Exposure evaluation - 1,808 entries found

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1999

CIS 01-187
Health and Safety Executive
Dermal exposure to non-agricultural pesticides - Exposure assessment document
Skin can be an important route to systemic dose and may be a target organ itself. This exposure assessment document presents data on dermal exposure to non-agricultural pesticides such as public hygiene insecticides, remedial biocides, industrial timber preservatives and antifouling preparation. Topics covered: exposure measurements; design of exposure studies; dermal exposure data; risk assessment; modified seven patch method for determining occupational dermal exposure.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 1999. iv, 46p. Illus. 38 ref. Price: GBP 7.50.

CIS 01-278 Li G., Buckle P.
Health and Safety Executive
Evaluating change in exposure to risk for musculoskeletal disorders - A practical tool
The aim of this research was to develop a user-friendly tool for the assessment of physical exposure to risks for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). Based on investigations of users' needs through group discussions and questionnaire surveys, and on literature analysis, the main criteria for WMSD exposure assessment were identified. The resulting tool consists of a few questions to be answered by the observer and by the worker. It is simple and quick to use, requiring only a few minutes of time for practitioners who conduct the risk assessment through observation, and for the workers who have direct experience through the performance of the task.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Nov. 1999. ii, 75p. Illus. 170 ref. Price: GBP 25.00.

CIS 01-228 Palmer K.T., Coggon D., Bendall H.E., Pannett B., Griffin M.J., Haward B.M.
Health and Safety Executive
Hand-transmitted vibration: Occupational exposures and their health effects in Great Britain
Based on the responses of approximately 13,000 men and women of working age selected at random in the United Kingdom to a questionnaire on exposure to vibration at work, the main conclusions of the survey are: approximately 4.2 million men and 0.7 million women are exposed to hand-transmitted vibration (HTV) at work in any one-week period; the occupations and industries with the highest exposures among men include metal-working production, carpenters, electricians, motor mechanics, plumbers, heating and ventilation workers, bricklayers and gardeners; exposure to HTV is a common cause of Raynaud's phenomenon among men; the most commonly used tools were hammer drills, hand-held portable grinders and jig saws; among women, highest exposures were for floor polishing among domestic workers and cleaners.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Sep. 1999. vi, 149p. Illus. 67 ref. Price: GBP 37.50.

CIS 01-227 Paddan G.S., Haward B.M., Griffin M.J., Palmer K.T.
Health and Safety Executive
Hand-transmitted vibration: Evaluation of some common sources of exposure in Great Britain
Workplace visits were undertaken to measure vibration on selected tools and to observe workers exposed to vibration. Hand-transmitted vibration was measured on the handles of 125 different powered tools and assessed according to current British and international standards. The measurements were also used to assist the interpretation of responses to the questionnaire survey on vibration (see CIS 01-228). The vibration magnitudes assumed for various machines from the interpretation of the questionnaire responses were generally in agreement with the measured values. However, there were large differences among tools of similar type. Ergonomic observation was carried out on 116 users of hand-held powered tools, with emphasis on working posture, grip force, manual handling, duration of tool use, work environment and work organization.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Sep. 1999. vi, 79p. Illus. 7 ref. Price: GBP 25.00.

CIS 01-226 Paddan G.S., Haward B.M., Griffin M.J., Palmer K.T.
Health and Safety Executive
Whole-body vibration: Evaluation of some common sources of exposure in Great Britain
Workplace visits were undertaken to measure the vibration on selected vehicles and machines, and observe workers exposed to whole-body vibration (WBV). Vibrations were measured on 39 vehicles and machines, and assessed according to current British and international standards. The measurements were also used to assist the interpretation of responses to the questionnaire survey on vibration (see CIS 01-225). The vibration magnitudes assumed for various vehicles and machines from the interpretation of the questionnaire responses were generally in agreement with the measured values. However, there were large differences between vehicles and machines of similar type. Ergonomic observation was carried out on 63 drivers exposed to WBV, with emphasis on driving posture, seat adjustment, ride comfort, manual handling of driving, duration of driving, work environment and work organization.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Sep. 1999. vi, 71p. Illus. 6 ref. Price: GBP 25.00.

CIS 01-225 Palmer K.T., Coggon D., Bendall H.E., Pannett B., Griffin M.J., Haward B.M.
Health and Safety Executive
Whole-body vibration: Occupational exposures and their health effects in Great Britain
Based on the responses of approximately 13,000 men and women of working age selected at random in the United Kingdom to a questionnaire on exposure to vibration at work, the main conclusions of the survey are: approximately 7.2 million men and 1.8 million women are exposed to whole-body vibration (WBV) at work in a one-week period; the occupations and industries with the highest exposures include drivers of forklift trucks, road transportation trucks, buses and coaches; moderate exposures exist for professional drivers and drivers of excavators and of off-road vehicles and industrial vehicles, and for helicopter pilots; overall, the risk of low-back pain due to exposure to WBV is small for most British workers, but more substantial risks may exist in certain occupations.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Sep. 1999. v, 143p. Illus. 37 ref. Price: GBP 37.50.

CIS 01-167 Cherrie J.W., McIntosh C., Ritchie P., Sewell C.
Health and Safety Executive
Voluntary reporting by UK industry of occupational exposure data on chemicals - A feasibility study
The objective of this study was to develop a cost-effective method of obtaining occupational exposure data on chemicals from industry in the United Kingdom and from other sources with a view to transfer the data to the Health and Safety Executive's National Exposure Database. Five different approaches were used to identify data for three selected chemicals: contact with trade associations, a survey of likely users of the chemicals, contacts with groups of occupational hygienists, contacts with major users or producers of hazardous substances and contact with local and national government organizations. Costs of identifying and collecting exposure data were estimated. The most cost-effective was the survey of major users, followed by occupational hygienists. Other approaches were significantly more expensive.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, June 1999. viii, 80p. Illus. 25 ref. Price: GBP 25.00.

CIS 01-229 Gabriel C., Lau R.
Health and Safety Executive
Assessment and management of the exposure of workers to electromagnetic fields in the workplace
This report addresses the assessment and management of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in accordance with the guidelines of the United Kingdom National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB). The main features of the NRPB guidelines are summarized and the evaluation of exposure is discussed with respect to source characterization, instrumentation, measurement techniques, data analysis and dosimetry. Exposure assessment techniques used in broadcasting and telecommunications, induction heating, dielectric heating and medical devices are described. Practical advice is given on all aspects of exposure assessment, as well as practical approaches to the monitoring and management of electromagnetic fields at the workplace.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, June 1999. v, 93p. Illus. 6 ref. Price: GBP 25.00.

CIS 01-172
Health and Safety Executive
Medium density fibreboard (MDF): Hazard assessment document
Medium density fibreboard is a wood composite material used in the furniture industry. When fibreboard is machined, an atmosphere containing wood dust, formaldehyde and resin binder dust is released. Exposure effects include nasal irritation, deficits in pulmonary function, nasal mucosal swelling, reduction in olfactory perception, histopathological changes in the nasal epithelium and contact dermatitis. However, there is no evidence that these exposures produce health effects different from those seen in workers exposed to dust from hardwood or particleboard.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Dec. 1999. vi, 41p. 36 ref. Price: GBP 7.50.

CIS 01-171
Health and Safety Executive
Flour dust: Risk assessment document
Flour is widely used in the food and catering industries. It generates significant airborne dust concentrations during handling, transfer and processing. This dust includes fungal α-amylase and cereal allergens which can give rise to skin and respiratory allergies. Non-allergic skin and respiratory effects are also reported. Given the exposure conditions that currently prevail in the flour-associated industry, there is evidence that a significant incidence of flour-inducted respiratory disease occurs. However, existing data are insufficient to determine clear dose-response relationships, nor do they permit thresholds for the provocation of asthmatic response to be defined.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Aug. 1999. iv, 76p. 152 ref. Price: GBP 10.00.

CIS 01-221 Cutler T.L., Breysse P.N., Schiffman A., Kanchanaraksa S., Rooney B.C.
Comparison of personal exposure meter placement for the determination of office worker ELF magnetic field exposures
This article compares extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposures measured by placing personal exposure meters (PEMs) at the head, chest and waist level for a group of office workers. Twenty-three volunteers were asked to wear three PEMs simultaneously; one was attached to a baseball cap worn on the head, one was attached to a band and worn around the neck (positioned on the chest), and one was worn in a belted pouch around the waist (positioned on the right side of the hip). The effect of PEM placement was evaluated by comparing full-shift average exposures and daily maximum or peak exposure. Results suggest that for office workers PEM meter placement on the body does not produce large differences in full-shift average ELF magnetic flux density exposures. However, the hip position produced the largest daily maximum or peak exposures. It is recommended that PEMs be placed on the hip for exposure assessments in office environments, because this placement is the most commonly used and the most convenient, and it resulted in the highest magnetic field exposures.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep.-Oct. 1999, Vol.60, No.5, p.647-650. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 01-162 Nayebzadeh A., Dufresne A.
Evaluation of exposure to methyl methacrylate among dental laboratory technicians
Following the diagnosis of two cases of occupational asthma among dental technicians, an industrial hygiene survey was conducted in two dental laboratories to determine time-weighted average and peak concentrations of methyl methacrylate vapour and time-weighted average concentration of acrylic dust. The time-weighted average concentrations of methyl methacrylate vapour were 0.7ppm and 1.6ppm and average peak concentrations were 9.3ppm and 9.7ppm for the first and second laboratory, respectively. The use of a local exhaust ventilation system was significant in reducing the peak concentration of methyl methacrylate vapour in the breathing zone of dental technicians. However, the local exhaust ventilation was not efficient in reducing the concentration of airborne acrylic dusts. Occupational exposure of dental technicians to dental materials, in particular to methyl methacrylate, requires further investigation. Local exhaust ventilation systems can reduce the concentration of methyl methacrylate in the dental laboratories to a significant extent if installed and used properly.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep.-Oct. 1999, Vol.60, No.5, p.625-628. 15 ref.

CIS 01-130 Jonathan P.
Cotton fabric dust exposures in a garment factory in Lesotho: Quantitative assessment
This cross-sectional survey of the levels of exposure to respirable cotton fabric dust in the cutting and sewing sections of a garment factory was carried out in Maseru, Lesotho. Measures to control dust at source are nonexistent and general ventilation in the production areas is poor. The study found that dust levels in the cutting section, at 1.8mg/m³, were significantly higher than the exposure limit of 0.75mg/m³ recommended by NlOSH and the corresponding OSHA exposure limit of 0.5mg/m³. In the sewing section, the geometric mean dust level was higher than 0.5mg/m³ but less than 0.75mg/m³. The study concludes that control measures should be taken to protect workers against the inhalation of fabric dust particles, which is likely to be detrimental to their health.
African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, Dec. 1999, Vol.9, No.3, p.71-73. 14 ref.

CIS 00-1694
Health and Safety Executive
The control of asbestos at work (3rd edition) - Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 1987. Approved Code of Practice
Approved Code of Practice devoted to the implementation of the 1987 Regulations (see CIS 89-1418). Topics: asbestos; assessment of fibrogenicity; cleaning of workplaces; compendium; determination in air; directive; exposure evaluation; functions; health service records; implementation of control measures; legislation; limitation of exposure; medical supervision; notification of dangerous substances; preventive maintenance; protective clothing; respirable dust; safety training in industry; storage; suppression of airborne dust; United Kingdom; warning notices.
HSE Books, P.O.Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, 3rd ed., Feb. 1999. iv, 40p. Illus. 30 ref. Price: GBP 6.75.

CIS 00-1661 Mäittälä J., Pennanen S., Puputti M., Haapa K., Liesivuori J.
Occupational exposure to alkoxysilanes in a fibreglass manufacturing plant
To assess the exposure of workers to alkoxysilanes and to determine the main route of exposure during the manufacture of fibreglass, samples were taken from workers and their environment. The silane concentrations in the air samples were below the detection limit of the analytical methods used. The mean dermal exposure to 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was analysed from cellulose patch samples as well as in handwash samples. The results showed that the workers were clearly exposed to silanes. The main route of potential exposure was through the skin, especially the hands, which emphasized the importance of wearing appropriate protective gloves. According to patch sampling, on average two thirds of the cases of total dermal exposure were caused by exposure of the forearm, as indicated by the amounts of silanes analysed in the forearm patches. Since almost every worker wore protective gloves, the main cause of exposure to silanes was from the wearing short-sleeved T-shirts which did not provide any protection to the arms.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nov. 1999, Vol.72, No.8, p.539-545. 30 ref.

CIS 00-1298 Working conditions in 1998
Warunki pracy w 1998 r. [in Polish]
These occupational statistics for Poland in 1998 include details of the number of workers exposed to different hazardous environments, workers receiving compensation for accidents or exposure-related illness, and the current level of compliance with exposure limit values by industry. Data are classified by industry or sector of activity, and by province (voivod).
Central Statistical Office, Information and Statistical Papers, Warszawa, Poland, 1999. xxi, 193p. Price: PLZ 15.00.

CIS 00-1410 Recognition and control of exposure to refractory ceramic fibres (RCF)
Products made from refractory chemical fibres (RCF) are mainly used in industrial applications requiring insulation at very high temperatures. This document consists of 3 parts. The first section gives a definition of RCFs and their areas of application, highlighting the fundamental differences between RCFs and asbestos. The second section provides data on dust concentrations to which workers are exposed, as well as the principal mechanisms governing dust release and dust concentrations. The third section presents methods of exposure evaluation applicable to 4 industrial settings (fibre production, manufacture of products, furnaces, other end-uses).
European Chemical Fibre Industry Association, 3 rue de Colonel Moll, 75017 Paris, France, Nov. 1999. 58p. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 00-1429 Pawlaczyk-Luszczynńska M.
Evaluation of occupational exposure to infrasonic noise in Poland
The results of infrasonic noise measurements performed in the work environment in Poland are discussed. The study concerned the noise emitted by 124 different types of industrial machinery, appliances and means of transport. The measurements were made in typical working conditions with reference to Polish and international standards. The sound pressure levels exceeded Polish admissible values in 4.0% of cases covered by normal workers' health protection, 62.1% of cases in observational dispatcher cabins and the like and in 74.2% of cases on administration premises, in design offices, etc. The hearing threshold of infrasound was exceeded in 66.9% of all industrial machinery and means of transport under study.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Apr.-June 1999, Vol.12, No.2, p.159-176. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 00-1051 Ichihara G., Ding X., Yu X., Wu X., Kamijima M., Peng S., Jiang X., Takeuchi Y.
Occupational health survey on workers exposed to 2-bromopropane at low concentrations
Recent case studies in Korea and animal studies revealed the reproductive and haematopoietic toxicity of 2-bromopropane introduced into workplaces as an alternative to ozone-layer depleting chlorofluorocarbons. We aimed to clarify the dose-effect relationship of 2-bromopropane in workers. The exposure concentration of 2-bromopropane and haematological indices, hormonal levels, menstruation status and sperm indices were examined in 25 workers (11 males, 14 females) at a 2-bromopropane factory. Regression analyses of the examined indices against time-weighted average (TWA) of exposure concentration were conducted. Amenorrhoea or polymenorrhoea was observed only in older females. Haematological indices had a significant relation with TWA of exposure concentration in females with normal menstruation. However, no other indices showed any significant relation with TWA of 2-bromopropane. No severe cases of reproductive or haematopoietic disorders were found at less than 10 ppm (TWA), but a possible adverse effect of 2-bromopropane on haematopoiesis could not be disproved.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1999, Vol.35, No.5, p.523-531. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 00-1034 Mandryk J., Alwis K.U., Hocking A.D.
Work-related symptoms and dose-response relationships for personal exposures and pulmonary function among woodworkers
Four sawmills, a wood chipping mill and five joineries were studied for the effects of personal exposure to wood dust, endotoxins, (1⇒3)-β-D-glucans, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi on lung function among woodworkers. Personal inhalable and respirable dust sampling was carried out. Lung function tests of workers were conducted before and after a workshift. Mean percentage cross-shift decrease in lung function was markedly high for woodworkers compared with the controls. Dose-response relationships among personal exposures and percentage cross-shift decrease in lung function and percentage-predicted lung function were more pronounced among joinery workers than among sawmill and chip mill workers. Woodworkers had markedly high prevalence of regular cough, phlegm and chronic bronchitis compared with controls. Significant associations were found between percentage cross-shift decrease in FVC and regular phlegm and blocked nose among sawmill and chip mill workers. Both joinery workers and sawmill and chip mill workers showed significant relationships between percentage-predicted lung function and respiratory symptoms.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1999, Vol.35, No.5, p.481-490. 52 ref.

CIS 00-1049 Williams N.R., Jones K., Cocker J.
Biological monitoring to assess exposure from use of isocyanates in motor vehicle repair
A method for the measurement of a metabolite of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was developed and used to assess the exposure of sprayers employed in motor vehicle repair shops. Urine samples were taken from sprayers wearing personal protective equipment and spraying in booths or with local exhaust ventilation, from bystanders, and from unexposed subjects. Samples were analysed for a metabolite of HDI, hexamethylene diamine (HDA), by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). HDA was detected in four sprayers and one bystander out of 22 workers. No HDA was detected in the urine of unexposed subjects. Exposure to isocyanates still occurs despite the use of personal protective equipment and the use of a booth or extracted space. Health surveillance is likely to be required to provide feedback on the adequacy of controls even if such precautions are used and to identify cases of early asthma. Biological monitoring can provide a useful additional tool to assess exposure and the adequacy of controls in this group of exposed workers.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 1999, Vol.56, No.9, p.598-601. 18 ref.

CIS 00-716 Esmen N.A., Hall T.A., Stone R.A., Marsh G.M., Gula M.J., Gause C.K.
An investigation of secondary exposure misclassification effects of lifelong occupational history in exposure estimation
In most studies, only the direct effects of misclassification of the interpretation of results of occupational epidemiological studies are considered, or - alternatively - simple estimates of misclassification rates are assigned to various types of exposure estimation processes. Lifelong job profile data obtained from a previously published case-control study provided job histories of 511 decedents. An analysis of these work histories and the comparison of exposures related to longest-held job to estimated total lifetime exposures suggest that single job-based exposure estimates may lead to significant exposure misclassification rates. In addition, the appearance of shorter duration jobs in a study population occurring predominantly early in the work history may exacerbate problems associated with exposure misclassification. The inclusion of extensive recording of the work history of study subjects emerges as a reasonable basis for the investigation and potential reduction of secondary misclassification of exposures in occupational epidemiological studies.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Mar.-Apr. 1999, Vol.60, No.2, p.175-181. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 00-878 Knibbe J.J., Friele R.D.
The use of logs to assess exposure to manual handling of patients, illustrated in an intervention study in home care nursing
Logs registering the frequency of manual handling could be an option in nursing. The development of a log is accounted for and its use during an intervention, introducing 40 patient hoists in home care, is described. The exposure to manual handling was reduced significantly in the intervention group (average number of patient transfers per nurse/week 35-21). The control group remained stable (24-24). The reduction of exposure was only partly due to the hoists substituting manual transfers, suggesting the presence of an elimination effect. Possible explanations indicating that the hoists were partly responsible for this are: (1) the patients' relatives could now perform the transfers with the hoist; (2) hoists combine several manual transfers into one mechanical transfer; (3) hoists require only one operator for manual transfers that require two nurses. The log pointed to unpredicted elimination effects in addition to the substitution effects, and provided detailed information for evaluating the intervention.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Aug. 1999, Vol.24, No.4, p.445-454. 35 ref.

CIS 00-877 Paquet V., Punnett L., Buchholz B.
An evaluation of manual materials handling in highway construction work
PATH (Posture, Activities, Tools and Handling) is an ergonomic assessment method used to measure the frequency of exposure to manual materials handling (MMH) activities for construction and other non-routine work. Observations of loads handled, body postures, tools and materials handled and hand grasps are available for further description of MMH activities. PATH has been used to characterize manual handling by iron workers (in concrete reinforcement work), carpenters (in form construction) and labourers (in the construction of utilities pits) during highway construction operations. Iron workers were the most frequently observed in heavy MMH activities, and they often lifted in twisted or laterally bent trunk postures. Heavy MMH activities by labourers most frequently involved the handling of boards used to construct the pit walls. Little heavy MMH was observed in the carpentry tasks. MMH requirements varied greatly among tasks within each construction operation, demonstrating the importance of a task-based assessment of MMH exposures.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Aug. 1999, Vol.24, No.4, p.431-444. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 00-876 van der Beek A.J., Hoozemans M.J.M., Frings-Dresen M.H.W., Burdorf A.
Assessment of exposure to pushing and pulling in epidemiological field studies: An overview of methods, exposure measures, and measurement strategies
The purposes of this article are to critically evaluate different methods to assess push and pull forces, to describe measures of exposure to pushing and pulling, and to consider measurement strategies for assessment of exposure to pushing and puling. Firstly, information on the level of exerted forces with the accuracy needed for epidemiology can only be obtained from direct measurement methods. These methods are particularly required when push and pull tasks are biomechanically analysed, implying that also force direction and point of application relative to the worker have to be assessed. Secondly, to obtain a limited number of external exposure measures that reflect exposure to pushing and pulling over time, aggregation of various force measurements is suggested. Internal exposure measures and parameters corresponding to guidelines are also described. Thirdly, for truck drivers and refuse collectors a strategy of approximately five repeated measurements for each representative working situation is advised in order to obtain a reliable estimate of an individual's exposure to pushing and pulling.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Aug. 1999, Vol.24, No.4, p.417-429. Illus. 37 ref.

CIS 00-884 Ciriello V.M., Snook S.H., Hashemi L., Cotnam J.
Distributions of manual materials handling task parameters
This study is an analysis on 25,291 manual materials handling (MMH) tasks obtained from 2442 reports from industrial locations throughout the US. The tasks consisted of 10,101 lifts, 7461 lowers, 1879 pushes, 1866 pulls and 3984 carries. The percent distribution of each of the task parameters, i.e., weight, height, distance and frequency was studied, and the percent of reports from key industrial classifications to percent of compensation costs associated with MMH in those classifications were compared. Findings reveal that many basic ergonomic considerations for MMH have been ignored. Redesign strategies should be focussed on minimizing hand distances, decreasing loads of lifts, lowers and carries, decreasing frequencies of tasks, increasing heights of start of lifts, and decreasing distances of carries, pushes and pulls. There should also be a continued effort to decrease the number of lifts and lowers which comprise 69% of the tasks surveyed. It is concluded that continued effort should be extended toward redesign of MMH tasks and components of tasks that violate good ergonomic principles.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Aug. 1999, Vol.24, No.4, p.379-388. 31 ref.

CIS 00-799 Jankovic J.T., Underwood W.S., Goodwin G.M.
Exposure from thorium contained in thoriated tungsten welding electrodes
Isotopic analysis of a nominal 2% thoriated welding electrode found 0.6ppm±0.4ppm ²³⁰Th and less than 0.1ppm ²²⁸Th. Analysis of a ceriated tungsten electrode and a lanthanated tungsten electrode for ²³²Th found 124ppm and 177ppm, respectively. Electrode consumption during welding was primarily the result of tip sharpening. Less than 3% of the weight loss was attributable to the welding process. The in-mask concentration of respirable thorium particulate in the welders' breathing zone was 0.002 x 10^-12µCi²³²Th/mL. The concentration of respirable thorium particulate from electrode sharpening was 1.3 x 10^-12µCi²³²Th/mL. The measured sharpening time was 20 sec per electrode. Estimates of the activity median aerodynamic diameters for the respirable fraction of the welding and electrode sharpening aerosols were 3.5 and 5µm, respectively, when measured in the breathing zone at 0.3m (12 inches) from the point of operation. The respirable fraction of the total welding and sharpening aerosols was 45 and 60%.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May-June 1999, Vol.60, No.3, p.384-389. 17 ref.

CIS 00-834 Eheman C.R., Tolbert P.E.
Estimating occupational radiation doses when individual dosimetry information is not available: A job exposure matrix
A job exposure matrix (JEM) was developed for a population-based case control study to assess the possible association between occupational radiation and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Using published radiation monitoring data, a radiation JEM was developed composed of estimated annual dose distributions, categorized by time period, for a broad range of occupational and industrial groups. When information is available to correctly assess an individual's exposure status, the annual dose distributions in the JEM can be used in conjunction with job histories to estimate the distribution of possible cumulative doses for individuals. The median of the cumulative dose distribution can then be used in standard epidemiologic analysis. In addition, methods can be applied that incorporate the uncertainty about each individual's true dose into risk estimates and associated confidence intervals. In conclusion, the JEM can be useful in estimating occupational radiation exposures in other studies, particularly population-based case control studies which include detailed occupational histories.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Sep. 1999, Vol.36, No.3, p.348-359. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 00-772 Reynolds S.J., Seem R., Fourtes L.J., Sprince M.L., Johnson J., Walkner L., Clarke W., Whitten P.
Prevalence of elevated blood leads and exposure to lead in construction trades in Iowa and Illinois
This study characterized the prevalence of blood lead concentrations in high-risk construction trades in Iowa/Illinois, and identified risk factors for occupational exposure to lead in these construction workers. A sample of 459 workers was selected from the total population of all union members from trade groups of painters, plumbers/pipefitters, ironworkers, laborers and electricians. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire obtaining information on demographics, symptoms, occupational history, work practices, personal protective equipment and training. Venous blood samples were collected from each participant and analysed for blood lead and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels. Blood lead levels differed by the type of trade, type of project and specific job activity owing to differences in the inherent exposure potential of each task. The study provides evidence that training, implementation of engineering contracts and proper use of personal protective equipment such as respirators is effective in controlling lead poisoning.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1999, Vol.36, No.2, p.307-316. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 00-841 Blondet M., Boitel L., Dupéry M., Durand C., Pommier J.L., Rat de Coquard M., Raymond F., Taupin J.P.
Study of the daily level of exposure of workers to noise in four occupations
Etude du niveau d'exposition sonore quotidienne des salariés dans quatre activités [in French]
The objective of the study was to measure daily sound exposure levels and peak sound pressures over randomly selected days during a full year in four different occupational environments, and to compare the results. Measurements were made with class II sound dosimeters having a level of precision of ±1dB. Two groups of six workplaces in each occupation were measured over a full working day. Results were subjected to statistical analysis. The occupations included two that are subject to the requirements of Form No. 42 of occupational diseases in France (plastics processing, woodworking) and two that are not (sales of hi-fi and video equipment, municipal waste collection). Findings show that workers in plastics processing and woodworking are often exposed to sound levels higher than those of the auditory damage threshold. The exposure of waste collectors is close to dangerous levels, while in the case of hi-fi and video equipment salespersons, the results are mixed and will require further investigation.
Centre Interservices de Santé et de Médecine du travail en Entreprise, 10 rue de la Rosière, 75015 Paris, France, 1999. 143p. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 00-847 Assessment of occupational exposure due to intakes of radionuclides: Safety guide
Taqwīm al-ta2(hrid al-mihnī al-nājim @(han indiḵālāt al-nawaidāt almuši@(ha [in Arabic]
Evaluation de l'exposition professionnelle due à l'incorporation de radionucléides: guide de sécurité [in French]
Evaluación de la exposición ocupacional debida a incorporaciones de radionucleidos: Guía de seguridad [in Spanish]
This safety guide prepared jointly by the IAEA and the ILO gives general advice on the assessment of occupational exposure due to intakes of radionuclides. Topics covered: dosimetric quantities; monitoring programme (design, methods of measurement, frequency of monitoring, follow-up and sampling after accidents); direct methods; indirect methods; biokinetic models for internal dosimetry; interpretation of measurements; dose record keeping and reporting of incidents; quality assurance. In appendix: suggested criteria for individual monitoring; detection limits for measurement methods.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Wien, Austria, 1999. 85p. Illus. 55 ref.
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1077a_web.pdf [in Arabic]
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/P077_scr.pdf [in English]
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1077r_web.pdf [in Russian]
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1077s_web.pdf [in Spanish]
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1077f_web.pdf [in French]

CIS 00-516 Neitzel R., Seixas N.H., Camp J., Yost M.
An assessment of occupational noise exposures in four construction trades
A total of 338 exposure samples was collected from 133 construction workers employed in 4 trades: carpenters, labourers, ironworkers and operating engineers. Four sites using a variety of construction techniques were sampled at least 12 times on a randomly chosen date over a 22-week period. Workers completed a questionnaire throughout the workday detailing the tasks preformed and tools used. Exposure levels were measured using both the OSHA and the 1996 draft NIOSH/ISO exposure metric. The highest exposure levels were found for tasks involving pneumatically operated tools and heavy equipment. Construction method, stage of construction, and work tasks and tools used were found to be better exposure predictors than the trade.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Nov.-Dec. 1999, Vol.60, No.6, p.807-817. Illus. 43 ref.

CIS 00-453 Breysse P.N., Lees P.S.J., Rooney B.C.
Comparison of NIOSH method 7400 A and B counting rules for assessing synthetic vitreous fiber exposures
The purpose of this article is to compare NIOSH Method 7400 A and B fibre counts to quantity airborne concentrations of synthetic vitreous fibres. This comparison provides a link between previous investigations that utilized A rules and more recent investigations that used B rules. A total of 792 airborne fibre samples were collected according to NIOSH Method 7400 and separately evaluated using both NIOSH A and B counting rules. The results of this investigation indicate that A-rule fibre counts give statistically higher fibre density estimates than corresponding B-rule fibre counts, with fibre glass (except fibre glass blowing wool without binder) and mineral wool products A-rule counts producing counts approximately 70% greater than corresponding B-rule counts. A-rule fibre counts for refractory ceramic fibre products averaged approximately 33% greater than corresponding B-rule estimates. In contrast, primarily due to its smaller diameter distribution, fibre glass blowing wool without binder produced B-rule fibre counts only 8% greater than the corresponding A-rule fibre counts.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, July-Aug. 1999, Vol.60, No.4, p.526-532. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 00-456 Vainiotalo S., Ruonakangas A.
Tank truck driver exposure to vapors from oxygenated or reformulated gasolines during loading and unloading
Tank truck drivers' exposure to gasoline vapours was studied by collecting breathing zone samples during loading and unloading of gasoline at ten locations in Finland. The sampling times ranged from 16 to 57min, and time-weighted average concentrations for a 30-min period were calculated. Using the time-adjusted values, geometric mean concentrations (GM) were calculated for three periods of dispatch measurements and a period of unloading measurements at service stations. The GM for methyl tert-butyl ether ranged from 0.95 to 7.3mg/m³ and that for tert-amyl methyl ether from 0.30 to 1.1mg/m³. The GM concentrations of hexane, benzene, and toluene were in the range of 0.25-2.3mg/m³, 0.15-0.28mg/m³, and 0.73-1.7mg/m³, respectively. Multiple regression analysis yielded an r² value of 0.98 for the daily mean concentration of toluene and correspondingly 0.94 for benzene when daily wind speed (0.1-3.7m/sec) and daily air temperature (-7.4±17.2°C) were used as independent variables. The average number of gasoline loads per tank truck was 2.5, corresponding to 23,000L of gasoline.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, July-Aug. 1999, Vol.60, No.4, p.518-525. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 00-165 Laborda Grima R., Balasch Parisi S.
Evaluation of exposure to mixtures of chemical agents having synergistic effects - A proposed statistical method
Valoración de la exposición a mezclas de agentes químicos con efectos aditivos - Propuesta de un método estadístico [in Spanish]
Topics: chemical products; description of technique; exposure evaluation; mathematical analysis; mixtures; statistical evaluation; synergism; threshold limit values.
Prevención, Jan.-Mar. 1999, No.147, p.35-42. Illus.

CIS 00-182 Posgay M., Mándi A., Ungváry G., Vadász P., Major K., Németh L.
Frequency of occupational asbestos exposure among lung cancer patients in Hungary. A preliminary report
According to the literature, historical occupational exposures to asbestos can be proved in about 5% (1-20%) of lung cancer patients. Based on a lung cancer incidence of 6,126 in Hungary in 1996, about 300 (60-1,200) work-related asbestos cancers would have been expected. However, the number of observed cases - apart from mesothelioma - is very small. Therefore the occupational history of 300 lung cancer patients was explored using a questionnaire and already available chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans which were re-evaluated for signs of asbestos exposure, especially the presence of pleural plaques. On the basis of this preliminary data it is highly probable that the majority of asbestos-related cancers in Hungary remain undetected and that a similar percentage to other countries can be proved also in Hungary.
Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1999, Vol.5, No.1, p.66-71. 15 ref.

CIS 00-162 Sarkar T.K., Banerjee K.K., Sarkar A.K., Samanta A.
Evaluation of carbon monoxide exposure in an integrated coal chemical industry
An evaluation study of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure of workers in an integrated coal chemical industry was carried out. The highest mean environmental CO level was found to be 425ppm at the producer gas plant, whereas the mean minimum level was measured at 14.3ppm at pocking zones. In lock-hopper zones, the highest mean CO concentration was 338.7ppm during charging time. In the retort house, the mean CO level was 285ppm during charging time. The mean carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) level of producer gas plant employees was 5.84, whereas the level was found to be 4.93 in employees working in the retort house. These values were significantly altered in comparison to controls (mean level of 1.66). Results indicate significant exposure to CO in both the producer gas plant and the retort house, which caused different clinical manifestations in the employees.
Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1999, Vol.5, No.1, p.50-53. 10 ref.

CIS 00-153 Cherrie J.W., Aitken R.J.
Measurement of human exposure to biologically relevant fractions of inhaled aerosols
Attempts to standardize the fraction of aerosol that is sampled so that it roughly corresponds to the fraction penetrating to sections of the respiratory tract are highlighted. During the past decade there has been international agreement on the definitions for the inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions and instruments have been developed to collect samples according to these conventions, and these measurement techniques are now well established in the workplace. Moving to biologically relevant size fractions is desirable for obtaining measurements of multiple size fractions for some aerosols. Measurement of lead is used as an example. Also, passive aerosol sampling techniques may enable measurements of exposure to be made over several weeks and this would also help improve the reliability of the risk evaluation for aerosol toxicants with a long biological half life. However, further development of these techniques is required if they are to be practicable and biologically relevant.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 1999, Vol.56, No.11, p.747-752. Illus. 43 ref.

CIS 00-188 Mäkinen M., Kalliokoski P., Kangas J.
Assessment of total exposure to phenol-formaldehyde resin glue in plywood manufacturing
Respiratory and dermal exposure to phenol-formaldehyde resin-glue components used in plywood manufacturing were assessed by monitoring formaldehyde and phenol in the workplace air. Formaldehyde was measured both in the breathing zones of the workers and at stationary sampling sites. Phenol was used as a marker agent for dermal exposure. Formaldehyde was noted to be the major compound causing respiratory exposure. When exposure assessment was done on the basis of air samples collected both at stationary sampling sites and in the breathing zonesof the workers, the agreement between the results obtained was good. The dermal sampling revealed that the workers were exposed to phenol, but the risk for toxic effects was slight due to the low concentrations of urinary phenol. It is concluded that is possible to use a stationary sampling method for the assessment of respiratory exposure in a plywood factory. The importance of taking dermal exposure into account is also outlined.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Aug. 1999, Vol.72, No.5, p.309-314. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 00-156 Dutkiewicz T., Kończalik J
Background on the system of integral evaluation of human exposure to toxic substances in the work and municipal environments
The means of evaluation of combined exposures to toxic chemicals in the work, natural and home environments is described. A system of integrated evaluation of human exposure should take account of all toxic substances occurring in all environmental media (air, water, soil and food), and all routes through which they enter the human body. An integrated evaluation means that it is necessary to develop different exposure scenarios based on dose intake or derived values. Based on toxicological criteria (irritants, short-term and non-cumulative; systemic effets; long-term, carcinogenic, genotoxic, etc.), calculated exposure indicators can be standardized and aggregated, and converted into combined exposure indices. The index value will reflect the level of combined exposure.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, July-Sep. 1999, Vol.12, No.3, p.263-271. Illus. 42 ref.

CIS 99-1884 ADEREST - 5th Symposium on Epidemiology and Health at Work, Angers, 5 and 6 November 1998
ADEREST - 5e Colloque d'Epidémiologie en Santé et Travail, Angers, 5 et 6 novembre 1998 [in French]
Topics: age-linked differences; asthma; cancer; carbonaceous dust pneumoconiosis; 2-ethoxyethyl acetate; asbestos; catalase; conference; epidemiology; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; health hazards; hypertension; job-exposure relation; live work; medical supervision; mesothelioma; pesticides; screen printing; shift work; sickness absenteeism; sleep; social aspects; workplace design.
Revue de médecine du travail, Mar.-Apr. 1999, Vol.26, No.2, p.80-118. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 99-1982 Chen M.L., Mao I.F., Wu M.T., Chen J.R., Ho C.K., Smith T.J., Wypij D., Christiani D.C.
Assessment of coke oven emissions exposure among coking workers
Personal breathing-zone samples of total particulates and of the benzene soluble fraction (BSF) of total particulates were taken from 88 coking workers and 59 referents for three consecutive days. The highest BSF concentrations were found among the topside oven workers, where 84% of samples exceeded the current permissible exposure limit of 150µg/m³ (8h TWA). The percentage of BSF in total particulates varied across job classifications, ranging from 0.3% in wharfmen to 24% in tar chasers. Area sampling indicated that the BSF concentration at the topside area was sixtyfold higher than at the administrative area, which was approximately 2km from the coke oven plant. Topics: airborne dust; aromatic hydrocarbons; coke oven gas; coking plants; exposure evaluation; job-exposure relation; personal sampling; polycyclic hydrocarbons; volatile substances.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Jan./Feb. 1999, Vol.60, No.1, p.105-110. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 99-1985 Teschke K., Ahrens W., Andersen A., Boffetta P., Fincham S., Finkelstein M., Henneberger P., Kauppinen T., Kogevinas M., Korhonen K., Liss G., Liukkonnen T., Osvoll P., Savela A., Szadkowska-Stanczyk I., Westberg H., Widerkiewicz K.
Occupational exposure to chemical and biological agents in the nonproduction departments of pulp, paper, and paper product mills: An international study
Previously unpublished exposure measurements in the pulp and paper industry were assembled in a database. Data cover 147 mills in 11 countries, of which 7,293 measurements are relevant to nonproduction departments. The greatest variety of agents was measured in the maintenance, construction and cleaning department, where high exposures to asbestos, chromium (VI) compounds, copper, mercury, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, styrene, sulfur dioxide, trichloroethylene and welding fumes were observed. Measurements in the storage yard, loading and shipping departments indicated high exposures to asbestos, carbon monoxide, fungal spores, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and total dust. The steam and power generation department had high exposures to methyl mercaptan, silica and total dust. Throughout the nonproduction departments, measurements of pulp-production chemicals such as chlorine and sulfur compounds tended to be low, with many below the detection limit. The data provide new insight into the exposures of nonproduction pulp and paper industry personnel. Topics: chemical products; cleaning; epidemiologic study; exposure evaluation; harmful substances; job-exposure relation; maintenance; pulp and paper industry.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Jan./Feb. 1999, Vol.60, No.1, p.73-83. 16 ref.

CIS 99-1949 Burstyn I., Teschke K.
Studying the determinants of exposure: A review of methods
Techniques used to study the predictors of workplace exposures are reviewed. The advantages and limitations of each study are discussed and fundamental study design features are reviewed. These include the selection and measurement of factors potentially related to exposure, as well as the measurements of exposure itself. Decisions reached by investigators in selecting the number of sites and workers, the number of repeated observations per worker and the duration of sampling are discussed. Also examined are issues that commonly arise in the course of data analysis of exposure determinants. These include transformation of exposure variables, correlation of predictor variables, empirical model building and interpretation of results. Finally, methods employed to evaluate the validity of findings are summarized. Topics: conditions of exposure; determination in air; evaluation of control measures; evaluation of results; exposure evaluation; harmful substances; job-exposure relation; literature survey; mathematical models; personal sampling; risk factors; sampling and analysis.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Jan./Feb. 1999, Vol.60, No.1, p.57-72. 62 ref.

CIS 99-1947 Kumagai S., Matsunaga I.
Within-shift variability of short-term exposure to organic solvent in indoor workplaces
Exposure data sets were collected from 53 workers exposed to organic solvents in indoor workplaces. Exposure concentrations varied considerably within a work shift. In particular, when solvent use was intermit, exposure variations tended to be large. Consequently, even if the daily average exposure is less than the occupational exposure limit, high short-term exposures can occur within the work shift. To protect workers from adverse health effects caused by such exposures, short-term exposure conditions should be evaluated. For chemicals with short-term exposure limits (STELs), when the 8h Time-Weighted Average (TWA) exceeds 0.23 times the STEL value, the high short-term exposure condition should be evaluated. For chemicals without STELs, the excursion limit recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial hygienists is an appropriate guideline. Topics: conditions of exposure; determination in air; emergency exposure limits; exposure evaluation; organic solvents; risk factors; threshold limit values.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Jan./Feb. 1999, Vol.60, No.1, p.16-21. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 99-1960 Aiba Y., Ohshiba S., Horiguchi S., Morioka I., Miyashita K., Kiyota I., Endo G., Takada H., Iwata H.
Peripheral hemodynamics evaluated by acceleration plethysmography in workers exposed to lead
To clarify the effect of lead exposure on peripheral haemodynamics, acceleration plethysmography (APG) was performed on 48 male subjects occupationally exposed to lead (exposure group) and 43 male subjects with no history of occupational exposure to lead (control group). In the exposure group, the blood lead concentration (Pb-B) was also measured. Each APG parameter was assessed by comparing measured data with standard aging curves. A significant negative correlation was obtained between the APG parameter -b/a and Pb-B. The exposure group showed significantly lower values of parameters -b/a and b/a than did the control group. The parameter -b/a in the exposure group showed a dose-dependent decrease with increases in length of working career (duration of exposure to lead) and Pb-B. The parameter -b/a significantly decreased in subjects with working careers of five years or more and in subjects whose Pb-B was 40µg/100mL or more. Results suggest that lead exposure affects peripheral haemodynamics as evaluated by APG. Topics: atherosclerosis; lead; determination in blood; dose-response relationship; exposure evaluation; lead industry; peripheral circulation; plethysmography.
Industrial Health, Jan. 1999, Vol.37, No.1, p.3-8. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 99-2035 Parisi A., Kimlin M.
Effects of simple measures to reduce the occupational solar UV exposure of outdoor workers
Taking sun-sheltered meal- and tea-breaks around solar noon can reduce occupational exposure to solar erythemal ultraviolet (UV) radiation by outdoor workers. The research presented quantifies the reductions in solar UV exposure to be expected in summer and winter for different scenarios of break times for this high UV exposure occupational group of the population. Topics: exposure evaluation; eye injuries; limitation of exposure; outdoor work; personal protective equipment; radiance measurement; skin cancer; solar radiation; ultraviolet radiation; workbreaks.
Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, June 1999, Vol.15, No.3, p.267-272. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 99-1704 Battevi N., Consonni D., Menoni O., Ricci M.G., Occhipinti E., Colombini D.
Application of the synthetic exposure index in manual handling of patients: Preliminary validation experience
L'applicazione dell'indice sintetico di esposizione nella movimentazione manuale pazienti: prime esperienze di validazione [in Italian]
A multicentre study was carried out in 216 wards in a total of 56 hospitals, old people's homes and geriatric departments in order to quantify exposure to manual handling of patients (classified into four categories: negligible; slight to average; average to high; and elevated) and to identify damage to the lumbosacral spine. Assessment of exposure and identification of health impairment were carried out using homogeneous methods. Results showed that the prevalence odds ratios calculated for positive lumbar threshold were significant for increasing exposure categories, with a positive trend for the second and third exposure categories but not for the fourth, presumably due to a healthy worker effect. An association between exposure and incidence rates of episodes of acute low-back pain and pharmacologically controlled acute low-back pain was observed. Topics: backache; classification; exposure evaluation; frequency rates; long-term exposure; lumbar column; manual handling; manual lifting; nursing personnel; spinal diseases; statistical evaluation.
Medicina del lavoro, Mar.-Apr. 1999, Vol.90, No.2, p.256-275. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 99-1655 King R.B., Saliba A J., Brock J.R.
A comprehensive noise survey of the S-70A-9 Black Hawk helicopter
At-ear noise levels were measured at four positions in the cabin of the Sikorsky S-70A-9 Black Hawk helicopter under various flight conditions and at 13 positions outside the helicopter under various ground running conditions using the Head Acoustic Measurement System. The attenuation properties of the hearing protection devices (HPDs) normally worn by aircrews and by maintenance crews (the ALPHA helmet and the Roanwell MX-2507 Communications headset) were also assessed. At-ear sound pressure levels that would be experienced by personnel wearing their normal HPDs were determined at the positions they would occupy in and around the aircraft. Results indicate that HPDs do not provide adequate hearing protection to meet current hearing conservation levels of 85 dB(A) for an 8h day. Topics: acoustic helmets; acoustic vibration; defence services; exposure evaluation; hearing protection; helicopters; noise dosimetry; noise level; noise measurement; sound frequency.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Feb. 1999, Vol.70, No.2, p.107-116. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 99-1516 Tielemans E., Heederik D., Burdorf A., Vermeulen R., Veulemans H., Kromhout H., Hartog K.
Assessment of occupational exposures in a general population: Comparison of different methods
Estimates of exposure to organic solvents and chromium, based on job specific questionnaires, generic questionnaires, self reports of exposure, an external job exposure matrix (JEM) and a population specific JEM were compared with passive dosimeter results and measurement in urine. Passive dosimeter results indicated that exposure classifications with job specific questionnaire information could discriminate between high and low exposures. Implementation of job specific questionnaires in a general population study might be worth the extra expense it entails, bearing in mind the paramount importance of avoiding false positive exposure estimates when exposure prevalence is low. Topics: chromium; comparative study; determination in urine; evaluation of technique; exposure evaluation; organic solvents; personal sampling; questionnaire survey; urinary metabolites.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1999, Vol.56, No.3, p.145-151. 36 ref.

CIS 99-1585 Jang J.Y., Lee S.Y., Kim J.I., Park J.B., Lee K.J., Chung H. K.
Application of biological monitoring to the quantitative exposure assessment for neuropsychological effect by chronic exposure to organic solvents
Environmental and biological monitoring were carried out at a shipyard to evaluate the exposure of workers to organic solvents. Cumulative exposure and lifetime-weighted average exposure variables were developed with both environmental and biological monitoring data. A neuropsychological questionnaire and function tests were performed for confirmation of a disorder or dysfunction in attention, executive function, visuospatial and constructional abilities, learning and memory, and psychomotor function. The abnormal rate in neuropsychological diagnosis was 9.3% in the exposed group and 2.1% in the nonexposed group. The neuropsychological abnormal rate showed a significant dose-response association with cumulative exposure assessed with biological monitoring data. Topics: cognitive performance; determination in air; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; exposure evaluation; job-exposure relation; long-term exposure; neuropsychic effects; organic solvents; shipyards.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Mar. 1999, Vol.72, No.2, p.107-114. 57 ref.

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