plastics; pesticides; solvents; welding, metallising, cutting; respiratory protective equipment; occupational cancer; ionising radiation; health protection measures. A detailed alphabetical index is included.
Editions J. Duculot S.A., 5800 Gembloux, Belgium, 1972. 609p. Illus. 1110 ref.

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