Exposure evaluation - 1,808 entries found

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1999

CIS 99-1585 Jang J.Y., Lee S.Y., Kim J.I., Park J.B., Lee K.J., Chung H. K.
Application of biological monitoring to the quantitative exposure assessment for neuropsychological effect by chronic exposure to organic solvents
Environmental and biological monitoring were carried out at a shipyard to evaluate the exposure of workers to organic solvents. Cumulative exposure and lifetime-weighted average exposure variables were developed with both environmental and biological monitoring data. A neuropsychological questionnaire and function tests were performed for confirmation of a disorder or dysfunction in attention, executive function, visuospatial and constructional abilities, learning and memory, and psychomotor function. The abnormal rate in neuropsychological diagnosis was 9.3% in the exposed group and 2.1% in the nonexposed group. The neuropsychological abnormal rate showed a significant dose-response association with cumulative exposure assessed with biological monitoring data. Topics: cognitive performance; determination in air; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; exposure evaluation; job-exposure relation; long-term exposure; neuropsychic effects; organic solvents; shipyards.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Mar. 1999, Vol.72, No.2, p.107-114. 57 ref.

CIS 99-1584 Miller M.J., Edwards J.W.
Possible preferential metabolism of xylene isomers following occupational exposure to mixed xylenes
Twelve workers exposed to xylene provided a pre-work and post-work urine sample on a midweek working day. Breathing-zone air samples were also collected. Results suggest that excretion of m-methylhippuric acid in urine is favoured over that of the other isomers following exposure to mixed xylenes. This is independent of airborne xylene isomer composition and suggests that metabolism of m-xylene occurs preferentially to that of the other isomers. Findings also suggest that there is potential for metabolic interactions between xylene isomers and that these may be the basis for xylene toxicity. Topics: p-xylene; m-xylene; xylene; m-methylhippuric acid; o-xylene; determination in urine; exposure evaluation; metabolic process; metabolic studies; methylhippuric acid; respirators; solvents; urinary excretion; urinary metabolites.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Mar. 1999, Vol.72, No.2, p.89-97. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 99-1303
Health and Safety Executive
Respirable crystalline silica - Exposure assessment document
Topics: brick and tile industry; building industry; cristobalite; quartz; tridymite; silica; dust control; economic aspects; exposure evaluation; foundries; job-exposure relation; limitation of exposure; pottery industry; quarrying industry; report; respirable dust; stone dressing.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, 1999. vi, 51p. 13 ref. Price: GBP 7.50.

CIS 99-1266 Romundstad P., Haldorsen T., Rønneberg A.
Exposure to PAH and fluoride in aluminum reduction plants in Norway: Historical estimation of exposure using process parameters and industrial hygiene measurements
A methodology for the historical estimation of exposure to fluoride and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at two Norwegian aluminium smelters is described. Area concentrations of fluoride and PAH in periods with no measurements were estimated and relationships between measured area concentrations and process parameters were investigated by statistical modelling. Process parameters and the models were then used to estimate area concentrations in periods lacking area measurement data. The relationships between the area measurements and job specific exposure (personal measurements) were investigated by use of a measurement model. Finally, the relationships obtained were used to estimate job specific exposure in different periods. Despite limitations of available measurements in the early production period, the exposure estimates from this study provide a reasonable tool for the estimation of dose-response relations in subsequent epidemiological analyses. Topics: aluminium industry; aromatic hydrocarbons; description of technique; determination in air; exposure evaluation; fluorides; job-exposure relation; mathematical models; personal sampling; polycyclic hydrocarbons.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1999, Vol.35, No.2, p.164-174. 13 ref.

CIS 99-1232 Griffin P., Mason H., Heywood K, Cocker J.
Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: A human volunteer study
An oral dose of chlorpyrifos was readily absorbed and almost all of the dose was recovered as urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites. Chlorpyrifos was also absorbed through the skin. Excretion was delayed compared with the oral dose. Only a small proportion of the applied dose was recovered during the course of the experiment. The best time to collect urine samples for biological monitoring after dermal exposure is before the shift the next day. The amounts of chlorpyrifos used did not depress acetyl cholinesterase activity but could be readily detected as urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites indicating that the urinary assay is a more sensitive indicator of exposure. Topics: acetylcholinesterase; chlorpyrifos; determination in blood; determination in urine; exposure evaluation; ingestion; insecticides; metabolic process; skin absorption; urinary metabolites.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 1999, Vol.56, No.1, p.10-13. Illus. 9 ref.

1998

CIS 02-866 Second supplement to the fourth edition of the NIOSH manual of analytical methods (NMAM)
Supplement to the fourth edition of the NIOSH manual of analytical methods for monitoring exposure to toxic substances published in 1994 (see CIS 98-217). It consists of updates to the introductory chapters, analytical methods, glossary of abbreviations and index.
Publications Dissemination, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA, Jan. 1998. 500p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index.

CIS 01-1516
International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA)
Protection of workers from power frequency electric and magnetic fields - A practical guide
Arabic translation of the ILO publication analysed under CIS 94-704. It comprises a review of data on the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields on biological systems pertinent to the evaluation of health risks for workers. It provides information on the possible effects of exposure to 50/60Hz electric and magnetic fields on human health and gives guidance on the assessment of risks from occupational exposure. Areas in which uncertainties exist and further research is needed are also indicated. Biological effects of ELF electric and magnetic fields and national exposure standards are presented in appendices.
ILO Publications, International Labour Office, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 1998. 189p. Illus. 112 ref.

CIS 01-1117 Michels P.E.
Nickel and chromium (VI) aerosols in workplace air in electroplating workshops
Nickel- und Chrom(VI)-Aerosole in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz galvanotechnischer Betriebe [in German]
Topics: aerosols; air sampling; nickel; chromic acid; chromium and compounds; description of technique; determination in air; electroplating; exposure evaluation; personal sampling; plating solutions; threshold limit values.
Die BG, July 1998, No.7, p.400-406. Illus.

CIS 01-1178 Santolaya Martínez C., Guardino Solá X., Rosell Farrás M.G.
Benzene exposure assessment: Environmental and biological control
Evaluación de la exposición a benceno: control ambiental y biológico [in Spanish]
This information note on environmental and biological monitoring for benzene exposure assessment describes various methods for the sampling and analysis of benzene in ambient air, exhaled air and biological fluids (blood and urine). S-phenylmercapturic acid is currently considered as the most appropriate marker for biological monitoring of low exposures to benzene.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1998. 5p. 11 ref.

CIS 01-1134 Hecht G., Héry M., Subra I., Aubert S., Gerber J.M., Hubert J., Oury V., Dieudonné M.
Exposure to chloramine during the treatment of fresh vegetables intended for immediate use
Exposition aux chloramines lors du conditionnement des légumes frais prêts à l'emploi [in French]
The preparation of fresh vegetables for sale to the public is of increasing importance in the food industry, currently growing at an annual rate of about 10%. In order to ensure that the products supplied are safe for consumption, the vegetables are disinfected in chlorinated water prior to packaging. Atmospheric concentration of chlorine or its derivatives was measured in six vegetable packing establishments. Most of the pollution was in the form of mono- and dichloramines, and to a lesser extent nitrogen trichloride. The study also revealed higher pollution levels in firms which used recycled water.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 4th Quarter 1998, No.173, p.381-387. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 01-1166 Kersemaekers W.M., Verheijen N., Kromhout H., Roeleveld N., Zielhuis G.A.
Assessment of exposure to solvents among hairdressers: Reliability of a classification scheme and questionnaire
The objective was to assess the reliability of a new classification scheme and interview questions for retrospective exposure assessment in studies of reproductive disorders among hairdressers. Based on whether air cleaning devices and setting waves are present in the hairdressing salon, this scheme divides hairdressers into groups with potentially high and low exposure to solvents. The hairdressers were interviewed one or two years after the measurements were performed, and classified into exposure groups. Measured ethanol concentrations were compared between the classified exposure groups. The interview responses were also compared with the information recorded one to two years earlier. The study concludes that self reported presence of a ventilation device is most predictive for the level of exposure to ethanol in the hairdressing salon.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 1998, Vol.55, No.1, p.37-42. 12 ref.

CIS 01-1161 Dieudonné M., Delesalle C., Marsan P., Protois J.C.
Chemical hazards related to polyethylene processing
Risques chimiques liés à la mise en œuvre du polyéthylène [in French]
Samples from firms where polyethylene is processed into films and bags were used to assess chemical hazards during the main processing phases. The extrusion-blowing phase in the making of film does not generate much pollution. The manufacture of the film is generally followed by CORONA surface treatment. It is essential to extract the large quantities of ozone produced. Few employees are exposed in the workshops concerned. In hot cutting and welding, the fumes given off contain low molecular weight irritant compounds (formaldehydes and acetaldehydes, ketones, formic and acetic acids, etc.), which must be captured at the source. Flexographic printing uses large quantities of solvents (inks and cleaning fluids). The solvent type and the quality of exhaust must be carefully studied. The gradual replacement of old machines greatly helps to reduce the pollution which may account for some of the pathologies reported.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 1st Quarter 1998, No.170, Note No.2073-170-98, p.41-48. 16 ref.

CIS 01-395 Vincent R., Wild P., Thiéry L., Leplay A., Marsenac F., Despres B.
The ALTREX software package: Tool for the statistical analysis and interpretation of measurement results - Assessment of occupational exposure to chemicals and noise
ALTREX: un logiciel pour l'analyse statistique et l'interprétation des résultats de mesures - Cas des expositions professionnelles aux agents chimiques et au bruit [in French]
The interpretation of occupational exposure measurements is an important step when assessing workplace exposure to stressors. Statistical analysis procedures recommended by several industrial hygiene standards were gathered in the ALTREX software. Statistical tests included in ALTREX make it possible to analyse exposure variations and to establish a diagnosis of the exposure situation, based on the probability of exposures exceeding threshold limit values, ALTREX can be used to process two types of measurements: chemical substances and noise.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 3rd Quarter 1998, No.172, Note No.2084-172-98, p.273-281. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 01-488 Oury V., Peltier A.
Sampling and determination of chlorine dioxide by specific trapping: Development of a method applicable to workplace atmospheres
Prélèvement et dosage du dioxyde de chlore par piégeage spécifique: mise au point d'une méthode applicable aux ambiances de travail [in French]
Laboratory tests led to the selection of a chlorine dioxide trapping method that makes workplace measurements easier: the sampling filter is impregnated with triethanolamine, with immediate desorption of the filter in water. The resulting solution can be analysed up to three or four weeks later, by ion exchange chromatography. This sampling method has been made available to the occupational risk prevention departments of the French regional health insurance funds, which are required to monitor work stations where chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant. The method may also be used in the presence of other chlorine derivatives, by adding specific traps.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 3rd Quarter 1998, No.172, Note No.2081-172-98, p.233-242. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 01-521 Workplace atmospheres - Terminology of industrial hygiene - Exposure, exposure assessment, limit values
Air des lieux de travail - Eléments de terminologie, en hygiène du travail - L'exposition, son évaluation, les valeurs limites [in French]
This standard defines the basic concepts of occupational exposure, exposure evaluation and limit values.
Association française de normalisation (AFNOR), Tour Europe, 92049 Paris La Défense Cedex, France, 1998. 15p.

CIS 01-149 Charron K.A., Puskar M.A., Levine S.P.
Field validation of passive monitors for the determination of employee exposures to methylene chloride in pharmaceutical production facilities
A series of field evaluations was performed to estimate the overall uncertainty of three passive monitors to determine methylene chloride (MeCl₂) concentrations. Area samples were exposed in a pharmaceutical production facility at five MeCl₂ air concentrations for both permissible exposure limit (PEL) and short-term exposure limit (STEL) periods. A specially designed evaluation chamber was used to concurrently expose six of each type of passive monitor while concurrently collecting six active samples from locations surrounding the dosimeter array. The actual MeCl₂ concentrations for the PEL sampling periods ranged from 0.9 to 63ppm. The pooled overall uncertainty results for all the passive monitors evaluated under PEL sampling conditions met the NIOSH accuracy recommendations. Pooled overall uncertainty for PEL evaluations for the three monitors were 17%, 13%, and 17%. Actual MeCl₂ concentrations for the STEL sampling periods ranged from 14 to 357ppm. Pooled overall uncertainty results for two monitors evaluated under STEL sampling conditions met the NIOSH accuracy recommendations; however, one passive monitor was slightly greater than the NIOSH recommendation. Pooled overall uncertainty for STEL evaluations for the three monitors were 541±18%; ±16%; and ±27%.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1998, Vol.59, No.5, p.353-358. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 01-138 Heran-Leroy O., Sandret N.
Results of the "SUMER 94" survey - Occupational exposure to carcinogens
Résultats de l'enquête "SUMER 94" - L'exposition aux produits cancérogènes dans le travail [in French]
Topics: carcinogens; butadiene; asbestos; benzene; beryllium; cadmium; silica; acrylamide; exposure evaluation; France; industrial physicians; job-exposure relation; legislation; length of exposure; mineral oils; survey; wood dust.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, 3th Quarter 1998, No.75, p.265-272.

CIS 00-1769 Punnett L.
Ergonomic stressors and upper extremity disorders in vehicle manufacturing: Cross sectional exposure-response trends
To evaluate the association between upper extremity soft tissue disorders and exposure to preventable ergonomic stressors in vehicle manufacturing operations, a cross-sectional study was conducted in a vehicle stamping and an engine assembly plant. A standardized physical examination of the upper extremities was performed on all subjects. An interviewer-administered questionnaire obtained data on demographics, work history, musculoskeletal symptoms, non-occupational covariates, and psycho-physical ratings of ergonomic stressors. The prevalence of symptom disorders was 22% for the wrists or hands and 15% for the shoulders or upper arms; cases defined on the basis of a physical examination were about 80% as frequent. Disorders of the upper extremities, shoulders, and wrists or hands all increased markedly with exposure score, after adjustment for plant, acute injury, sex, body mass index, systemic disease and seniority. The exposure-response trend was very similar for symptom cases and for physical examination cases.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 1998, Vol.55, No.6, p.414-420. Illus. 45 ref.

CIS 00-1650 Grosjean R., Ackermans H., de Ridder M., de Meester M.
Determination of free silica in a set of toners
A recent publication suggests a link between occupational exposure to toners (e.g. in a photo-copying shop) and a pneumoconiosis-type of disease. A set of toners used for printing or photo-copying was analysed to identify the presence of crystalline silica. The results of this survey indicate that the use of the analysed toners does not represent a risk of silicosis.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Apr. 1998, Vol.42, No.3, p.219-220. 8 ref.

CIS 00-1658 Scobbie E., Groves J.A.
Determination of dimethyl sulphate and diethyl sulphate in air by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
A method for measuring dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and diethyl sulfate (DES) in air was evaluated, both in the laboratory and in the workplace. The method involved sampling onto sorbent tubes containing Tenax TA, followed by thermal desorption and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was shown to be effective at measuring DMS and DES over the range 0.1 to 2 times the British occupational exposure limit of 0.05ppm for 8 hours.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Apr. 1998, Vol.42, No.3, p.201-207. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 00-1679 Benke G., Abramson M., Sim M.
Exposures in the alumina and primary aluminium industry: An historical review
Epidemiological studies on chemical exposure in the aluminium industry are reviewed. Most such studies have concentrated on aluminium smelting, with many limitations in methodology. In aluminium smelting, exposure to fluorides, coal tar pitch volatiles and sulfur dioxide have tended to decrease in recent years, but insufficient information exists for other exposures. One finding is that excess cancers have been found among aluminium smelting workers. The small number of cohort studies have been a factor in the failure to identify clear exposure-response relationships for respiratory diseases. A dose-response relationship has been recently described for fluoride exposure and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, but whether fluorides are the causative agent remains to be determined. Practically no epidemiological studies and quantitative exposure data for bauxite mining and alumina refining exist. Determination of possible relationships for this part of the industry through improved exposure assessment methods should be the focus of future studies.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Apr. 1998, Vol.42, No.3, p.173-189. Illus. 95 ref.

CIS 00-1725 Semple S., Cherrie J.W.
Factors influencing personal magnetic field exposure: Preliminary results for power utility and office workers
Epidemiological studies and laboratory research suggest that exposure to extremely low frequency (<300Hz) magnetic fields is associated with an increase in the risk of developing a number of rare diseases, including leukaemia. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify and evaluate personal, work and environmental factors and their influence on exposure levels. Office workers and power utility workers were studied using personal dosimeters to measure magnetic field exposure, along with frequent observation or measurement of factors related to exposure. Factors such as average and closest distance to source, time at position and current flow were combined in a series of metrics to investigate simple models of personal exposure. The results indicate that mean and peak magnetic field exposure levels are linked to current flow and the average distance of a worker from the source of the magnetic field. These factors are more accurate predictors of high exposures than they are of lower and average levels.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Apr. 1998, Vol.42, No.3, p.167-171. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 00-1682 Garrod A.N.I., Rimmer D.A., Robertshaw L., Jones T.
Occupational exposure through spraying remedial pesticides
Surveys at sites of remedial in-situ timber and masonry treatment took place with the purpose of measuring the surface deposition and inhalation exposure of the operators to the pesticide spray fluids used. The diluted spray fluids were found to have significantly different concentrations from those intended by the sprayer. Deposition rates for spray fluid on coveralls covered a wide range, with more than a 30-fold difference between the median and the highest results. Contamination of coveralls occurred in all surveys, with the pesticide getting beneath the coveralls in 95% of surveys, with a median 5% contamination beneath the overall. The averaged and normalized deposition pattern was 75% on the legs, 11% on the arms, 12% on the torso and 2% on the head. Exposure of hands to pesticide (expressed as spray fluid) beneath protective gloves occurred in 89% of the surveys and contamination of socks by spray fluid in 78% of the surveys. Exposure by inhalation to spray fluid was measurable in 72% of the surveys. Inhalation exposure and deposition on coveralls rose markedly at spray pressures above 700kPa (100psi).
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Apr. 1998, Vol.42, No.3, p.159-165. 5 ref.

CIS 00-1323 4th Workshop of the Inter-University Institute of Occupational Medicine of Paris Ile-de-France (1997) - Present knowledge on some carcinogenic agents and processes
IVe Journée de recherche de l'Institut interuniversitaire de médecine du travail de Paris Ile-de France (1997) - Actualités sur certains agents ou procédés cancérogènes [in French]
Topics: aromatic amines; cancer; carcinogenic effects; carcinogens; asbestos; benzene; beryllium; silica; conference; diesel oil; exposure evaluation; France; hazard evaluation; information of personnel; ionizing radiation; legal aspects; medical supervision; mineral oils; supply of information; wood dust.
Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail, May 1998, Vol.59, No.3, p.157-189. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 00-1390 London L., Myers J.E.
Use of a crop and job specific exposure matrix for retrospective assessment of long term exposure in studies of chronic neurotoxic effects of agrichemicals
The long term exposure of farm workers based on a job exposure matrix (JEM) developed for use in a study of the neurotoxic effects of organophosphates was estimated and the repeatability and validity of the JEM was evaluated. A JEM was constructed with secondary data from industry and expert opinion of the estimate of agrichemical exposure within every possible job activity in the JEM to weight job days for exposure to organophosphates. Cumulative lifetime and average intensity exposure of organophosphate exposure were calculated for 163 pesticide applicators and 84 controls. Repeat questionnaires were given to 29 participants three months later to test repeatability of measurements. The ability of JEM based exposure to predict a known marker of organophosphate exposure was used to validate the JEM. Cumulative lifetime exposure as measured in kg organophosphate exposure, was significantly associated with erythrocyte cholinesterase concentrations, controlled for a range of confounders. Repeatability and average lifetime intensity of exposure was adequate.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1998, Vol.55, No.3, p.194-201. Illus. 53 ref.

CIS 00-522 Nicholas J.S., Lackland D.T., Butler G.C., Mohr L.C., Dunbar J.B., Kaune W.T., Grosche B., Hoel D.G.
Cosmic radiation and magnetic field exposure to airline flight crews
Personal dosimeters were used to measure magnetic fields in the cockpit and the cabin of several different aircraft types during 37 flights. Cosmic radiation was estimated by computer for 206 flights. Magnetic field levels in the cockpit had a mean value of approximately 17 milliGauss (mG), while cabin measurements were lower (between 3 and 6mG). Cosmic radiation equivalent dose rates to bone marrow and skeletal tissue ranged from 0.3 to 5.7µSv (microsieverts) per hour. Elevated magnetic field levels in the front serving areas and the cockpit suggest the need for further study to evaluate long-term exposure to cosmic radiation and magnetic fields by flight crew members who work in these areas. Cosmic radiation levels are well below occupational limits for adults, but may require some pregnant flight crew members to adjust their flying time or routes.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Dec. 1998, Vol.34, No.6, p.574-580. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 00-452 Linch K.D., Miller W.E., Althouse R.B., Groce D.W., Hale J.M.
Surveillance of respirable crystalline silica dust using OSHA compliance data (1979-1995)
Respirable crystalline silica air sampling data from regulatory compliance inspections performed by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for the years 1979-1995 were analysed. Data exclude mining and agriculture. Some of the highest respirable crystalline silica dust concentrations occurred in construction (masonry, heavy construction and painting), iron and steel foundries (casting) and in metal services (sandblasting, grinding or buffing of metal parts). Some workers were exposed to at least 10 times the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of 0.05mg/m³. The industry with the highest percentage of workers exposed to at least the REL was the cut stone and stone products industry. Engineering controls should be instituted in the industries identified here.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Dec. 1998, Vol.34, No.6, p.547-558. 46 ref.

CIS 00-160 Symanski E., Kupper L.L., Rappaport S.M., Hertz-Picciotto I.
Comprehensive evaluation of long term trends in occupational exposure: Part 1 - Description of the data base; Part 2 - Predictive models for declining exposures
Studies reporting historical changes in exposure were reviewed. Analysis of exposure data shows that occupational exposures are generally lower today than they were years or decades ago. However, such trends seem to have been affected by factors related to the contaminant as well as to the period and type of sampling. Results of univariable analysis suggest that exposures declined more rapidly in manufacturing than in mining, more rapidly for aerosol contaminants than for vapours and more rapidly when biological, rather than airborne, monitoring was conducted. By identifying factors that have affected rates of reduction in a consistent fashion, results should guide investigators in estimating historical levels in studies of exposure-response relations.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 1998, Vol.55, No.5, p.300-316. Illus. 189 ref.

CIS 00-272 van der Beek A.J., Frings-Dresen M.H.W.
Assessment of mechanical exposure in ergonomic epidemiology
Methods developed to assess mechanical exposures related to musculoskeletal disorders are evaluated in terms of accuracy and applicability. Assessment of external exposure measures by subjective judgements, observational methods and direct measurements are discussed for each of the dimensions of exposure level, duration and frequency. Methods for the assessment of internal exposures include biomechanical modelling, electromyography and measurement of intra-abdominal pressure. Current problems and future directions in measurement strategies and methods are discussed.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 1998, Vol.55, No.5, p.291-299. 61 ref.

CIS 99-1984 Miscetti G., Garofani P., Bodo P., Ballerani A., Luciani G., Mazzanti M., Peccetti V.
Exposure to wood dust in a group of craft wood working industries (second process)
Esposizione a polveri di legno in un gruppo di falegnamerie artigiane di seconda lavorazione del legno [in Italian]
74 area and 74 personal dust samplings were made in a group of 13 craft woodworking industries to evaluate the risk connected with wood dust exposure. Both the total and the respirable fraction of dusts were calculated from personal samplings. Area samplings showed dust levels within the ACGIH time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) values for soft wood dust. The TLV-TWA for hard wood dust was exceeded, with a high risk of exceeding the TLV-TWA in the medium term. Exposure levels as assessed by personal sampling clearly exceeded the TLV-TWA for hard woods and, less clearly, for soft woods. Exposure conditions in the medium term were clearly unacceptable. Results show the need for preventive measures to reduce worker exposure to wood dust, through workplace improvements and better work organization, technological structures, individual attitudes and personal protection. Topics: air sampling; arts and crafts; exposure evaluation; hardwoods; personal sampling; respirable dust; softwoods; threshold limit values; wood dust; woodworking industry.
Medicina del lavoro, Nov.-Dec. 1998, Vol.89, No.6, p.514-523. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 99-2043 Lehmann F., Hambeck L., Linkert K. H., Lutze H., Meyer H., Reiber H., Reinisch A:, Renner H. J., Seifert T., Wolf F.
Exposure to ionizing radiation in the uranium mining industry in the former German Democratic Republic - Final research report
Belastung durch ionisierende Strahlung im Uranerzbergbau der ehemaligen DDR - Abschlussbericht zu einem Forschungsvorhaben [in German]
The approach to determining past radiation exposure of uranium miners of the former GDR is described and resulting radiation levels listed. For a total of 523 different activities in underground and opencast uranium mining and ore processing exposures to radon daughters, radionuclides with long half-lives and gamma radiation between 1946 to 1990, when the mines were shut down, were determined. Inhalation of radon daughters was found to be the dominant type of radiation exposure in underground mining while inhalation of radionuclides with long half-lives constituted the dominant radiation source in open cast mining. Exposure to gamma radiation was comparatively low although doses of more than 70mSv/year did occur in some instances. Summaries in English, French and Spanish. Topics: uranium; exposure evaluation; gamma radiation; Germany; ionizing radiation; opencast work; radon daughters; underground mining; uranium mining.
Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften, Alte Heerstrasse 111, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany, Dec. 1998. 484p. Illus. 39 ref.

CIS 99-1820 Malchaire J., Piette A., Cock N.
Thermal working environments - Strategy for the assessment and control of hazards
Ambiances thermiques de travail - Stratégie d'évaluation et de prévention des risques [in French]
Thermisch omgevingsfactoren - Stategie voor evaluatie en preventie van risico's [in Dutch]
Topics: air temperature; Belgium; check lists; description of technique; exposure evaluation; hot workplaces; humidity; legislation; length of exposure; limitation of exposure; medical supervision; natural ventilation; occupational hygiene; physical workload; radiant heat; temperature measurement; thermal comfort; thermal environment; training manuals; training material; WBGT index; work clothing.
Federaal Ministerie van Tewekstelling en Arbeid, Belliardstraat 51, 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 1998. 83p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 99-1819 Malchaire J., Piette A., Cock N.
Whole-body vibration - Strategy for the assessment and control of hazards
Vibrations corps total - Stratégie d'évaluation et de prévention des risques [in French]
Globale lichaarmstrillingen - Stategie voor evaluatie en preventie van risico's [in Dutch]
Topics: Belgium; check lists; description of technique; drivers seats; earthmoving equipment; elevating platform trucks; exposure evaluation; legislation; length of exposure; limitation of exposure; maintenance; medical supervision; overhead travelling cranes; training manuals; training material; trucks; vibration acceleration; vibration control; vibration damping; vibration measurement; vibration transmission; whole-body vibration; work posture.
Federaal Ministerie van Tewekstelling en Arbeid, Belliardstraat 51, 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 1998. 66p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 99-1818 Malchaire J., Piette A., Cock N.
Hand-arm vibration - Strategy for the assessment and control of hazards
Vibrations mains-bras - Stratégie d'évaluation et de prévention des risques [in French]
Trillingen van net hand-arm-systeem - Stategie voor evaluatie en preventie van risico's [in Dutch]
Topics: Belgium; check lists; description of technique; exposure evaluation; hand-arm vibration; legislation; length of exposure; limitation of exposure; maintenance; medical supervision; tool handles; training manuals; training material; vibrating tools; vibration control; vibration damping; vibration measurement; vibration transmission; work posture.
Federaal Ministerie van Tewekstelling en Arbeid, Belliardstraat 51, 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 1998. 62p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 99-1817 Malchaire J., Piette A., Cock N.
Noise - Strategy for the assessment and control of hazards
Bruit - Stratégie d'évaluation et de prévention des risques [in French]
Lawaai - Stategie voor evaluatie en preventie van risico's [in Dutch]
Topics: Belgium; check lists; comfort criteria; deafness; description of technique; exposure evaluation; legislation; limitation of exposure; medical supervision; noise control; noise dosimetry; noise measurement; noise reverberation; personal protective equipment; sound attenuation; training manuals; training material; workplace design.
Federaal Ministerie van Tewekstelling en Arbeid, Belliardstraat 51, 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 1998. 80p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 99-1471 Bowman J.D., Kelsh M.A., Kaune W.T.
Manual for measuring occupational electric and magnetic field exposures
Topics: description of technique; electric fields; exposure evaluation; magnetic fields; measurement and investigation; measurement of physical agents; training manuals; training material; USA.
Publications Dissemination, EID, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Oct. 1998. viii, 137p. Bibl.ref. Index.

CIS 99-1573 Castel B., Lefèvre C., Lhuillier F., Delcourt J., Sandino J.P.
Testing of benzene passive samplers: An inter-laboratory trial
Détermination du benzène par échantillonnage passif: essais interlaboratoires [in French]
Topics: benzene; description of technique; evaluation of technique; exposure evaluation; passive dosimeters; statistical evaluation; test laboratories; testing.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 2nd Quarter 1998, No.171, Note No.2076-171-98, p.139-146. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 99-1674 Acoustics - Guidelines for noise control by silencers
Acoustique - Lignes directrices pour la réduction du bruit au moyen de silencieux [in French]
Topics: design of equipment; exposure evaluation; ISO; noise charts; noise control; noise level measurement; noise measurement; silencers; sound absorption; sound propagation; standard.
International Organization for Standardization, Case postale 56, 1211 Genève 20, Switzerland, 15 Oct. 1998. v, 44p. Illus. 31 ref.

CIS 99-1673 Acoustics - Description and measurement of environmental noise - Part 2: Acquisition of data pertinent to land use. Amendment 1
Acoustique - Caractérisation et mesurage du bruit de l'environnement - Partie 2: saisie des données pertinentes pour l'utilisation des sols. Amendement 1 [in French]
Amends ISO standard 1996-2 of 1987 (CIS 93-658). Topics: description of technique; exposure evaluation; ISO; neighbourhood protection; noise charts; noise level measurement; standard.
International Organization for Standardization, Case postale 56, 1211 Genève 20, Switzerland, 15 Sep. 1998. ii, 8p. 22 ref.

CIS 99-1609 Wassenius O., Järvholm B., Engström T., Lillienberg L., Meding B.
Variability in the skin exposure of machine operators exposed to cutting fluids
A new technique for measuring skin exposure to cutting fluids is described. The technique is based on video recording and subsequent analysis of the video tape by means of computer-synchronized video equipment. The exposure of 12 machine operators performing cyclic (repetitive) work was analyzed in six different workshops. The time intervals at which the machine operator's hand was exposed to fluid were registered, and the total wet time of the skin was calculated by assuming different evaporation times for the fluid. The relative wet time varied between 0% and 100%. A significant association between short cycle time and high relative wet time was noted. However, there was no relationship between the degree of automatization of the metal cutting machines and wet time. The technique appears to give objective information about dermal wetness. Topics: automation; computer analysis; cutting fluids; description of technique; eczema; exposure evaluation; image analysis; metalcutting saws; metalworking industry; photographic methods of detection; repetitive work; skin absorption.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Apr. 1998, Vol.24, No.2, p.125-129. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 99-1261 Masci O., Carelli G., Vinci F., Castellino N.
Blood lead concentration and biological effects in workers exposed to very low lead levels
A longitudinal study was carried out on two groups of workers engaged in tin/lead alloy welding in the telecommunications sector. The risk of exposure was evaluated by measuring levels of airborne lead and concentrations of lead in blood. The correlated effects were assessed by determining zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP) and haemoglobin levels and red blood cell count. Subjective symptoms were also recorded. Results indicated a very low risk of lead exposure during microwelding operations. While blood lead concentrations were significantly higher than those in the general population, they were significantly lower than the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure limit. No variation was found in the other biological parameters investigated, and no health effects were observed. During the study period, the introduction of some technological innovations led to a further reduction in lead exposure and,subsequently, to its total elimination. Blood lead concentrations gradually declined to lower values, and ZPP concentrations also decreased to normal levels, demonstrating that the effect of lead on heme synthesis may occur even at very low levels of lead exposure. Topics: biological effects; lead; determination in air; determination in blood; exposure evaluation; haemoglobin; length of exposure; microwelding; porphyrins.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1998, Vol.40, No.10, p.886-894. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 99-1239 van Tongeren M.J.A., Barker R.D., Gardiner K., Harris J.M., Venables K.M., Harrington J.M., Newman Taylor A.J.
Retrospective exposure assessment for a cohort study into respiratory effects of acid anhydrides
In a retrospective cohort study in three alkyd resin factories and one cushioned flooring factory, personal exposures to phthalic (PA), trimellitic (TMA) and maleic anhydride (MA) were measured in 1992 and quantitative and qualitative information on past exposure and production processes were collected. Job titles were ranked by decreasing exposure and amalgamated into job categories and exposure groups. High exposures to PA were estimated to have occurred among workers operating the PA melting pots in one alkyd resin factory. Highest concentrations of TMA were estimated to have occurred among the ink mixers in the flooring factory from 1979 to 1986. Exposure in most other job titles was thought to be fairly constant over time for PA, TMA, and MA. Exposure to acid anhydride at these factories has fallen during the period covered by the study. However, it is estimated that in only one job in the flooring factory did past exposure to acid anhydride exceed the current occupational exposure standard. Accuracy of the estimated exposure is limited by a paucity of reliable past exposure data. Topics: carboxylic acid anhydrides; maleic anhydride; trimellitic anhydride; phthalic anhydride; cohort study; exposure evaluation; job-exposure relation; long-term exposure; long-term study.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1998, Vol.55, No.10, p.692-696. 15 ref.

CIS 99-1236 Brouwer D.H., Hoogendoorn L., Bos P.M.J, Boogaard P.J., van Hemmen J.J.
Proposal for the assessment of quantitative dermal exposure limits in occupational environments: Part 2. Feasibility study for application in an exposure scenario for MDA by two different dermal exposure sampling methods
Six workers were monitored for exposure to 4,4'-methylene dianiline (MDA) in a factory that made glass fibre reinforced resin pipes. Dermal exposure of the hands and forearms was assessed during week 1 by a surrogate skin technique (cotton monitoring gloves) and during week 2 by a removal technique (hand wash). Urinary excretion of MDA over 24 hours was also measured during week 2. Surface contamination of the workplace and equipment was monitored qualitatively by colorimetric wipe samples. Significant differences between the mean daily exposure of the hands (for both weeks and sampling methods) were found for all workers. The results of the colorimetric wipe samples indicated a general contamination of the workplace and equipment. Cumulative hand wash and MDA excretion results over a week showed a high correlation. It is concluded that both dermal exposure monitoring methods were applicable and showed a compatible performance in the present exposure scenario, where the exposure relevant to dermal absorption is considered mainly restricted to hands. For Part 1, see CIS 99-1235. Topics: methylenedianiline; colorimetry; description of technique; evaluation of technique; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; limitation of exposure; sampling methods; skin absorption; urinary excretion.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dec. 1998, Vol.55, No.12, p.805-811. Illus. 51 ref.

CIS 99-1376 Biersner R.J., Winn F. J.
Identification of ergonomic-related hazards in an industrial sample using the national occupational exposure survey
Topics: cold workplaces; exposure evaluation; harmful physical agents; job-exposure relation; radiofrequency radiation; repetitive work; risk factors; safety consciousness; sensorimotor activities; survey; upper extremities; USA; vibration; work posture.
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 1998, Vol.4, No.3, p.299-316. 10 ref.

CIS 99-1005 Héran-Le Roy O., Sandret N., Leprince A., Abadia G.
Results of the "SUMER 94" survey: Exposure to biological agents at work
Résultats de l'enquête "SUMER 94" - Exposition aux agents biologiques en milieu de travail [in French]
Topics: agricultural operations; biological hazards; biotechnology industry; exposure evaluation; fermentation; food industry; France; funeral services; health services; job-exposure relation; laboratory work; legislation; microorganisms; sewage treatment; statistics; survey.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, 1st Quarter 1998, No.73, p.39-45.

CIS 99-984 Williams M., Buckley K., Iles B.
CIDI trends analysis 1990-96
The UK Health and Safety Executive recently published the second analysis of doses recorded on the Central Index of Dose Information (CIDI), covering the period 1990-96. This article looks at some of the trends reported in that publication. Topics: absorbed dose; computerized data bases; exposure evaluation; ionizing radiation; job-exposure relation; mining industry; nuclear fuels; nuclear power stations; radiography; statistical trends; statistics; United Kingdom.
Radiological Protection Bulletin, Oct. 1998, No.206, p.5-10. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 99-983 Jones A., Mansfield P., Bell K.
Implications of deposition on skin for accident consequence assessments
Doses from material deposited on skin and clothing have received little consideration in calculations of the consequences of accidental releases of radioactive material to atmosphere. Some computer programs for calculating the consequences of accidental releases include this pathway, although the detail in which it is modelled differs between the various programs. Its importance was considered by Jones who calculated the numbers of health effects following a large hypothetical accident. This study suggested that the predicted numbers of early deaths and fatal cancers could increase by an order of magnitude and a factor of about four, respectively, if doses from skin deposition were included in the calculations, assuming the deposition to skin was equal to that to the ground. Topics: cancer; experimental determination; exposure evaluation; prediction formulae; radiation accidents; radioactive contamination of personnel; radioactive substances; reactors; skin contamination.
Radiological Protection Bulletin, Nov. 1998, No.207, p.9-14. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 99-1028 Occhipinti E.
OCRA: A concise index for the assessment of exposure to repetitive movements of the upper limbs
A method for calculating a concise index of exposure to repetitive movements of the upper limbs is proposed. The proposal is based on the procedure recommended by NIOSH (US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) for calculating the Lifting Index in manual load handling activities. The concise exposure index (OCRA index) in this case is based on the relationship between the daily number of actions actually performed by the upper limbs in repetitive tasks and the corresponding number of recommended actions. Although still experimental, the exposure index can be used to obtain an integrated and concise assessment of the various risk factors analysed and to classify occupational scenarios featuring significant and diversified exposure to such risk factors. Topics: exposure evaluation; mathematical models; repetitive strain injury; repetitive work; risk factors; upper extremity disorders; work posture.
Ergonomics, Sep. 1998, Vol.41, No.9, p.1290-1311. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 99-1027 Colombini D.
An observational method for classifying exposure to repetitive movements of the upper limbs
A model is presented for describing and evaluating the principal risk factors characterizing occupational exposure: frequency and repetitiveness of movements; use of force; type of posture and movements; distribution of recovery periods; and presence of other influential (additional) factors. For each risk factor, a method of practical detection is proposed along with criteria for classifying and interpreting the results based on a critical review of the literature. The concepts presented are illustrated with examples. The various factors considered are classified using numbers or indexes, so that they can be integrated into a concise exposure index. Topics: body mechanics; classification; description of technique; ergonomic evaluation; exposure evaluation; literature survey; motion study; repetitive strain injury; repetitive work; risk factors; upper extremity disorders; work posture; workbreaks.
Ergonomics, Sep. 1998, Vol.41, No.9, p.1261-1289. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 99-555 Vainiotalo S., Pekari K., Aitio A.
Exposure to methyl tert-butyl ether and tert-amyl methyl ether from gasoline during tank lorry loading and its measurement using biological monitoring
The exposure of Finnish tank lorry drivers to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) during loading of gasoline was studied using biological and breathing-zone sampling. Breathing-zone measurements showed low levels of exposure to the two oxygenates, the concentrations being well below current hygienic standards for MTBE. The linear correlations obtained for MTBE suggest that MTBE in blood or urine can be adopted as a valid biological exposure index. Topics: air sampling; methyl t-butyl ether; motor fuel; tert-amyl methyl ether; determination in blood; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; drivers; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; personal sampling; tank trucks.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sep. 1998, Vol.71, No.6, p.391-396. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 99-554 Phillips K., Bentley M.C., Howard D.A., Alván G.
Assessment of environmental tobacco smoke and respirable suspended particle exposures for nonsmokers in Prague using personal monitoring
Air samples were collected from the breathing zone of nonsmokers wearing personal monitors for 24h. Samples were analysed for respirable suspended particles, nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particles. Saliva cotinine analyses were also undertaken to confirm the nonsmoking status of the subjects. Highest exposures were apparent for office workers both working and living in smoking environments. Findings suggest a significant contribution to overall ETS particle and nicotine levels from the workplace where smoking takes place. Topics: airborne dust; cotinine; nicotine; Czech Republic; determination in air; determination in saliva; exposure evaluation; passive smoking; personal sampling; respirable dust.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sep. 1998, Vol.71, No.6, p.379-390. Illus. 24 ref.

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