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Statistical methods - 278 entries found

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  • Statistical methods

2001

CIS 03-200 Wong O., Harris F., Rosamilia K., Raabe G.K.
Updated mortality study of workers at a petroleum refinery in Torrance, California, from 1959 to 1997
This cohort study involved 3328 workers employed at a refinery for at least one year between 1959 and 1997, with an observation period from 1960 to 1997. Mortality data were analysed in terms of cause-specific standardized mortality ratios with expected deaths based on US national data. The overall mortality of the cohort was significantly lower than expected. Overall cancer mortality was also lower than expected, with significant mortality deficits being observed for certain specific sites. For other diseases, no significant increases were observed, with specific mortality deficits for ischaemic heart disease, chronic endocardial disease and other myocardial insufficiencies, all other heart disease, and influenza and pneumonia. Detailed analysis by length of employment did not reveal any significant mortality excess or upward trend. Analyses of male employees by job classification (process and maintenance) showed significantly elevated mortality from cirrhosis of the liver and suicide among maintenance workers.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dec. 2001, Vol.43, No.12, p.1089-1102. 15 ref.

CIS 03-118 Smitha M.W., Kirk K.A., Oestenstad K.R., Brown K.C., Lee S.D.
Effect of state workplace safety laws on occupational injury rates
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of four types of mandatory state-level workplace safety regulations on injury severity rates during the period 1992 to 1997 for the manufacturing sector. Poisson regression analysis was carried out on two models, a full model including all the parameters and a reduced model where non significant terms were removed. Safety committee regulations were found to have a significant reducing effect on injury rates in the full model. Safety programme regulations were also significant, while the effect of insurance carrier loss control regulations was highly significant only in the reduced model. Finally, targeting initiatives were non-significant in both the full and reduced models. The study results are important to federal and state agencies considering adopting workplace safety regulations that are similar to the four types evaluated in this study.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dec. 2001, Vol.43, No.12, p.1001-1010. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 02-624 Mandryk J., Driscoll T., Mazurski E., Healey S., Travis J.
Data on occupational health and safety in Australia
To provide an overview of the most up-to-date information on occupational safety and health (OSH) activity, exposures, hazards, morbidity and mortality, based on relatively easily accessible (public domain) OSH data in Australia, this project involved a detailed examination of national OSH-related data sources. The approach of this investigation provides some insight into the gaps and deficiencies of OSH data in Australia which may need attention if informed and proper intervention and remedial actions are to take place. This work directly supports the National OSH Improvement Framework's goal of focusing prevention through improved data systems. The findings confirm that, while outcome data such as fatal and non-fatal injury are relatively well described in Australia, disease data continue to have serious deficiencies and data on the level of prevailing conditions of OSH are also lacking.
Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, Aug. 2001, Vol.17, No.4, p.349-361. Illus. 30 ref.

CIS 02-693 Rees D., Kielkowski D., Lowe R.
Occupational health indicators for South Africa
Indicators, which are statistics gathered from a larger pool having the power to summarize or serve as indirect or proxy measures for information that is lacking are valuable in appraising the occupational health status of a country. However, the data need to be both feasible and relatively inexpensive to collect. A generally accepted set of occupational health indicators does not exist. This project aimed to compile a set for South Africa. An initial set of possible indicators was compiled and rated. A committee of the National Centre for Occupational Health selected a final set of 16 indicators. However, further work is required to formally assess their validity and impact.
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Apr.-June 2001, Vol.7, No.2, p.98-102. 8 ref.

CIS 01-777 Reinisch F., Harrison R.J., Cussler S., Athanasoulis M., Balmes J., Blanc P., Cone J.
Physician reports of work-related asthma in California, 1993-1996
Work-related asthma was studied in California over a 36-month period. Cases were identified from Doctor's First Reports (DFRs), a mandated physician reporting system. Structured follow-up telephone interviews of DFR asthma cases were conducted to collect work history, exposure, and medical information. Statewide employment data was used to calculate disease rates among industry groups. Based on 945 cases of work-related asthma, the average annual reporting rate for work-related asthma in California was 25/million workers. It is believed that the real rate is considerably higher after adjustment for underreporting. Janitors and cleaners (625/million) and firefighters (300/million) had the highest reporting rates of work-related asthma. Half of all work-related asthma cases were associated with agents not known to be allergens. A greater proportion of work-related asthma associated with irritant exposures was identified than has previously been reported.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 2001, Vol.39, No.1, p.72-83. Illus. 28 ref.

2000

CIS 07-1048 Recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases
Ghi chép, khai báo vê tai nan lao đông và bênh nghê nghiêp [in Vietnamese]
Vietnamese version of the Code of Practice (CIS 96-2083) adopted by a tripartite Meeting of Experts held in Geneva from 3 to 11 Oct. 1994. The purpose of the Code of Practice is to help with the international harmonization of the procedures for the collection, recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases. Contents: extracts from the Report of the Meeting of Experts; general provisions; policies and principles for the recording, notification and investigation of occupational accidents and diseases, dangerous occurrences and related statistics (at the national and enterprise level); legal, institutional and administrative arrangements for setting up reporting, recording and notification systems; reporting at the enterprise level; arrangements for recording; arrangements for notification; extension of systems to self-employed persons; compilation and publication of statistics; classification and investigation of occupational accidents and diseases and of dangerous occurrences. In annex: relevant ILO Conventions and Recommendations; schedules, lists and classification systems for occupational injuries and diseases, economic activities, occupations, status in employment and accidents
Nhà Xuât Bàn Lao @Djông - Xã Hôi, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 2000. 192p. 8 ref.

CIS 00-1748 Gaudry M., Lassarre S.
Structural road accident models: The international DRAG family
International study of road accidents through the application of a family of multi-factor accident modelling systems known as DRAG (Demand for Road use, Accidents and their Gravity), based on regression analysis. Among the positive correlations for accident incidence are: total mileage driven; average speed; early pregnancy; high vehicle occupancy; high levels of alcohol and medicine consumption; certain safety measures and laws (which may instill a false sense of security). Among negative correlations are: increased traffic congestion; imposition of speed limits; mandatory seat belts (impact on injuries and fatalities); higher fuel prices; possibly also: moderate alcohol consumption. Data and their analysis were included from the following countries: Canada (Quebec), Germany, Norway, France, Sweden, United States (California).
Pergamon, Elsevier Science, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands and P.O. Box 945, Madison Square Station, New York, NY 10160-0757, USA, 2000. xxii, 347p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Price: NLG 185.00 and USD 97.00.

CIS 00-600 Gatward R.
Health and Safety Executive
Secondary analysis of data from OPCS surveys of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain
This research report provides information on psychiatric morbidity by occupation from secondary analysis of a national survey of psychiatric morbidity in 1993. The analysis yields case definitions for overall psychiatric morbidity, 14 neurotic symptoms and 6 neurotic disorders linked to ICD-10 disease classifications. Frequency tables are presented showing the proportion of these various case definitions by occupational groups as defined by standard occupational classification. Logistic regression analysis controlling for age and sex provides odds ratios for these case definitions and a crude ranking of occupations with respect to psychiatric morbidity. Information on days off work, mental problems as reasons for resigning from employment, suicidal tendencies and psychotropic drug use is also provided.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2000. viii, 142p. Illus. 4 ref. Price: GBP 37.50.

1999

CIS 01-1471 Vincent R., Grzebyk M., Wackernagel H., Lajaunie C.
Application of geostatistics to industrial hygiene: Case study of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene
Application de la géostatistique à l'hygiène industrielle: évaluation d'un cas d'exposition professionnelle au trichloroéthylène [in French]
In industrial hygiene, assessment of occupational exposure to chemical substances generally fails to take into account the autocorrelation of measurements. This may lead to substantial biases where exposure estimates are obtained using conventional statistics based on the hypothesis of independence. Geostatistics makes it possible to model exposure variability using the variogram and to obtain better unbiased estimates of the mean and corresponding confidence intervals. This article presents a case study based on a series of trichloroethylene exposure measurements. The results obtained by a conventional statistical analysis method are compared with those obtained by the geostatistical method.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 1st Quarter 1999, No.174, p.5-13. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 99-789 Lortie M., Rizzo P.
The classification of accident data
A review of accident studies published during the past 10 years showed that the types of data considered and the manner in which they were classified varied greatly between studies. Data on the accident circumstances were seldom considered, while accident and injury data were extensively analysed. A study of 580 accident reports showed that an extensive vocabulary was used to describe the accidents. While some grouping strategies to classify data could be developed for the worksite or incidents, it was difficult to identify a logic for grouping activity data. The analysis showed that many important data are of an implicit nature. A literal or automatic classification of terms may therefore lead to significant biases. Furthermore, although data on incidents were frequently reported, this type of data is generally disregarded by most accident studies. Topics: accident descriptions; analysis of accident causes; causes of accidents; classification; compilation of statistics; dangerous occurrences; injuries; literature survey; occupational accidents; safety service records.
Safety Science, Feb. 1999, Vol.31, No.1, p.31-57. 50 ref.

1998

CIS 99-1402 Commission Regulation (EC) No.1571/98 of 20 July 1998 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No.577/98 on the organisation of a labour force sample survey in the Community [European Communities]
Règlement (CE) n°1571/98 de la Commission du 20 juillet 1998 sur les modalités d'application du Règlement (CE) n°577/98 du Conseil relatif à l'organisation d'une enquête par sondage sur les forces de travail dans la Communauté [Communautés européennes] [in French]
Topics: compilation of statistics; conditions of work; directive; European Communities; occupational accidents; occupational diseases; vocational training.
Journal officiel des Communautés européennes - Official Journal of the European Communities, 22 July 1998, Vol.41, No.L 205, p.40-65.

CIS 99-1185 Blank V.L.G., Laflamme L., Diderichsen F., Andersson R.
Choice of a denominator for occupational injury rates: A study of the development of a Swedish iron-ore mine
Injury risk was investigated at an underground iron-ore mine using alternative injury-rate denominators - hours worked and production volume. Six stages of mining development are defined, and three risk measures are employed: average injury rates (AIRS) by stage, injury rate ratios (IRRS) by stage, and annual injury rates (AnIRs). The two denominators give a quite different representation of injury risk at the early stages of development of the mine, but tend increasingly to provide a similar picture (similar ratios) at later stages. It is concluded that automated production processes, as opposed to mechanized ones, tend to make hours worked and production volume interchangeable denominators. Choice of appropriate denominator may depend upon whether the individual or the production process is in focus. Topics: accident-production ratio; cohort study; evaluation of technique; frequency rates; hours of work; iron ore mining; metal mining; occupational accidents; statistical evaluation; statistical trends.
Journal of Safety Research, Winter 1998, Vol.29, No.4, p.263-273. Illus. 38 ref.

CIS 99-710 Resolution No.1.101 of 16 July 1998 of the National Social Welfare Council approving a method for the evaluation and control of occupational accidents [Brazil]
Resolução n°1.101, de 16 de julho de 1998 do Conselho Nacional de Previdência Social - aprova a "Metodologia para avaliação e controle dos acidentes de trabalho" [in Portuguese]
Topics: accident absenteeism; accident investigation; Brazil; causes of accidents; compensation of occupational accidents; law; notification of occupational accidents; occupational accidents; risk factors; statistical evaluation.
Diário Oficial, 20 July 1998, No.136, p.31-33.

CIS 99-982 Lazo T., Wrixon A.
Management of occupational exposure
In the UK, both individual and collective doses to workers in the nuclear industry have decreased significantly over the last ten or more years. Similar trends have occurred in other countries as managers have seen the necessity of going further than simple compliance with dose limits. Indeed, a key factor in the control of doses at work is proper management which does not invariably imply increase in costs; dose and cost reductions may well go hand in hand. Managers, however, need to be able to take informed decisions and this implies access to relevant information. An international initiative has been established to help with this. Topics: absorbed dose; compilation of statistics; computerized data bases; dose equivalent; dosimetry; European Communities; nuclear power stations; particulate radiation; personnel monitoring; radioactive substances.
Radiological Protection Bulletin, Dec. 1998, No.208, p.6-10. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 99-693 Peek-Asa C., Schaffer K.B, Kraus J.F., Howard J.
Surveillance of non-fatal workplace assault injuries, using police and employers' reports
Non-fatal workplace assaults reported to the police and through employers in eight southern California cities were examined. The combined annualized rate of workplace injury for the eight cities was 184.6 per 100,000 workers, which was almost twice the rate found in either reporting source individually. Police reports differed from employers' reports by industry and occupation of victim but not type of event or weapons used. Examination of multiple reporting sources for non-fatal workplace assault injuries is essential in identifying the magnitude of these events. Understanding trends in reporting is important for the effective design of preventive programmes. Topics: compilation of statistics; frequency rates; high-risk groups; injuries; notification of occupational accidents; violence.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 1998, Vol.40, No.8, p.707-713. 17 ref.

CIS 98-1600 Ruser J.W.
Denominator choice in the calculation of workplace fatality rates
Calculation of workplace fatality rates based on employment and on hours worked. Topics: age-linked differences; dangerous work; fatalities; frequency rates; hazard evaluation; hours of work; list of occupations; older workers; sex-linked differences; statistical evaluation; USA; young persons.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1998, Vol.33, No.2, p.151-156. 6 ref.

CIS 98-1247 Myers J.E., Thompson M.L.
Meta-analysis and occupational epidemiology
Topics: epidemiology; evaluation of technique; healthy worker effect; morbidity; mortality; standardization; statistical evaluation.
Occupational Medicine, Feb. 1998, Vol.48, No.2, p.99-101. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 98-1254 Dell T., Berkhout J.
Injuries at a metal foundry as a function of job classification, length of employment and drug screening
Topics: abrasive operations; contusion; coremaking; drug testing; epidemiologic study; eye injuries; foundries; fractures; job-exposure relation; length of service; moulding; statistical evaluation; strain injuries; thermal burns; USA; wounds.
Journal of Safety Research, Spring 1998, Vol.29, No.1, p.9-14. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 98-502 Taylor G., Easter K.M., Hegney R.P.
Australian Centre for Work Safety
Enhancing safety: Australian national curriculum - Occupational health and safety statistics workbook
Topics: Australia; compilation of statistics; occupational safety and health; statistical aspects; training course; training material.
Training Publications of Western Australia, Prospect Place, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia, 1998. iii, 26p. 7 ref.

1997

CIS 01-760 Bussacos M.A.
Ministério do Trabalho
Statistics applied to occupational safety
Estatística aplicada à saúde ocupacional [in Portuguese]
This publication is a guide to the use of statistics in occupational safety and health in Brazil, providing examples of various statistical tools used for analysing data (normal distribution, Poisson distribution, Student's distribution), as well as graphical presentations (histograms, pie charts, peak-flow curves) applied to practical cases.
Fundacentro, Rua Capote Valente 710, São Paulo, SP 05409-002, Brazil, 1997. 102p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 99-1527 Takagi K., Kumagai S., Matsunaga I., Kusaka Y.
Application of inverse Gaussian distribution to occupational exposure data
Occupational exposure concentrations are generally assumed to vary in a log-normal manner, however, because the mean of random samples from a log-normal distribution is not log-normally distributed, it cannot, in theory, deal with changes in the distribution of time-weighted average values when the averaging time varies. Since inverse Gaussian distribution is similar to a log-normal one and offers the advantage of reproducibility, it is proposed that this technique be applied to occupational exposure data. Merits and demerits of the technique are outlined. Topics: determination of concentration; evaluation of technique; exposure evaluation; mathematical models; statistical evaluation.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Oct. 1997, Vol.41, No.5, p.505-514. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 97-1844 Foley G.
National workers compensation-based data: Scope, coverage, benefits and uses
Criticisms of the use of workers' compensation data in occupational safety and health surveillance are reviewed and implications for the practical application of these data are discussed. The focus is on the national database maintained by Worksafe Australia. It is suggested that compensation data can play a significant part in achieving most, but not all, surveillance objectives. The data also provide a starting point for further research into the development of specific interventions.
Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, June 1997, Vol.13, No.3, p.275-284. 9 ref.

CIS 97-1163 Cacha C.A.
Research design and statistics for the safety and health professional
This manual provides a basic guide to practical research designs and related statistical techniques. The focus is on information useful to safety and health professionals, including descriptive, experimental and historical research. The goals, advantages and limitations of a variety of research designs are discussed, and common problems encountered in the workplace are used to demonstrate statistical methods (chi square, correlation, time series, and others). Data collection procedures and the use of computers are also discussed.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA, 1997. 173p. Illus. Index. Price: GBP 37.50.

1996

CIS 00-1311
International Labour Office (ILO)
Recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases: An ILO Code of Practice
Korean version of the Code of Practice (CIS 96-2083) adopted by a tripartite Meeting of Experts held in Geneva from 3 to 11 Oct. 1994. The purpose of the Code of Practice is to help with the international harmonization of the procedures for the collection, recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases. Contents: extracts from the Report of the Meeting of Experts; general provisions; policies and principles for the recording, notification and investigation of occupational accidents and diseases, dangerous occurrences and related statistics (at the national and enterprise level); legal, institutional and administrative arrangements for setting up reporting, recording and notification systems; reporting at the enterprise level; arrangements for recording; arrangements for notification; extension of systems to self-employed persons; compilation and publication of statistics; classification and investigation of occupational accidents and diseases and of dangerous occurrences. In annex: relevant ILO Conventions and Recommendations; schedules, lists and classification systems for occupational injuries and diseases, economic activities, occupations, status in employment and accidents.
ILO Publications, International Labour Office, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 1996. v, 78p. 8 ref.

CIS 96-2097 Fischbach T., Kennedy E., Shulman S., Busch K., Eller P., Song R., Doemeny L.
Corrections to the target and critical values for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health validation tests
Corrections to NIOSH statistical procedures relating to permissible exposure limits are presented. The NIOSH accuracy criterion and statistical protocol are widely used as references for method accuracy studies. The corrections concern the target and critical coefficient of variation values published as part of the statistical protocol. The corrected values are more restrictive than the previously published ones.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1996, Vol.57, No.5, p.452-455. 15 ref.

CIS 96-2096 Fischbach T., Song R., Shulman S.
Some statistical procedures for analytical method accuracy tests and estimation
Statistical procedures for method evaluation in relation to permissible exposure limits are discussed. The NIOSH accuracy criterion and statistical protocol for evaluating fulfilment of that criterion by an analytical method are outlined. A new approach to accuracy analyses is presented which emphasizes: flexibility in custom designing accuracy evaluation research to fit unique objectives and requirements; and more direct information on the accuracy of the methods studied, not merely whether an accuracy criterion is fulfilled.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1996, Vol.57, No.5, p.440-451. 21 ref.

CIS 96-2083
International Labour Office (ILO)
Recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases: An ILO Code of Practice
Enregistrement et déclaration des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles: recueil de directives pratiques du BIT [in French]
Registro y declaración de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales: resumen de directivas prácticas de la OIT [in Spanish]
This Code of Practice was adopted by a tripartite Meeting of Experts held in Geneva from 3 to 11 Oct. 1994. Its purpose is to help with the international harmonization of the procedures for the collection, recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases. Contents: extracts from the Report of the Meeting of Experts; general provisions; policies and principles for the recording, notification and investigation of occupational accidents and diseases, dangerous occurrences and related statistics (at the national and enterprise level); legal, institutional and administrative arrangements for setting up reporting, recording and notification systems; reporting at the enterprise level; arrangements for recording; arrangements for notification; extension of systems to self-employed persons; compilation and publication of statistics; classification and investigation of occupational accidents and diseases and of dangerous occurrences. In annex: relevant ILO Conventions and Recommendations; schedules, lists and classification systems for occupational injuries and diseases, economic activities, occupations, status in employment and accidents.
ILO Publications, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 1996. xxi, 97p. 8 ref. Index. Price: CHF 20.00.

CIS 96-2045 Feinstein A.R.
Multivariable analysis - An introduction
This manual provides an introduction to the uses of multivariable analysis for health professionals. The focus is on four methods common in the medical literature: multiple linear regression, multiple logistic regression, discriminant function analysis, and the proportional hazards procedure (Cox regression). The basic strategies of these methods are explained and their strengths and weaknesses are highlighted. Some new methods of analysis are also described. Includes numerous examples and an accompanying computer diskette to facilitate learning.
Yale University Press, 23 Pond Street, London NW3 2PN, United Kingdom, 1996. xvi, 613p. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: GBP 45.00.

CIS 96-1651 Abraham K.G., Weber W.L., Personick M.E.
Improvements in the BLS safety and health statistical program
Improvements in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) statistical system are described. Survey information on serious, nonfatal incidents now includes occupational and demographic data, the nature of the injury or disease and how it occurred, and resulting time away from work. Work-related fatalities are recorded in a separate BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. The specific data elements of the BLS survey and census are listed. Examples illustrate the use of the data in the identification and prevention of occupational hazards.
Monthly Labor Review, Apr. 1996, Vol.119, No.4, p.3-12. 20 ref.

CIS 96-1291 Nossent S., de Groot B., Verboon F.
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
European working environment in figures - Availability and quality of occupational health and safety data in sixteen European countries
Report of a study to provide a quantitative overview of the working conditions in 16 European countries and to assess the quality of available occupational safety and health data. Contents: methodology of the study; main characteristics of the European labour market; assessment of the availability, reliability and comparability of occupational safety and health data; figures on occupational safety and health; trends and strategies in Europe regarding data production; conclusions and recommendations for future policy.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1996. xix, 145p. Illus. 34 ref. Price: ECU 16.50.

CIS 96-578 Mitchell B.H.
Health and Safety Executive
Comparative assessment of advanced techniques for the evaluation of confidence levels in calculated safety margins
This report presents an evaluation of a mathematical technique known as the FORM/SORM method, used to quantify the confidence that a user may have in predictions of safety margins. The mathematical basis and areas of potential application of the method are reviewed and its performance in terms of speed, accuracy, reliability and generality is assessed in comparison with the Monte-Carlo technique. The assessment was carried out on five test problems including a numerical simulation of a hydrocarbon jet fire. It is concluded that the FORM/SORM method is sufficiently robust and efficient to be considered for use on a routine basis.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, 1996. v, 69p. 22 ref. Price: GBP 15.00.

1995

CIS 96-823 Hewett P.
Sample size formulae for estimating the true arithmetic or geometric mean of lognormal exposure distributions
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Mar. 1995, Vol.56, No.3, p.219-225. 18 ref. ###

CIS 96-571 Macaskill P., Mandryk J., Leigh J.
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (Worksafe Australia)
Improved coverage and relevance of national occupational health and safety surveillance in Australia
This report describes the current procedures used in Australia for occupational health and safety surveillance by means of data collection and analysis. Major current and proposed data sources are described along with methods for obtaining estimates of the extent of occupational disorders. Strategies for making more effective use of the available data are outlined. Recommendations are made concerning the use of Worksafe Australia's National Data Set for Compensation-based Statistics, developing additional data sources and the dissemination of surveillance results.
Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, Aug. 1995. vi, 73p. 99 ref.

CIS 96-1155 Webb G.R.
A filter model to describe bias in official statistics on alcohol-related injuries
The described filter model consists of four levels: the total incidence of alcohol-related injuries; the incidence of reported alcohol-related injuries; the incidence of reported alcohol-related injuries where the contribution of alcohol has been correctly identified; and official statistics on alcohol-related injuries. A filtering mechanism between each of the levels allows some of the data to pass through to the next level. The data at each level and the filtering mechanisms which result in progressive loss of data are described. Suggestions are put forward for improving the quality of official statistics on alcohol-related injuries.
Accident Analysis and Prevention, Oct. 1995, Vol.27, No.5, p.687-697. 77 ref.

CIS 95-2320 Krause T.R.
Employee-driven systems for safe behavior: Integrating behavioral and statistical methodologies
This manual discusses the use of behavioural science methods and statistical methods as components of quality-based safety. Part 1 describes basic concepts of behavioural science and discusses the links between those concepts and basic quality issues of measurement and employee involvement. Part 2 presents an overview of measurement issues and of statistical process control, and describes how behavioural science procedures may be used in continuous improvement applications. Part 3 addresses management issues in safety, including incident investigation and ergonomics. Part 4 presents illustrative case histories of sites using employee-driven safety to manage continuous improvement.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA, 1995. xiii, 284p. Illus. 38 ref. Index. Price: GBP 37.50.

CIS 95-1701 Stallones L., Marine W., Garrett C., Krafft K.
Identifying fatal agricultural occupational injuries in Colorado, 1982-1987: A comparison of two surveillance systems
Two systems for the surveillance of fatal agricultural injuries in Colorado, USA were compared: one based on death certificate data where place of injury was a farm, and a second, more comprehensive, system based on death certificate data for work-related injuries and on a workers' compensation data system. The comprehensive surveillance identified more agricultural work-related deaths than place of injury surveillance and provided higher average annual rates of injury. Results suggest that place-of-injury surveillance alone would underestimate agricultural work-related deaths and that more comprehensive surveillance systems are required.
Journal of Agromedicine, 1995, Vol.2, No.3, p.29-38. 14 ref.

1994

CIS 96-643 Callas P.W., Pastides H., Hosmer D.W.
Survey of methods and statistical models used in the analysis of occupational cohort studies
Occupational cohort studies published in 1990-91 were located with Medline and Index Medicus, and the contents of several relevant journals were systematically reviewed. Each study was categorized by the methods of external or internal comparisons performed. Of 200 occupational cohort studies identified, 104 (52%) conducted only external comparisons, 46 (23%) conducted only internal and 50 (25%) presented both. Of those that used an external referent population, about two-thirds used a national standard. Forty of the studies that performed internal comparisons fitted multivariable models. The finding that logistic regression is used quite commonly, even though it does not directly model time-dependent data of the type frequently encountered in occupational cohort studies, was surprising. The reasons why investigators choose from among the available statistical and modelling techniques are likely to include familiarity, ease of use, restrictions in study population characteristics, especially study size, and others. Authors should be encouraged to be more explicit about the statistical methods used in the analysis of occupational cohort studies, as well as whether important assumptions about their data have been evaluated.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1994, Vol.51, No.10, p.649-655. 61 ref.

CIS 95-923 Zocchetti C., Consonni D.
Mortality rate and its statistical properties
Il tasso di mortalità e le sue proprietà statistiche [in Italian]
The ratio is a widely used epidemiological measure. The definition of mortality/morbidity rate is followed by a review of the differences, in terms of definition, interpretation, and application, between the concepts of rate and risk, and of the statistical properties of the rate. The Poisson distribution is commonly considered the probability distribution which best reflects the statistical variability of the observed events. When the number of deaths is high enough, the Poisson distribution can be adequately approximated by the Gaussian distribution, which is simpler and in common use in occupational medicine. When the number of deaths is small, a log transformation of the rate (or of the deaths) can be made before the Gaussian distribution is calculated. Numerical and graphical comparisons of the results deriving from the use of different formulae are described.
Medicina del lavoro, July-Aug. 1994, Vol.85, No.4, p.327-343. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 95-545
National Occupational Safety and Health Commission (Worksafe Australia)
Positive performance indicators: Beyond lost time injuries - Part 1. Issues; Part 2. Practical approaches
Proceedings of a workshop on the value of lost time injury frequency rates as a measure of OHS (occupational health and safety) performance and the development of more positive performance indicators. Papers include: a positive role for OHS in performance measurement; literature survey on OHS performance indicators for benchmarking; limits of lost time injury frequency rates; strategies for going beyond lost time injuries and other negative performance indicators; means of encouraging best practice in OHS; OHS management in the Australian construction industry; development and implementation of an OHS strategic planning model.
Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, 1994. 2 vols. v, 50p. and v, 30p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 95-778 Ashizawa K., Okada A., Kouchi M., Horino S., Kikuchi Y.
Anthropometrical data of middle-aged Japanese women for industrial design applications
Anthropometric measurement were made on 62 women workers aged 36-56 years in an audio manufacturing company in Japan. The mean and standard deviations of 79 measurements are presented. The data should be useful in the design of working spaces and tools for women.
Journal of Human Ergology, June 1994, Vol.23, No.1, p.73-80. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 95-777 Mamansari D.U., Salokhe V.M., Intaranont K.
Anthropometric evaluation of agricultural laborers in selected parts of Thailand
Forty-four physical dimensions of 50 men and 50 women agricultural labourers in Thailand were measured. The average body dimensions, standard deviation and 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th and 95th percentiles were determined. Differences in the dimensions within different age groups are discussed and the data are compared with those from some Asian and Western countries. The data may be used in the design of agricultural machinery and equipment for Asian countries.
Journal of Human Ergology, June 1994, Vol.23, No.1, p.59-72. 22 ref.

CIS 95-528 Janssen H.
Quantitative and qualitative methods used in preparing plant health records
Quantitative und qualitative Methoden im betrieblichen Gesundheitsbericht [in German]
Plant health reports are the basis for plant health programmes. Presently, records on sickness absenteeism are analyzed to produce such reports. In order to gain better insight into the particular health problems of a company, the use of additional data acquisition methods is recommended. These include the analysis of the records of periodic medical examinations by industrial physicians, subjective assessments of health and work as well as objective work studies. The latter provide information on physical job requirements and chemical exposures.
Zeitschrift für Präventivmedizin und Gesundheitsförderung, 1994, Vol.6, No.2, p.56-63. Illus. 39 ref.

CIS 95-533 Dickersbach M
Basics and prospects of plant health reporting
Grundvoraussetzungen und Möglichkeiten betrieblicher Gesundheitsberichterstattung [in German]
Unlike provinces or municipalities, companies are profit-oriented, small in size and do not comprise a cross-section of the population. Their employees are selected according to their needs. These basic facts have an impact on plant health reporting, which is the basis for plant health programmes that provide specific solutions for each workplace, and which are transparent and benefit the individual as well as the company. Therefore, for compiling plant health reports the records of sickness absenteeism are analyzed. In addition, the records of periodic medical examinations, job descriptions and subjective assessments of health and job satisfaction are used. As plant health reports contain valuable information, they constitute a meaningful element of community health reporting.
Zeitschrift für Präventivmedizin und Gesundheitsförderung, 1994, Vol.6, No.2, p.31-38.

CIS 94-1902 Henter A., Hermanns D., Brenscheidt F.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz
Fatal occupational accidents in 1992 - Statistical analysis based on a labour inspectorate survey
Tödliche Arbeitsunfälle 1992 - Statistische Analyse nach einer Erhebung der Gewerbeaufsicht [in German]
Statistical analysis of fatal occupational accidents in Germany in 1992 in all sectors with the exception of mining and traffic accidents. Data are based on a questionnaire survey developed by the German Factory Inspectorate (Gewerbeaufsicht) and the Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz. For the first time, this analysis includes the new Länder (States representing the ex-GDR). It provides information not only on accident frequency and accident black spots for specific economic sectors and workplaces but also on accidents caused by electricity and those involving chemical substances. Commuting accidents, which account for 10% of the total, are also covered. A comparative study on accidents in the construction industry in the former Western and Eastern Länder is included. In the appendices: sample questionnaire form; case studies of fatal accidents caused by dangerous substances.
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Verlag für neue Wissenschaft GmbH, Postfach 10 11 10, 27511 Bremerhaven, Germany, 1994. vi, 96p. 2 ref.

CIS 94-1594 Boillat M.A., Noël B.
The need for more reliable information on the incidence and prevalence of occupationally related problems
The need for reliable information regarding the incidence and prevalence of occupational diseases is briefly discussed. Although many sources of data on occupational diseases are available, these sources have their limits and reliable data are often unavailable; there is considerable under-reporting of some occupational diseases. If preventive measures are based only on data obtained from compensated cases, this does not take into account the numerous situations where the ailment is only partially related to work (e.g. depressive states, back problems). Recommendations are made for a better estimation of reality.
Occupational Medicine, July 1994, Vol.44, No.3, p.123-124. 9 ref.

1993

CIS 95-686 Tsai-Köster L.H.
Earthwatch Global Environment Monitoring System
A survey of organizations working in the field of environment statistics and data
This survey is a joint project of the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSTAT) and the UNEP Harmonization of Environmental Measurement (HEM) Office. Details are provided for 136 organizations: United Nations organizations, intergovernmental, governmental, non-governmental and academic organizations and industrial or commercial organizations. Information provided for each one includes: title and acronym of organization; contact name and address; country in which the organization is based; organizational affiliation or form; work programme; main objectives; data sources; training facilities; publications.
GSF Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany, Dec. 1993. xviii, 328p.

CIS 95-607 Busch R., Elliehausen H.J., Frank K., Graeber A., Hegyi E., Lange H.J., Marian B., Urban K.D., Wimmel F.
Early detection by the occupational health service provided for small and medium-sized enterprises
Frühwarnsystem für die arbeitsmedizinische Betreuung insbesondere von Klein- und Mittelbetrieben [in German]
In the years 1985 to 1988 a total of 111,583 employees in the construction industry in Bavaria, Germany, underwent medical examinations. Lung function, visual, hearing and laboratory tests were performed. In addition, electrocardiograms and medical histories were recorded. Of the employees examined, 43.6% belonged to small firms, 23% to medium-sized firms and 32.4% to large companies (with more than 50 employees). A statistical screening method used to identify job-related health risks is described. The results for 40 different jobs along with the recommended preventive measures are presented. Tables with data are in two separate unpaginated volumes.
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bau-Berufsgenossenschaften, An der Festeburg 27-29, 80389, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1993. 3 vols (176 + approx. 425 + approx. 360p.). Illus.

CIS 94-1566 Takala J.
Associations between occupational hazards detected with log-linear statistical methods
A collected data matrix of safety and health information in industries in Thailand was examined in an attempt to analyze associations between various hazards or problems in industries, grouping selected problems together. Altogether 27 groups were established based on more than 2000 cross-tabulations between pairs of hazards or influencing factors. Three successfully tested models are presented; the method used was hierarchical log-linear analysis. A number of associations between various hazard categories were established. Lack of knowledge about hazards, poor personal protection and poor housekeeping were found to be interlinked with a number of mechanical, physical, chemical and ergonomic hazards or problems.
Safety Science, Nov. 1993, Vol.17, No.1, p.13-28. 15 ref.

CIS 94-1333 Aldenberg T.
ETX 1.3a - A program to calculate confidence limits for hazardous concentrations based on small samples of toxicity data
ETX (Ecotoxicological Extrapolation Program) handles the extrapolation of laboratory toxicity data to values that may be of interest to policy makers in setting standards for environmental protection; it may also be used in human health-oriented problems. The program runs on MS-DOS computers. This package provides a users's guide to installing, running and leaving the program along with a detailed reference manual on how to use the software. Also included is a previously published article (Aldenberg T., Slob W., in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol.25, No.1, Feb. 1993) on confidence limits for hazardous concentration based on logistically distributed NOEC toxicity data. A computer diskette (3.5") is included.
National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands, May 1993. iii, 69p. Illus. 8 ref. Index.

CIS 94-879 Rosenbaum P.F., Vena J.E., Zielezny M.A., Michalek A.
Use of city directories as a source of occupational data in a case-control study
The association between occupational factors and male breast cancer was investigated in a population-based case-control study conducted in western New York state (US). Since 9% of cases and controls were missing occupational information in the tumour registry (usual occupation) and screening clinic (type of work done) files, supplemental occupational data were collected from commercial city directories. Occupational data were located for 69% of participants via the city directory thereby reducing the missing occupational data to 3%. For individuals with occupational listings in both the original source document and the city directories, similar titles were found for 94% of cases. Factors to be considered in assessing the feasibility of directory usage include purpose of study, degree of directory coverage within the geographic area, sex of participants, and availability of personnel and resources. City directories are a valuable supplemental source of occupational data for hypothesis generating case-control studies or registry-based studies of men conducted in urban areas.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Oct. 1993, Vol.24, No.4, p.499-505. 13 ref.

CIS 94-955 Nicas M., Spear R.C.
A task-based statistical model of a worker's exposure distribution: Part I - Description of the model; Part II - Application to sampling strategy
A task-based model to describe a single worker's exposures to a single airborne chemical toxicant is described. The model accounts for variability in short-term time-weighted average (TWA) exposure values within a task, and for variability in arithmetic mean exposure levels between tasks. A worker's total distribution of 8-hour TWAs is a mixture of day-specific distributions weighted by the relative frequency of each type of workday; the variance of the total distribution increases with greater day-to-day variability in the array of task times. Four alternative measurement strategies are examined. All survey designs provide unbiased estimates of the average exposure level, but stratified sampling may give greater precision for a fixed cost.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1993, Vol.54, No.5, p.211-227. Illus. 43 ref.

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