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Exposure evaluation - 1,808 entries found

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  • Exposure evaluation

1985

CIS 85-1012 Ballantyne B.
Evaluation of hazards from mixtures of chemicals in the occupational environment
Discussion and evaluation of methods for assessing hazards from exposure to chemical mixtures. The major aspects which must be considered are: composition of the mixture (nature, reactivity, physico-chemical properties, concentrations); exposure characteristics (route, concentrations, frequency, duration, sequence); source of air contamination; toxic effects (independent, additive, interactive); metabolic fate.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Feb. 1985, Vol.27, No.2, p.85-94. Illus. 61 ref.

1984

CIS 92-957
Commission of the European Communities
Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals: Acrylonitrile, aluminium, chromium, copper, styrene, xylene, zinc
The available data on the human health effects, metabolism and biological indicators of these substances are reviewed. Conclusions reached: determination of the compound (or its metabolites) in urine may be used for evaluating exposure to acrylonitrile, water soluble chromium compounds, styrene and xylene; aluminium serum levels seem to be an indicator of the body burden and concentration in urine seems to be an indicator of current exposure; no sufficiently reliable biological indicators appear to be available for evaluating exposure to copper or zinc.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1984. 110p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 91-137 Berlin A., Draper M., Hemminki K., Vainio H.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Monitoring human exposure to carcinogenic and mutagenic agents: Proceedings of a joint symposium held in Espoo, Finland, 12-15 Dec. 1983
These papers presented at this symposium convened by the Institute of Occupational Health in Helsinki, and organised by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) jointly with the CEC and the IARC, review the basic principles of monitoring for carcinogenic and mutagenic agents. The following aspects are covered in detail: assessment of human exposure to carcinogenic and mutagenic agents by direct chemical measurements; the toxicokinetics and metabolic pathways of these agents; dose-response relationships and individual variation in metabolism and susceptibility to the agents; currently available techniques for the assessment of human exposure to genotoxic agents.
Oxford University Press, Walton Str., Oxford OX2 6DA, United Kingdom, 1984. 457p. Illus. Bib.ref. Indexes.

CIS 89-1988 Nickel in the human environment
Contents of this toxicological review on nickel: epidemiology; carcinogenicity; metabolism and toxicology; human exposure.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1984. 530p. Illus. Bibl. Price: USD 42.50.

CIS 86-1240 Evaluation of exposure to airborne particles in the work environment
Evaluation de l'exposition aux particules atmosphériques dans les ambiances de travail [in French]
This book provides information and guidance to staff involved in planning and implementing occupational hygiene programmes, as well as to help personnel engaged in the sampling and analysis of airborne particles in workplaces to select the most appropriate method. Aspects covered: properties of airborne particles and their effects in the human body; description of a rationale for sampling; principles of particle collection and instruments in use; specific sampling and analysis procedures.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 1984, Offset publication No. 80, 75p. Illus. 41 ref.

CIS 86-963 Suvorov G.A., Šcarinov L.N., Denisov Ė.I.
Hygienic standardisation of industrial noise and vibration
Gigieničeskoe normirovanie proizvodstvennyh šumov i vibracij [in Russian]
This manual covers: background information on the main approaches to standardisation of noise and vibration; the general influence of these factors on the human body, with emphasis on evaluation of noise and vibration doses and load in the determination of permissible levels; correlations of noise and vibration energy exposure with immediate and delayed reactions of the human body; effects of chronic exposure. Contents: noise and vibration as occupational factors, methods of measurement of noise and vibration in industry, principles of standardisation, methods and criteria of assessment of their negative effects, basis for differentiated standardisation of noise and vibration, prevention of unfavourable effects of noise and vibration.
Izdatel'stvo "Medicina", Petroverigskij per. 6/8, 103062 Moskva, USSR, 1984. 240p. Illus. 130 ref. Price: Rbl.1.60.

CIS 86-720 Third Finnish-Polish symposium on assessment of chemical exposure
Extended summaries of papers presented at the title symposium at the Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, 24-25 Sep. 1984. Topics: short-term tests for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals; genotoxicity of dioxolane and trioxane; genotoxicity of some dyes produced in Poland; chemical measurements in biological monitoring of occupational exposure to genotoxic agents; genotoxicological methods in biological monitoring; Nordic approaches to cytogenetic studies in the occupational environment; measurement of exposure to carcinogenic agents in Finland; the Finnish register of workers exposed to carcinogenic agents at work; prevention of exposure to genotoxic agents; quality control of chemical analyses in industrial hygiene; quality control rounds in dust analysis, toxicology and biological monitoring; interlaboratory quality studies; effect of sample storage conditions on lead and mercury concentrations in biological samples.
Institute of Occupational Health, Haartmaninkatu 1, 00290 Helsinki, Finland, 1984. 55p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 86-135 Gmehling J., Schwaitzer U.
Determination of exposure due to the use of solvent-based preparations
Berechnung von Expositionen beim Umgang mit lösemittelhaltigen Zubereitungen [in German]
This report provides a mathematical model for the evaluation of exposure to solvent-based products. Presentation of existing knowledge of the kinetics of evaporation, of phase equilibrium and of the diffusion of harmful substances in closed rooms. The model based on these factors allows the evaluation of exposure of a worker during the use of volatile substances. Examples are given of the calculation of exposure to methanol and benzene, and a computer programme is shown for the calculation of exposure in cases of one-time, repeated or continuous release of solvents into air.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz, Postfach 170202, 4600 Dortmund 17, Federal Republic of Germany, 1984. 69p. Illus. 39 ref. Price: DM.13.00.

CIS 86-57 Schäfer N., Dupuis H., Hartung E.
Acute effects of shock-type vibration transmitted to the hand-arm system
The aim of this laboratory study was to find out whether shock-type vibration of hand-tools compared to non-impulsive vibration has stronger acute effects on the hand-arm system and therefore needs a stricter evaluation from the occupational health point of view. The persons were exposed to simulated vibration of hand-tools (grinder, chain saw, hammer-drill, pneumatic hammer, rivet hammer and nailer). The following evaluation criteria were used: biomechanical transmissibility of the hand-arm system; muscle activity; peripheral circulation (skin temperature) and subjective perception. The results show no significant difference in acute effects on the hand-arm system between impulsive and non-impulsive type vibrations of the hand-tools tested with respect to the chosen vibration level, short-time exposure (up to 8min) and evaluation criteria. It may be concluded that for the evaluation of shock-type vibration of the hand-tools tested, it is justified to use the existing Draft International Standard ISO-DIS 5349.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1984, Vol.55, No.1, p.49-59. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 86-118 Embree V., Enarson D.A., Chan-Yeung M., DyBuncio A., Dennis R., Leach J.
Occupational exposure to chlorophenates: Toxicology and respiratory effects
71 chlorophenate-exposed sawmill workers were identified as part of a group undergoing an extensive health and environmental evaluation in a pulp mill. This group was compared with a group (351) with no physical proximity to the area in which chlorophenates were used. A gradient of exposure was demonstrated from 230ppb in urine and 919ppb in serum for those directly handling the contaminated wood, to 139ppb in urine and 354ppb in serum for those working in the area but not in manual contact as compared with serum levels of 84ppb in the unexposed group. It was noted that the bulk chemical was primarily in the tetrachloro-form but the serum levels contained more pentachlorophenate. The urine proportions were intermediate, approximating the bulk chemical proportions at the lower levels of exposure. No excess prevalence of respiratory symptoms or spirometric abnormalities was found which could be explained by the chlorophenate exposure.
Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology, Oct. 1984, Vol.22, No.4, p.317-329. 14 ref.

CIS 85-1950 Barret L., Faure J., Guilland B., Chomat D., Didier B., Debru J.L.
Trichloroethylene occupational exposure: elements for better prevention
In contrast with studies on the chronic pathology of daily exposure to trichloroethylene, this study was performed to detect those symptoms which are strongly linked to exposure and which might be used for better surveillance of the exposed workers. The physical examination of 188 exposed workers and the statistical comparison of the frequency of symptoms revealed the symptoms which are most likely to be linked to trichloroethylene exposure: trigeminal and optic nerve impairment, asthenia, headache, and dizziness.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1984, Vol.53, No.4, p.283-289. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 85-2006 Radzievskaja E.A.
Aspects of working conditions in agriculture associated with the use of granulated pesticides
Osobennosti uslovij truda pri ispol'zovanii v sel'skom hozjajstve granulirovannyh form pesticidov [in Russian]
Exposure of agricultural personnel to furadan (carbofuran) and phosphamide (dimethoate) was monitored during pesticide application and crop harvesting. When tractor drivers opened furadan applicators to clear blockages, they were exposed to levels of the substance above the MAC; otherwise, exposure levels for both compounds were well below recommended limits. Thus, working conditions are better with granulated pesticides than with alternative forms (liquids, powders).
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1984, No.2, p.28-30. 3 ref.

CIS 85-1598 Exposures from the uranium series with emphasis on radon and its daughters - Recommendations of the NCRP
Contents of this report evaluating the potential of exposure of the US population to radionuclides: natural background radiation and exposure levels; soil content and transport, external radiation; inhalation; drinking water; dietary intake and body content; dose summary; recommendations. Appended: regulations, measurements for assesing exposure, derivation of soil guides (uranium, radium and lead-210).
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA, 15 Mar. 1984, 131p. Illus. 137p. Index.

CIS 85-1710 Sheehy J.W., Mortimer V.D., Jones J.H., Spottswood S.E.
Control technology assessment: Metal plating and cleaning operations
A control technology assessment of electroplating and cleaning operations was conducted by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Walk-through surveys were conducted at about 30 electroplating plants and 9 in-deph studies at 8 plants. Air sampling and ventilation data and other control information were collected for 64 plating and cleaning tanks. 31 of these were hard-chrome plating tanks, but cadmium, copper, nickel, silver and zinc plating tanks were also evaluated. Worker exposures were found to be controlled below existing and recommended standards.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIOSH, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Dec. 1984. 106p. Illus. 71 ref.

CIS 85-1328 Doignon J., Parant C., Larche-Mochel M., Rafi M.C., Lazarini H.J., L'Epée P.
Epidemiologic survey of urinary arsenic levels in wine-growers handling sodium arsenite
Enquête épidémiologique sur l'arsenicisme urinaire chez des viticulteurs manipulant de l'arsénite de sodium [in French]
Study of urinary arsenic excretion in vinyard workers who use sodium arsenite as a fungicide. The general toxicity of sodium arsenite is reviewed, especially its ability to cause cancers of the skin and internal organs. Determination of urinary arsenic does not seem to be a reliable monitoring method, because it does not reflect the extent of exposure. The risk of sodium arsenite exposure could not be clearly defined; larger-scale studies are needed. Means of preventing exposure are reviewed.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1984, Vol.45, No.2, p.138-141.

CIS 85-1373 Niculescu T., Dumitru R., Hörer O., Botha V.
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in occupational exposure and poisoning by lead
La protoporphyrine érythocytaire libre dans l'exposition et l'intoxication professionnelles par le plomb [in French]
Study of the correlations between free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), blood lead (PbB) and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) in 20 workers exposed to lead, 25 workers with symptoms of lead poisoning and 20 controls. The exposed and poisoned groups had FEP, PbB and ALA-U levels above those of control (p<0.001) and the poisoned group had higher FEP and PbB levels (p<0.005) than the exposed group. FEP and PbB were highly correlated (r=0.70-0.75) in the exposed and poisoned groups. The correlation between FEP and ALA-U was somewhat less (r=0.68), with the weakest correlation between PbB and ALA-U (r=0.32-0.60). Thus, FEP determination is a sensitive test for lead exposure, especially at low airborne concentrations, and is useful for the detection of chronic poisoning.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1984, Vol.45, No.2, p.87-90. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 85-1266 Dupuis H., Zerlett G.
Effects of mechanical vibration on man
Beanspruchung des Menschen durch mechanische Schwingungen [in German]
Review of the present state of knowledge of the effects of whole-body vibration. Specific terms are defined, the concept of stress and strain is presented and the results of workplace measurements are given. The report is centred on the acute and chronic effects of whole-body vibration (models, behaviour of the human body and its organs, alterations of physiological functions, subjective perception, methodological problems, experimental studies, epidemiological studies). The main part of the report is followed by a review of certain specific factors (multidirectional, periodic, random, rotary and impulsive vibrations; duration and intervals), preventive measures (technical, organisational, personal, medical), and applicable regulatory texts in the Federal Republic of Germany (especially ILO Conventions 121 and 148).
Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften, Langwartweg 103, 5300 Bonn 1, Federal Republic of Germany, 1984. 147p. Illus. 430 ref.

CIS 85-717
CONCAWE (Oil Companies' European Organisation for Environmental and Health Protection)
Review of bitumen fume exposures and guidance on measurement
Part 1 of this report reviews data on exposure to bitumen (also referred to as asphalt in the USA) fumes during handling and use. The 8h TWA exposure limit of 5mg/m3 recommended in the USA is not usually exceeded, except in indoor applications in the absence of good ventilation. Inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is also low. Appropriate methods for sampling and analysis of bitumen fumes (sampling, filter weighing, solvent extraction of filters) are described in part 2. Part 3 provides a detailed method for determination of total particulate and benzene-soluble fraction in air.
Report No.6/84, CONCAWE, Babylon-Kantoren, 30-9 Koningin Julianaplein, 2595 AA Den Haag, Netherlands, May 1984. 38p. 26 ref.

CIS 85-636 Suzuki K., Kimura K., Sakai M.
Method for measuring personal dust exposure with a mask filter
Personal exposure to airborne dust in the work environment was measured by determining the dust mass collected on a mask filter which is used by workers. This method was compared with a personal dust sampler method by sampling the airborne dust simultaneously. In laboratory experiments, the dust concentration measured by this method was in good agreement with that measured by the personal dust sampler method, but the value obtained in workplace experiments was somewhat higher with the mask than with the sampler.
Safety Digest, Apr. 1984, Vol.30, No.4, p.14-19. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 85-797 Siewierski M.
Determination and assessment of pesticide exposure
The 16 papers presented at this working conference (29-31 Oct. 1980, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA) under the 4 section headings: exposure assessment overview; occupational and public health aspects of pesticide exposure; techniques for assessing pesticide exposure; equipment and systems modification for reducing pesticide exposure, are reproduced. Topics covered: role of exposure data in pesticide decision-making; exposure data for risk assessment; applicator exposure studies; extraneous pesticide exposure; safe use practices; protective apparel; epidemiologic concerns; chemical methods for exposure assessment; dermal and inhalation studies; airborne residues; assumptions; closed systems for mixing and loading; droplet-size control in sprayer systems; on-target application of herbicides; controlled release pesticide formulations; flying flagmen system.
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1984. 222p. Illus. Bibl. Price: US$75.00; Glds.195.00.

CIS 85-60 Körpert K., Raber A.
Evaluation of the proportion of overexposed workers and of the cost of total noise protection in Austrian enterprises
Abschätzung des Anteils überexponierter Arbeitnehmer und der Kosten für totalen Lärmschutz in österreichischen Betrieben [in German]
A theoretical model, described elsewhere, used to estimate the proportion of workers exposed to noise, is adapted to real conditions. The application of this model to Austrian data shows good agreement with the real situation, with deviations no greater than 3.8%. Using this model we obtain 2 to 7 billion Austrian Schillings (approx. US$100-350 million) as an estimate of the cost of reducing industrial noise levels to below 85dB(A).
Zeitschrift für Lärmbekämpfung, 1984, Vol.31, p.107-112. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 85-143 Ranstam J.
Comparisons of standardized mortality ratios
Limitations in the use of standardised mortality ratios (SMR) in studies of exposure-response relationships are discussed. Bias exists because of the differences in age distribution of the sub-cohorts in SMR. It is suggested that SMR be used in tests for trends and other comparisons and that the potential bias be calculated and presented together with the results.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Feb. 1984, Vol.10, No.1, p.63. 5 ref.

CIS 85-136 Lemasters G.K., Selevan S.G.
Use of exposure data in occupational reproductive studies
Different types of chronic and acute exposure models are presented that can be used to help reduce misclassification and delineate exposure-effect relationships more accurately in reproductive studies. The latency period between exposure and the adverse effect may be days, weeks or months, and inaccurate identification of the specific exposure period which initiated the adverse event can contribute to sizeable misclassification errors. The advantages and disadvantages of different sources of exposure data are also discussed.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Feb. 1984, Vol.10, No.1, p.1-6. 20 ref.

CIS 85-94 Rosenstock L., Logerfo J., Heyer N.J., Carter W.B.
Development and validation of a self-administered occupational health history questionnaire
A self-administered occupational health history questionnaire (OHHQ) was completed by 100 consecutive patients known to have a high probability of work-related disease and by 55 workers at low risk for occupational toxic exposures in order to assess its usefulness in obtaining exposure and work histories and its ability to discriminate among workers with different degrees of hazardous exposure. The high risk group had a significantly higher number of self-assessed overall exposures (SAES) than the unexposed group, and scores of SAES were highly correlated with an assessment by an industrial hygienist of the degree of hazardous exposure. The OHHQ can be feasibly self-administered and has discriminant validity for identifying groups of workers with high and low hazardous exposures and convergent validity for showing a correlation with an independent assessment of hazardous exposures.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1984, Vol.26, No.1, p.50-54. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 84-2012 Nigg H.N., Stamper J.H., Queen R.M.
The development and use of a universal model to predict tree crop harvester pesticide exposure
This simple regression model is designed to predict the transfer of residual pesticide on tree leaves to the body of a Florida citrus harvester. The model is dependent on work rate and residue concentration. Eventual metabolite output in worker urine is also predicted.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Mar. 1984, Vol.44, No.3, p.182-186. 12 ref.

CIS 84-1568 Behar A., Plener R.
Noise exposure - Sampling strategy and risk assessment
Description of a procedure based on the NIOSH sampling protocol to assess the risk of hearing loss of a large population by measuring the noise exposure of statistically representative sample of this population. Different degrees of risk can be assessed as the percentage of workers with exposure <85dBA, >90dBA or between 85 and 90dBA.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1984, Vol.45, No.2, p.105-109. 7 ref.

CIS 84-1607 Buchet J.P., Van Eyken J., Lauwerys R.
Evaluation of exposure to benzene by workers on a gasoline loading platform of a refinery
Evaluation de l'exposition au benzène des travailleurs préposés aux quais de chargement de l'essence dans une raffinerie [in French]
Benzene concentration in air inhaled by these workers was evaluated using 4 passive diffusometers and one dynamic sampler using activated charcoal tubes. The average exposure during the working day did not exceed 1ppm, with occasional peaks over 5ppm. Only one of the passive samplers gave results similar to those of the dynamic sampler, for both short-term and long-term sampling periods.
Cahiers de médecine du travail - Cahiers voor arbeidsgeneeskunde, 1984, Vol.21, No.1, p.25-27. 1 ref.

CIS 84-1087 Boillat M.A.
Evaluation of working conditions through biological monitoring
Appréciation des conditions de travail par la surveillance biologique [in French]
Biological monitoring is considered as an important method of exposure evaluation, and as a complementary method of determining the concentration of harmful substances in air. To establish biological exposure limits, it is necessary to study the relation between the concentration of a substance in air (external dose), the absorbed dose (internal dose) and its effects in man. After a definition of principles, the criteria for choosing the appropriate method and the conditions of practical application of biological monitoring are presented. The case of lead is used as an example (lead metabolism, the right moment for sampling, specificity and sensitivity of tests). Biological monitoring takes into account the different absorption paths, variations in exposure and conditions of work, but depending on the substance to be analysed (particularly when there are several toxic substances present) it has its limitations.
Revue médicale de la Suisse romande, 1984, Vol.104, No.4, p.289-295. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 84-714 Smith T.J., Hammond S.K., Laidlaw F., Fine S.
Respiratory exposures associated with silicon carbide production: estimation of cumulative exposures for an epidemiological study
Extensive measurements were made of personal exposures to air contaminants released during the production of silicon carbide: crystalline silica, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, various hydrocarbons, silicon carbide itself. 8h time-weighted exposures to sulfur dioxide ranged from <0.1ppm to 1.5ppm. Average carbon monoxide levels ranged from 10ppm to 25ppm. Respirable particle exposures ranged from 0.01mg/m3 to 1.46mg/m3 (containing up to 17% of α-quartz and traces of cristobalite). Median and cumulative exposures were also calculated. The importance of long-term exposure estimates is explained.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1984, Vol.41, No.1, p.100-108. Illus. 14 ref.

1983

CIS 85-1977 Von Düszeln J., Thiemann W.
Health hazards in dry cleaning shops due to the use of tetrachloroethylene
Gesundheitsrisiko in Chemischreinigungen durch Verwendung von Tetrachlorethylen? [in German]
Following some statistical data on the consumption of tetrachloroethylene in the Federal Republic of Germany and a review of the different phases of the dry cleaning process, the methods and equipment used for the determination of tetrachloroethylene in the air of dry cleaning shops are described. The concentration is determined by absorption on a macroporous resin and by subsequent ECD gas chromatography. The geometric mean value found in 8 cleaning shops was 17.7ppm, a concentration well below the TLV of 50ppm in the Federal Republic. Toxicological aspects of acute and chronic intoxication as well as results of epidemiological studies are discussed. The effects of a long-term, low-level exposure not being clarified as yet, NIOSH recommends tetrachloroethylene be considered as a carcinogen. The TLV should be further reduced.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz, Prophylaxe und Ergonomie, 1983, Vol.33, No.8, p.260-267. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 85-1251 Woitowitz H.J., Rödelsperger K., Arhelger R., Giesen T.
Exposure to asbestos dust in the workplace - Measurement results in the international literature
Asbeststaubbelastung am Arbeitsplatz - Messwerte der internationalen Literatur [in German]
About 200 documents, published since the 1930s and containing data on asbestos exposure levels in the workplace, were analysed by computer. The introduction deals with the possibility of comparing measurements and with the methodology and development of asbestos measurement in the Federal Republic of Germany. The computerised analysis method is described. The analysis includes: list of publications included in alphabetical order by title and by author; list of workplaces and types of work; a complete printout of data (including type of asbestos and of sampling method used) from 1400 cases where measurements had been made. Tables and graphs are given in the appendix.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz, Postfach 170202, 4600 Dortmund 17, Federal Republic of Germany, 1983. 497p. Illus. 200 ref. Price: DM.59.00.

CIS 85-734 Botta A., Mariotti B., Apode M., Mathias A.
Automatic sampling of urinary phenols - its usefulness in the routine monitoring of benzene solvent absorption
Dosage automatisé des phénols urinaires - Son intérêt dans le dépistage de routine des imprégnations par solvants benzéniques [in French]
Description of an exposure test that can serve as an early warning of benzene solvent absorption, specific to benzene, and - to a lesser extent - toluene. This technique permits the evaluation of occupational risk in relation to the contamination at each workpost, and enables the worker to be removed from the polluted zone before haematological problems can develop. The limitations of the procedure and the rigorous requirements for sampling, as well as the variations in phenoluria between subjects, make this test primarily suitable for collective monitoring, because average values must be established from measurements of a group of workers.
Revue de médecine du travail, 1983, Vol.11, No.5, p.279-287. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 85-466 Schneider H.
Results of psychological examinations of workers exposed to CS2, with emphasis on multiple examination
Psychodiagnostische Erfahrungen bei CS2-exponierten Werktätigen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Mehrfach-Untersuchungen [in German]
Results of examination of 75 workers exposed to CS2 and subjected repeatedly to a battery of psychological tests as part of a programme to develop methods for early detection of psychological effects. The subjects showed elevated frequencies of abnormalities in speed of sensorimotor reflexes, concentration and speed of visual perception. The results are comparable to those observed in persons exposed to other toxic substances, especially organic solvents. Time-dependent and individual differences in the results are discussed.
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1983, Vol.29, No.12, p.722-725. 27 ref.

CIS 84-2056 Ulfvarson U.
Use of data on air contaminants when judging exposure in environmental and epidemiological studies
Användbarheten av luftföroreningsdata från arbetsplatser för bedömning av exponering i samband med yrkeshygieniska och epidemiologiska studier [in Swedish]
In addition to uncertainties in the measurement of substances in the air and in biological materials, short-term and long-term fluctuations in contaminant levels (changes occurring on time scales of hours and months, respectively) and empirically unfounded assumptions about the relation of exposure to uptake lead to systematic bias in the estimation of contaminant uptake from exposure data. Uptake is probably usually overestimated, which means that many exposure limits may have been set at unrealistic levels. Bias can be counteracted by accompanying exposure data in files with information on the circumstances of measurement. English translation may be obtained from: Health and Safety Executive, Translation Services, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, United Kingdom.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1983. 32p. Illus. 32 ref.

CIS 84-2073 Hettinger T.
Protection of working women in coking plants, blast furnace plants, steelworks, smelting plants, etc.
Frauenarbeitsschutz in Kokereien, Hochofen- und Stahlwerken sowie in Metallhütten u.ä. [in German]
This research report reviews the factors which determine an individual's capacity for work along with anatomical and physiological data; results of 720 analyses of the physical workload on women in the iron and steel industry are reproduced. Several parameters were quantified on a 7-step scale: metabolism at work, dynamic and static effort, microclimate, effective temperature, intensity of thermal radiation, teratogens, vibration, noise. Another table evaluates the aptitude of women for various jobs. There are presently restrictions on the employment of women in the lifting and carrying of heavy loads, and on their exposue to teratogens during pregnancy.
Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Postfach 140280, 5300 Bonn 1, Federal Republic of Germany, 1983. 85p. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 84-1310 Jones B., Harris R.L.
Calculation of time-weighted average concentrations: a computer mapping application
The combination of the Synagraphic Map System computer mapping procedure, fixed-location charcoal-tube sampling results and work-time analysis methods were used to calculate the TWA exposure of workers in a given area to several organic vapours. A statistical comparison between the calculated values and values from personal samples taken simultaneously with the area samples showed no significant differences.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Nov. 1983, Vol.44, No.11, p.795-801. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 84-398 Blome H.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the workplace
Polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAH) am Arbeitsplatz [in German]
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the workplace air is summarised: choice of hydrocarbons to determine; nomenclature and structure of PAH (molecular weight 228-300); their physical characteristics and sources; methods of analysis; absorption paths into the body and biological effects (particularly, carcinogenicity). Concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH were determined in various workplaces: coking plants, aluminium electrolysis rooms, carbon electrode manufacture, installations for tar-impregnation of refractory bricks, hardening shops and foundries, iron and steel plants, tar and pitch use in the optical industry, other industries (e.g. customs posts, roof and highway asphalting). Monitoring of PAH in the workplace air should be primarily through determination of benzo(a)pyrene, because it is the easiest to monitor. But this should be complemented by determination of other PAH as well whenever possible. French translation may be obtained from INRS, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France.
Berufsgenossenschaftliches Institut für Arbeitssicherheit, Lindenstrasse 80, 5205 Sankt Augustin 2, Federal Republic of Germany, 1983. BIA-Report No.3-83. 72p. Illus. 94 ref.

CIS 84-59 Martinelli C.A., Harley N.H., Lippmann M., Cohen B.S.
Monitoring real-time aerosol distribution in the breathing zone
Three continuous reading, light-scattering aerosol monitors and a tape recorder were incorporated into a specially designed and fabricated backpack for detailed field monitoring of both temporal and spatial variability in aerosol concentrations within the breathing zone of workers in a beryllium refinery. After passing through the monitors, aerosol samples were collected on back-up filters for later chemical analysis of Be and Cu. Concentrations were recorded as a function of time and analysed by computer after graphic transcription from electronic signals. Field measurements made at the forehead, nose and lapel of operators during melting and casting operations showed considerable variability in concentration at the different sampling points. High exposure tasks can be identified and precise time and duration of exposure can be determined.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1983, Vol.44, No.4, p.280-285. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 83-966 Thiery L., Derzko G.
Methods of determining the number of workers exposed to industrial noise - A bibliographical analysis
Méthodologies d'évaluation du nombre de travailleurs exposés aux bruits industriels - Analyse bibliographique [in French]
A summary of 8 studies on the determination of the number of workers exposed to industrial noise. The studies were conducted between 1971 and 1980 in the USA, the Netherlands and France, and differed greatly in objectives and methods. The studies are compared in terms of their objectives, scope, sampling method, sources and nature of information collected. The results were most affected by the method of sampling; random sampling of the population of interest by means of questionnaires seems to be the most effective approach. All 8 studies showed that the number of workers exposed to noise levels of at least 85dB(A) is quite high (e.g., of the order of hundreds of thousands in France).
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 2nd quarter 1983, No.111, Note No.1420-111-83, p.199-210. 10 ref.

1982

CIS 84-738 The measurement of employee exposures in aluminium reduction plants
Contents of this document, prepared by the Health Committee of the IPAI: principal contaminants in the various shops of an aluminium reduction plant; properties and toxicology of the contaminants; sampling strategies and methods for sampling and analysis. Principles and a list of exposure limits for airborne contaminants established in different countries are appended.
International Primary Aluminium Institute, New Zealand House, Haymarket, London SW1Y 4TQ, United Kingdom, June 1982. 52p. Illus. Bibl. Price: £8.25.

CIS 83-1458 Gill F.S., Ashton I.
Monitoring for health hazards at work
This monograph gives practical guidance on the range of instruments available for measuring: dust (filtraiton sampling, direct reading instruments, calibration of a rotameter, open-face filter, cyclone separator, sampling and counting asbestos fibres, choice of filter and filter holder, Tyndall beam); gases and vapours (collection devices, pumps, tube holders, adsorbent tubes, colorimetric detector tubes, direct reading instruments); heat (dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers; sling psychrometer, aspirated psychrometer, digital humidity meter, continuous recording, globe thermometer, Kata thermometer, integrating instruments, psychometric chart, heat indices); ventilation (pressure measuring instruments, calibration devices, barometric pressure instruments); noise (sound level meters, noise dosemeters, calibration); light (photometers, Hagner universal photometer, daylight factor meter); ionising and non-ionising radiation, microbiological hazards; carrying out surveys.
Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 OEL, United Kingdom, 1982. 155p. Illus. 39 ref. Price: £8.50.

CIS 83-767 Gartside P.S., Buncher C.R., Lerner S.
Relationship of air lead and blood lead for workers at an automobile battery factory
Air and blood lead data, recorded over a period of 3 years for 972 workers (exposed to 25-350µg/m3) in an automobile battery factory were statistically analysed. The air lead values were measured by mobile area samplers for 2 years and then by personal samplers for 1 year. Blood lead analyses were usually performed once a month. The trend in air lead levels was significantly upward in the 1st year and significantly downward in the 2nd year, while the trend in blood levels was significantly downward in the 1st year and the 3rd year. The relationship between air lead and blood lead was assessed, and the variables age, job tenure, and department identity were included in an ananlysis of covariance. The data support the conclusions reached by the WHO (1980). The occupational relationship between air lead and blood lead is so weak that blood lead must be used as a starting point to determine a health criterion.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Apr. 1982, Vol.50, No.1, p.1-10. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 83-807 Ulfrarson U., Wold S.
Grouping concentration data on atmospheric contamination from welding, using the Clustan computer programme
Gruppering med datorprogrammet Clustan av luftföroreningskoncentrationsdata från svetsning [in Swedish]
To demonstrate the usefulness of multivariate data analysis, data on air contaminants in the air breathed by welders at 127 workplaces carrying out gas-shielded and metal arc welding on stainless steel were analysed using the Clustan computer programme. The concentrations of 27 elements and total dust were measured in each sample. The programme groups the samples after standardising all element variances to 1. In this way, all the 28 variables will, in principle, affect the grouping to the same extent. The data analysis shows that, when the emission of dust from the welding operation is comparatively low, the effect of other sources of pollutants in the environment will be important, and the composition of the dust in the inspired air of the welder will be less characteristic for the welding operation.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 17184 Solna, Sweden, 1982. 19p. 6 ref.

CIS 82-1796 Health hazard evaluation summaries
Summaries of 37 NIOSH investigations to determine if substances found in the workplace are present in sufficient concentrations to produce toxic effects and if conditions of exposure to noise or radiation are sufficient to produce harmful health effects, are presented.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Jan. 1982. 48p.

1981

CIS 85-1910 Leveson R.C., Barker N.J.
A portable multi-component air impurity analyser having sub-part per billion capability without sample pre-concentration
Portable gas chromatograph using a photoionisation detector and capable of measuring directly in air, without pre-concentration, multi-component mixtures of ionisable pollutants at concentrations as low as 0.1ppb. Newer models include an integrated computerised data acquisition package.
Instrument Society of America, 67 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12277, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 1981. Reprint, p.7-12. Illus. 1 ref.

CIS 85-1025 Marí Borrás V., Castella López J.L.
Rapidly established criteria in hygienic evaluation: their application in welding operations
Los criterios rápidos de valoración higiénica: su aplicación a las operaciones de soldadura [in Spanish]
Description of a quick method of exposure evaluation in welding, involving calculations of exposure based on electrode consumption and the number of hours of exposure.
Mapfre seguridad, 2nd quarter 1981, Vol.1, No.2, p.13-18. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 83-1455 Beaulieu H.J., Buchan R.M.
Quantitative industrial hygiene
This laboratory textbook covers methods for the quantitative determination of particulates, gases and selected physical factors such as noise, heat, light and non-ionising radiation. Chapters cover: air samling pumps and calibration; aerosol sampling and fibre counting; particulate sampling; gas and vapour sampling and analysis; evaluation of exhaust ventilation systems; evaluation of heat stress, noise, illumination and microwaves; industrial hygiene survey; respiratory protection.
Garland STPM Press, 136 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA, 1981. 157p. Illus. 27 ref. Price: US$17.50.

CIS 82-1930 Purnell C.J., Wright M.D., Brown R.H.
Performance of the Porton Down charcoal cloth diffusive sampler
The Porton Down diffusive sampler was calibrated for 8 organic vapours. The results are compared with theoretical calculations of the rate of diffusive uptake. Diffusive uptake is affected by ambient air velocity <0.1ms-1, a value exceeded in most personal sampling situations, and also by the capacity of the charcoal cloth adsorbent. A procedure is described which estimates the time of onset of saturation under given conditions of vapour concentration and ambient humidity; the results are compared with laboratory calibrations of the samplers. Under appropriate conditions in the field this sampler gives valid results.
Analyst, May 1981, Vol.106, p.590-598. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 82-1640 Kelley W.D.
Dosimetry for chemical and physical agents
Papers presented at an ACGIH symposium (Cincinnati, USA, 6-8 Oct. 1980) are reproduced. Topics covered include: requirements of OSHA and NIOSH recommendations; monitoring and reporting to meet regulatory requirements; passive monitors; dosimeters for ionising and non-ionising radiation, and noise; field sampling; dosimeter performance and evaluation; chemical monitoring; noise dosimetry.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway Ave., Building D-5, Cincinnati, Ohio 45211, USA, 1981. 351p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 82-1637 Koshi S.
Control and evaluation of the work environment
The disparity between the factors which must be taken into account when monitoring workers' health and those that must be considered when monitoring toxic hazards in the workers' environment are discussed (constancy of biological factors vs. Variability of environmental factors, differences between individual and group biological data, etc.). A method is proposed for assessing work environment conditions using geometric mean concentrations and geometric standard deviations of toxic substances obtained by periodic sampling and determination of atmospheric concentrations of toxic substances, instead of the measurement of exposure concentration. The method is designed to classify work environment conditions into 3 zones divided by 2 control levels and to determine whether environmental control measures need to be taken.
Asian Medical Journal, Feb. 1981, Vol.24, No.2, p.89-103. Illus. 1 ref.

CIS 81-1404 Greenberg R.A., Tamburro C.H.
Exposure indices for epidemiological surveillance of carcinogenic agents in an industrial chemical environment.
Exposure indices which combine the components of work history and job exposure category were developed for 22 chemicals, and the system was validated statistically using industry-related cancer and worker-matched controls. Rank-ordered job exposure categories were assigned after jobs were classified according to area location and work description. The chemical exposure rating is an ordered, six-category ranking assigned to each area-description number for each calendar year. The application of this exposure index system to the incidence of hepatic angiosarcoma showed a clear pattern of high exposure to vinyl chloride over a 30 year period. The data demonstrate that a system of rank-ordered individual exposure indices for highly suspect chemicals can be implemented in an industrial environment and can identify a known causative relationship between exposure and the development of disease.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, May 1981, Vol.23, No.5, p.353-358. Illus. 9 ref.

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