Biological monitoring - 1,161 entries found

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1999

CIS 99-1697 Stein T.P., Schluter M.D.
Plasma amino acids during human spaceflight
Plasma amino acid distribution patterns were measured before, during and after flight on the Space Shuttle. The plasma samples were collected from the four payload crewmembers of a 1993 shuttle mission. Samples were taken 45, 15 and 8 days before flight; inflight on days 2, 8 and 12 after launch; post flight on the day of landing; and again 6, 14 and 45 days after landing. Most of the changes found pertained to the essential amino acids, particularly the branched chain amino acids (BCAA). The principle findings were: a) plasma aminograms for inflight days 8 and 12 were very similar and both aminograms were very different from that of flight day 2. Flight day 2 was not different from the preflight ground control; b) with increasing time in space, there was an increase in the concentration of leucine and isoleucine in the plasma. This increase occurred even though dietary BCAA intake was not increased inflight; and c) concentrations of total essential amino acids and BCAA in particular were decreased on the day of landing. Topics: amino acids; blood monitoring; blood plasma; body weight; determination in blood; nutrition; plasma changes; space travel.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1999, Vol.70, No.3, p.250-255. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 99-1559 Perico A., Cassinelli C., Brugnone F., Bavazzano P., Perbellini L.
Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclohexane by urinary 1,2- and 1,4-cyclohexanediol determination
Individual exposure to cyclohexane was evaluated in 156 workers employed in shoe and leather factories by measurement of 1,2-cyclohexanediol (1,2-DIOL) and 1,4-DIOL in urine during the working week. Individual exposure to cyclohexane ranged from 7 to 617mg/m³. Urinary concentrations of 1,2-DIOL were 3.1, 7.6, 13.2 and 6.3mg/g creatinine on Monday (pre- and post-shift), Thursday (post-shift) and Friday (pre-shift), respectively. Corresponding values recorded for 1,4- DIOL were 2.8, 5.1, 7.8 and 3.7mg/g creatinine. A significant correlation was found between environmental exposure to cyclohexane and post-shift urinary 1,2-DIOL and 1,4-DIOL on Monday. Data for Thursday and Friday showed only a poor correlation to exposure. Both metabolites have a urinary half-life of close to 18h and accumulate during the week. Comparison between data obtained from a PBPK model and those found in workers suggests that 1,2-DIOL and 1,4-DIOL are suitable for the biological monitoring of industrial exposure to cyclohexane. Topics: adhesives; cyclohexane; determination in air; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; leather goods industry; shift work; shoe industry; urinary metabolites; urine monitoring.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Mar. 1999, Vol.72, No.2, p.115-120. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 99-828 Glück U.
The "Comet Assay": A new tool in occupational medicine for the detection of genotoxic hazards
Der Comet Assay - eine molekulargenetische Nachweismethode in der Arbeitsmedizin für gentoxische Belastungen [in German]
Le "Comet Assay": un nouveau test en médecine du travail pour le dépistage des risques génotoxiques [in French]
Topics: analysis of chromosome aberrations; chromosome changes; cytogenetic studies; description of technique; DNA; electrophoresis; exposure tests; genetic effects; microscopic determination; occupational medicine; smoking; testing; toxic substances.
Informations médicales - Medizinische Mitteilungen, Spring 1999, No.71, p.56-63. Illus. 17 ref.

1998

CIS 02-1382 Lauwerys R.
5th ECSC Medical research programme
Biological monitoring of benzene at low exposure
It has been suggested to lower TWA of benzene because of its possible leukogenetic effects at low exposure concentrations. This requires the development of new methods of biological monitoring. The purpose of this study was to measure simultaneously several markers of benzene exposure (blood and breath benzene, urinary phenol and muconic acid) in a population of 410 male workers exposed to benzene, to identify confounding factors which may influence the results and to compare the diagnostic power of the biological tests. 95% of the workers were exposed to less than 0.5ppm. Muconic acid showed very few false-positive tests and remained reliable even at around a cut-off level of 0.5ppm benzene and with smokers. The diagnostic power proved to be good when diluted or concentrated urine samples were used. Blood and breath benzene as well as urinary phenol were clearly less suitable biomarkers than muconic acid.
European Commission, Directorate general V, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate V/F, Public Health and Safety at Work Unit V/F/5 Occupational health and hygiene, EUROFORUM Building, 2920 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1998. 16p. 20 ref.

CIS 01-1178 Santolaya Martínez C., Guardino Solá X., Rosell Farrás M.G.
Benzene exposure assessment: Environmental and biological control
Evaluación de la exposición a benceno: control ambiental y biológico [in Spanish]
This information note on environmental and biological monitoring for benzene exposure assessment describes various methods for the sampling and analysis of benzene in ambient air, exhaled air and biological fluids (blood and urine). S-phenylmercapturic acid is currently considered as the most appropriate marker for biological monitoring of low exposures to benzene.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1998. 5p. 11 ref.

CIS 00-1671 Yang H.G., Lee B.L., Liang Y.X., Zheng Y.X., Ong C.N.
The effects of exposure to aluminium on neurobehavioural function and dopaminergic metabolism
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exposure to aluminium (Al) on the neurobehavioural function and the dopaminergic metabolism among 33 exposed workers compared to 40 controls. Neurobehavioural functions and two end products of catecholamine metabolism, homovanillic acid and vanillymandellic acid, were measured. The mean concentration of Al in urine was significantly higher in the exposed workers than the controls, but no statistical difference was observed for serum Al, suggesting that urinary Al is a better biomarker for Al exposure. The neurobehavioural tests showed significant differences; manual dexterity, eye-hand coordination and memory, were poorer in the Al-exposed workers. The data also showed that both of the catecholamine metabolites were higher in the exposed group.
International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 1998, No.8, p.101-110. 25 ref.

CIS 00-1660 Dell'Omo M., Muzi G., Marchionna G., Latini L., Carrieri P., Paolemili P., Abbritti G.
Preventive measures reduce exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a graphite electrode plant
End-of-shift urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-hp_ur), a biological marker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was measured by high performance liquid chromatography in electrode workers in a graphite electrode plant. After implementation of preventive measures, median concentrations 1-hp_ur were significantly reduced in some groups of workers. In workers at a second baking impregnation unit, in end product finishing and in the power station, 1-hp_ur concentrations were unchanged. Urinary 1-hp concentrations were still significantly higher in each group of workers than in the control group. Concentrations in the workers varied with the type of job, the highest values being found in workers engaged in the power station, in the two baking impregnation units and in the green electrode unit. Implementing preventive measures significantly reduced exposure to PAHs at a graphite electrode plant. The reduction in median and peak concentrations of 1-hp_ur, which reflects total exposure to, and internal dose of PAHs, was most evident in workers employed in the units where preventive measures had been taken.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 1998, Vol.55, No.6, p.401-406. Illus. 26 ref.

CIS 00-1460 Chemardin J., Simon L., Teculescu D., Hartemann P.
ELISA determination of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus antibodies as a biological indicator of exposure to moulds among grain-elevator employees
Dosage ELISA des immunoglobulines spécifiques d'Aspergillus fumigatus comme biomarqueur d'exposition aux moisissures chez les employés d'un silo à grains [in French]
Because of their heavy exposure to grain dust by inhalation, the serological concentration of the specific immunoglobuline G (Ig-G) against Aspergillus fumigatus of 13 grain-elevator employees was measured with an ELISA method. The validity of this method (reproducibility and repeatability) was first assessed (maxi sd/m = 6.3%) and the threshold for positivity was determined on a population of 122 blood donors. None of the tested factors (sex, smoking habits, place of residence, allergy, contact with an animal) showed any significant influence (α = 0.05) upon the specific Ig-G concentration in the 122 blood donors. The difference of the prevalences of positivity (6.6% for the blood donors and 15.4% for the grain-elevator employees) was not found significant (α = 0.05) because of the small number of employees. Nevertheless, the positive correlation (r = 0.71) found between specific Ig-G concentration and duration of exposure was in agreement with the use of this parameter as a biological indicator of exposure.
Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail, Aug. 1998, Vol.59, No.5, p.315-321. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 00-1393 Wendling J.M., Gonzalez M.
Urinary trans-trans muconic acid: Indicator of the risk of benzene exposure among tank truck drivers
Acide trans-trans muconique urinaire: indicateur d'exposition au risque benzène chez les citernistes [in French]
To evaluate benzene exposure, a study of urinary muconic acid excretion was conducted among 26 exposed road tanker drivers. A study of the activity (work study, questionnaires) identified the methods of operation as well as the incidents that occurred during the workday. During the day of the inquiry, the accidental inhalation and direct (hands) or indirect (soiled clothes) skin contaminations inducing exposure peaks involved 11.5% of the drivers. Urinary muconic acid average was 0.43mg/g creatinine. The level of trans-trans muconic acid excretion was significantly higher in the drivers having reported incidents than in those not reporting incidents. When no incidents occurred, road tanker drivers are moderately exposed to benzene. We propose collective and individual safety measures to reduce the benzene exposure level in this professional group.
Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail, Dec. 1998, Vol.59, No.8, p.543-547. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 00-1397 Kevekordes S., Gebel T.W., Hellwig M., Dames W., Dunkelberg H.
Human effect monitoring in cases of occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs: A method comparison
The aim of the study was to investigate whether DNA damage increased in subjects possibly exposed to high amounts of antineoplastic agents. The level of genetic damage was determined in peripheral mononuclear blood cells with the sister chromatid exchange test, the alkaline elusion technique and the cytokinesis block micronucleus test. The supposed increased exposure of the study subjects was caused by a malfunction of a safety hood resulting in leakage of air during preparation of an infusion of an antineoplastic drug. Two months after a new safety hood was installed, the frequencies of micronuclei and sister chromatic exchanges of exposed nurses were still significantly increased when compared with a matched control group. In a second examination seven months later, the frequency of micronuclei had significantly decreased to control values. Moreover, the study subjects who smoked had significantly increased frequencies of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchanges.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1998, Vol.55, No.3, p.145-149. Illus. 30 ref.

CIS 99-2007 Obiols Quinto J., Huici Montagud A.
Biomonitoring of workers exposed to chemical pollutants
Control biológico de los trabajadores expuestos a contaminantes químicos [in Spanish]
Topics: biological effects; biological threshold limits; carcinogens; carbon monoxide; benzene; lead; cadmium; chromium; chemical products; determination in biological matter; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; fluorides; harmful substances; medical supervision; organophosphorus compounds; sampling and analysis; toxic substances; toxicology.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1998. 346p. Illus. approx. 490 ref.

CIS 99-1977 Karr C.J., Keifer M.C., Miller M.E.
Field-based monitoring of agricultural workers for overexposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides: Evaluation of a trial program
A field cholinesterase test kit was used to monitor orchard pesticide applicators and field workers. The kit utilizes blood obtained by finger-stick sampling, is extremely portable, battery powered and very simple to operate. Compared to baseline values obtained prior to the start of exposure, at each visit, approximately 7-8% of monitored workers were identified as having cholinesterase activity level changes consistent with significant inhibition. Applicators had significantly lower levels than field workers. With a few technical corrections, the kit holds the promise of being a simple, rapid, accurate method for testing cholinesterase in the field. Topics: agriculture; cholinesterase monitoring; crop protection; determination in blood; evaluation of equipment; exposure evaluation; haemoglobin monitoring; orchards; pesticides.
Journal of Agromedicine, 1998, Vol.5, No.4, p.35-47. 15 ref.

CIS 99-1634 Carere A., Crebelli R.
Biomarkers for environmental and occupational exposure to aromatic mutagens and carcinogens from emissions of oil shale petrochemistry
Topics: aromatic hydrocarbons; carcinogens; phosphorus-32; benzene; cytogenetic studies; description of technique; determination in air; determination in blood; estonia; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; haemoglobin; mutagens; oil shale industry; shale oil; urine monitoring.
Istituto superiore di sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy, 1998. iv, 48p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 99-1518 Krajewska B., Lutz W., Piłacik B.
Determination of blood serum oncoprotein NEU and antioncoprotein p-53 - Molecular biomarkers in various types of occupational exposure
Blood serum p-53 and NEU proteins were determined in 32 workers exposed to asbestos and in 57 workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The proteins were also determined in 99 patients with overt cancer and in 47 controls. The data show positive values of oncoprotein NEU or antioncoprotein p-53 in 17.3% to 31.8% of workers exposed to asbestos or PAHs. The percentage of positive values for the examined proteins in the patients with overt cancer ranged from 12.5% to 42.5%. It should be noted that positive values of the oncoproteins detected in the biomaterial of the persons exposed do not mean that people will necessarily develop cancer. Nevertheless, elevated values should be regarded as a warning and an implication for undertaking suitable preventive measures. Topics: aromatic hydrocarbons; asbestos; blood monitoring; cancer; case-control study; determination in blood; exposure evaluation; polycyclic hydrocarbons; serum protein changes.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1998, Vol.11, No.4, p.343-348. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 99-1528 Koh D., Jeyaratnam J.
Biomarkers, screening and ethics
Advances in biomarker technology have made a significant impact on the ethics and practice of occupational health. In the pre-employment stage, preventive testing may be used to avert accidents that may occur if a medically unfit worker undertakes a job that he or she is unable to perform. For safety sensitive jobs, routine testing of functional capacity in the actual job would suffice in most cases. However, in some cases, screening may be used to forecast the risk of a worker developing an illness. The question to consider is whether the test undertaken is to benefit the individual or to fulfil some administrative or financial need. Among exposed workers, screening may be conducted for biomarkers of exposure or effect. The appropriate response to the effect of technical and societal advances on ethics is the updating of ethical guidelines by the profession. It may also be necessary to require a regulatory body to ensure that the tests are accurate and effective, and that they are not used to discriminate against individuals. Topics: cost of diseases; discriminatory practices; ethics; exposure tests; genetic screening; pre-employment medical examinations; responsibilities.
Occupational Medicine, 1998, Vol.48, No.1, p.27-30. 10 ref.

CIS 99-1560 Lagorio S., Crebelli R., Ricciarello R., Conti L., Iavarone I., Zona A., Ghittori S., Carere A.
Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene
Data from a pilot study on unmetabolized benzene and trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) excretion in filling station attendants and unexposed controls were used to afford methodological issues in the biomonitoring of low benzene exposures. The adequacy of urinary t,t-MA and benzene as biological markers of low benzene exposure was evaluated by analyzing the relationship between personal exposure to benzene and biomarker excretion. Filling station attendants excreted significantly higher amounts of benzene, but not of t,t-MA, than controls. Adjusting for occupational benzene exposure, smokers excreted significantly higher amounts of t,t-MA, but not of unmetabolized benzene, than nonsmokers. A comparative analysis of the present and previously published biomonitoring surveys showed a good inter-study agreement regarding the amount of t,t-MA and unmetabolized benzene excreted per unit of exposure. For each biomarker, based on the distribution of parameters observed in the pilot study, the minimum sample size required to estimate the population mean with given confidence and precision was calculated. Topics: benzene; trans,trans-muconic acid; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; evaluation of technique; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; filling stations; smoking; urinary metabolites.
Occupational Medicine, Nov. 1998, Vol.48, No.8, p.497-504. Illus. 44 ref.

CIS 99-1260 Rothman N., Bechtold W.E., Yin S.N., Dosemeci M., Li G.L., Wang Y.Z., Griffith W.C., Smith M.T., Hayes R.B.
Urinary excretion of phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, and muconic acid by workers occupationally exposed to benzene
38 subjects were monitored during their full workshift for inhalation exposure to benzene. The benzene urinary metabolites phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and muconic acid were measured. Results, which are consistent with previous animal studies, show that the relative production of benzene metabolites is a function of exposure level. If the toxic benzene metabolites are assumed to be derived from hydroquinone, ring opened products, or both, these results suggest that the risk for adverse health outcomes due to exposure to benzene may have a supralinear relation with external dose, and that linear extrapolation of the toxic effects of benzene in highly exposed workers to lower levels of exposure may underestimate risk. Topics: benzene; phenol; pyrocatechol; hydroquinone; trans,trans-muconic acid; cross-sectional study; determination in urine; exposure tests; urinary excretion; urinary metabolites; urine monitoring.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1998, Vol.55, No.10, p.705-711. Illus. 41 ref.

CIS 99-1323 Joksić G., Spasojević-Tišma V.
Chromosome analysis of lymphocytes from radiation workers in tritium-applying industry
Topics: analysis of chromosome aberrations; tritium; chromosome changes; determination in urine; exposure tests; luminous paints; lymphocytes; radiation injury.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1998, Vol.71, p.213-220. Illus. 39 ref.

CIS 99-904 Apostoli P., Alessandro G., Placidi D., Alessio L.
Metabolic interferences in subjects occupationally exposed to binary styrene-acetone mixtures
The excretion of styrene metabolites (mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA)) was investigated in plastic manufacturing workers to verify the possible influence of coexposure to acetone on styrene metabolism. Amounts of MA and PGA did not differ in groups with different levels of acetone exposure, but when the acetone air concentration increased, the degree of correlation between styrene and MA and PGA decreased. Coexposure to acetone levels similar to those described here may hamper the use of urinary metabolites for the assessment of exposure to styrene, especially on an individual basis. Topics: acetone; styrene; phenylglyoxylic acid; mandelic acid; determination in air; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; exposure tests; metabolic process; plastics industry; synergism; urinary metabolites.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Oct. 1998, Vol.71, No.7, p.445-452. Illus. 31 ref.

CIS 99-903 Pierce C.H., Dills R.L., Morgan M.S., Vicini P., Kalman D.A.
Biological monitoring of controlled toluene exposure
To determine the best biological indicator of toluene exposure, blood and alveolar breath concentrations of toluene and excretion rates of urinary metabolites (hippuric acid and cresols) were examined in 33 controlled human inhalation exposures to 50ppm for 2h. o-Cresol was least influenced by background contributions, whereas the p-cresol and hippuric acid rates were obscured by endogenous and dietary sources. Toluene levels in alveolar breath proved to be the most accurate and noninvasive indicator of the absorbed dose. Topics: toluene; hippuric acid; cresols; determination in biological matter; determination in blood; determination in exhaled air; determination in urine; exposure tests; human experiments; mathematical models; subject variability; urinary excretion; urinary metabolites.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Oct. 1998, Vol.71, No.7, p.433-444. Illus. 75 ref.

CIS 99-458 Gowers D.S., Carpenter A.V., Ellis H.M., Best A.M., Nash D., Holzner C.L., Keith J.B, Sherrard H.G.
Health surveillance using an occupational medical database
This pilot study sought associations between liver function tests (LFTs) and membership in homogeneous exposure groups (HEGs) at a large plant as pre-clinical indications of possible future occupational health problems. A company database yielded linear models for each of six LFTs in terms of sex, body mass index, age, race, alcohol and cigarette consumption and production/non-production job, permitting control for these in analyses of LFTs vs HEGs at the plant. Results show that large plant medical databases can be used in a systematic way to identify potential problems in occupational groups. Topics: age-linked differences; alcoholism; body weight; computerized data bases; exposure tests; harmful substances; job-exposure relation; length of exposure; liver function tests; medical supervision; sex-linked differences; smoking; statistical evaluation.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 1998, Vol.40, No.8, p.685-696. 76 ref.

CIS 99-202 Vij H.S., Howell S.
Improving the specific gravity adjustment method for assessing urinary concentrations of toxic substances
Topics: determination in urine; exposure tests; mathematical models; toxic substances; urinary excretion; urinary metabolites; urine monitoring; USA.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1998, Vol.59, No.6, p.375-380. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 99-201 Ronin D., Strehl F.
Elevation of zinc protoporphyrin levels in lead workers with iron-sufficient microcytosis
Results of a study of two groups of lead-exposed subjects with either normal or low mean blood cell volume showed a significant difference in zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels between the groups. There was no difference in age, lead levels or iron levels between the groups. Abnormally high ZPP levels may occur in individuals with haemoglobinopathies. Topics: blood-cell anomalies; lead; determination in blood; exposure tests; lead and compounds; protoporphyrin; statistical evaluation.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 1998, Vol.40, No.5, p.492-496. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 99-200 Liu C.S., Kuo H.W., Lai J.S., Lin T.I.
Urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase as an indicator of renal dysfunction in electroplating workers
Topics: chromium; cross-sectional study; determination in air; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; electroplating; enzyme activity determination; job-exposure relation; nephrotoxic effects; renal dysfunction; urine monitoring.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, July 1998, Vol.71, No.5, p.348-352. 30 ref.

CIS 99-198 Batterman S.A., Franzblau A., D'Arcy J.B., Sargent N.E., Gross K.B., Schreck R.M.
Breath, urine, and blood measurements as biological exposure indices of short-term inhalation exposure to methanol
Topics: biological threshold limits; methanol; determination in blood; determination in exhaled air; determination in urine; evaluation of technique; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; inhalation; short-term exposure.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, July 1998, Vol.71, No.5, p.325-335. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 99-222 Ghittori S., Maestri L., Contardi I., Zadra P., Marraccini P., Imbriani M.
Biological monitoring of workers exposed to carbon disulfide (CS₂) in a viscose rayon fibers factory
Topics: carbon disulfide; confounding factors; determination in air; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; viscose rayon industry.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1998, Vol.33, No.5, p.478-484. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 99-180 Colosio C., Barcellini W., Corsini E.
Immunotoxicology in occupational and environmental health: Possibilities, limitations and aims of research
L'immunotossicologia nella medicina del lavoro e dell'ambiente: prospettive, limiti e obiettivi di ricerca [in Italian]
Topics: autoantibodies; chemical hazards; exposure tests; immunobiological changes; immunology; immunotoxic effects; interleukins; literature survey; lymphocytes; mitosis; rheumatoid factor; serum complement; toxicology.
Medicina del lavoro, May-June 1998, Vol.89, No.3, p.203-225. 98 ref.

CIS 98-1644 Gianello G., Masci O., Carelli G., Vinci F., Castellino N.
Occupational exposure to chromium - An assessment of environmental pollution levels and biological monitoring of exposed workers
Topics: adhesives; aircraft industry; chromium and compounds; creatinine excretion; determination in air; determination in urine; exposure tests; Italy; personal sampling.
Industrial Health, Jan. 1998, Vol.36, No.1, p.74-77. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 98-1321 Kumagai S., Matsunaga I., Tabuchi T.
Effects of variation in exposure to airborne acetone and difference in work load on acetone concentrations in blood, urine, and exhaled air
Topics: acetone; conditions of exposure; determination in air; determination in blood; determination in exhaled air; determination in urine; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; mathematical simulation; physical workload.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1998, Vol.59, No.4, p.242-251. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 98-708 Cox C., Que Hee S.S., Tolos W.P.
Biological monitoring of workers exposed to carbon disulfide
Topics: carbon disulfide; 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; determination in urine; exposure tests; personal sampling; respirators; rubber industry; urinary metabolites; USA; viscose rayon industry.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1998, Vol.33, No.1, p.48-54. 31 ref.

1997

CIS 01-510 Foà V.
5th ECSC Medical research programme
Biological indicators of exposure, internal dose, biological effective dose and of early biological effects in coke oven workers exposed to genotoxic compound (PAH)
This study compares a high-risk group of coke-oven workers exposed do PAH with a reference group in order to evaluate the levels of environmental exposure and the biomarkers of internal dose (urinary 1-hydroxyphenol and urinary mutagenicity), of effective dose (DNA and haemoglobin adducts) and of early genomic modifications. Levels of DNA adducts, amino-haemoglobin adducts and sister chromatid exchanges were significantly higher in coke workers and depending on their job, certain categories of workers showed a higher risk. Urinary hypoxypyrene was associated with a high level of DNA adducts; urinary mutagenicity was associated with the amino-fluoranthrene haemoglobin adducts. Smoking was associated with both PAH-DNA and amino-haemoglobin adducts. Summaries in French, German and Italian.
European Commission, Directorate-General V, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate V/F, Public Health and Safety at Work Unit V/F/5 Occupational Health and Hygiene, EUROFORUM Building, 2920 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1997. 115p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 00-1687 Baselt R.C.
Biological monitoring methods for industrial chemicals
For each of 100 chemicals widely used in industry, information is provided on uses, blood concentrations, metabolism and excretion, toxicity, threshold limit values (where applicable), and methods of biological monitoring, including detailed analytical techniques. Replaces CIS 84-1660.
Chemical Toxicology Institute, P.O.Box 8209, Foster City, CA 94404, USA, 3rd ed., 1997. xix, 400p. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: USD 79.00.

CIS 99-1569 Kok P.W., Ong H.Y., Wong M.K., Au W.K., Tan K.T., Phoon W.H., Ong C.N.
Environmental and biological assessment of exposure to benzene among petroleum workers
Occupational exposure to benzene was measured in two gasoline marketing terminals and five major refineries in Singapore. A total of 280 workers were monitored over two years. Results revealed wide variations in exposure, from 0.01 to 13.6ppm for personal time weighted average exposure over the whole workshift. The exposure of truck drivers appeared to be the highest. The average benzene exposure for process operators was relatively low. Lowest benzene exposure was found in the laboratory technicians. As cigarette smoking is known to affect metabolism of benzene, data analyses on the relationships with environmental exposure were conducted only on 190 nonsmokers. The results showed that urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, unmetabolized benzene in urine and benzene in blood were better biomarkers for low level benzene exposure as compared to urinary phenolic metabolites in urine, such as hydroquinone, phenol and catechol. Topics: benzene; trans,trans-muconic acid; determination in air; determination in blood; determination in urine; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; job-exposure relation; metabolic process; petroleum refining; smoking; urinary metabolites.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1997, Vol.44, p.425-431. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 99-1245 Järup L., Persson B., Elinder C.G.
Blood cadmium as an indicator of dose in a long-term follow-up of workers previously exposed to cadmium
The tubular function of 46 workers initially examined in 1984 and heavily exposed to cadmium from 1955 to 1978 was investigated. Although cadmium exposure ceased in 1978, 40% of the workers showed signs of tubular dysfunction both in 1984 and 1993. The current cadmium in blood level (B-Cd) was the best dose indicator. Dose-response relationships were found for B-Cd and various tubular markers. Urinary excretion of protein HC (α₁-microglobulin) appeared to be the most sensitive, as well as an early, indicator of cadmium-induced tubular dysfunction. A history of renal stones was significantly more common for workers with high B-Cd levels. Topics: cadmium; determination in blood; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; long-term exposure; long-term study; nephrotoxic effects; proteinuria; renal dysfunction; soldering and brazing; urinary lithiasis; urine monitoring.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Feb. 1997, Vol.23, No.1, p.31-36. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 99-897 Bergdahl I.A., Schütz A., Gerhardsson L., Jensen A., Skerfving S.
Lead concentrations in human plasma, urine and whole blood
The concentration of lead in human plasma (P-Pb) was investigated in relation to blood-lead levels (B-Pb) and urinary lead (U-Pb). Blood samples were obtained from 145 male workers, 110 of whom were employed in lead work. P-Pb was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The detection limit was 0.04µg/L, and the imprecision was 5%. The low detection limit and good precision of P-Pb determination make it possible to use P-Pb in assessments of lead exposure and risk. Furthermore, in relative terms, P-Pb is a more sensitive measure than B-Pb, especially at high lead levels. Topics: accuracy; blood plasma; lead; determination in blood; determination in urine; evaluation of technique; exposure tests.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Oct. 1997, Vol.23, No.5, p.359-363. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 99-557 Hotz P., Carbonnelle P., Haufroid V., Tschopp A., Buchet J.P., Lauwerys R.
Biological monitoring of vehicle mechanics and other workers exposed to low concentrations of benzene
The diagnostic power of blood and breath benzene and of urinary phenol (PH), catechol (CA), hydroquinone (HQ), S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) and muconic acid (MA) were compared in 410 male workers exposed to benzene in garages, in two coke plants and in a by-product plant. Benzene exposure was assessed by personal air sampling. In all, 95% of workers were exposed to less than 0.5ppm benzene. Results showed that MA and S-PMA concentrations were fairly good indicators of benzene exposure in the 0.1 to 1ppm range, even in a population comprising both smokers and nonsmokers. PH, HQ, CA and blood and breath benzene were less suitable, if at all, in the same exposure range. Topics: benzene; S-phenylmercapturic acid; coking plants; determination in blood; determination in exhaled air; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; garages; personal sampling; smoking; urinary metabolites.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1997, Vol.70, No.1, p.29-40. 44 ref.

CIS 98-1366 Mielżyńska D., Braszczyńska Z., Siwińska E., Smolik E., Bubak A., Sokal J.A.
Exposure of coke-oven workers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on biological monitoring results
Topics: aromatic hydrocarbons; benzo(a)pyrene; coke ovens; determination in air; determination in urine; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; job-exposure relation; mutagenicity tests; mutagens; Poland; polycyclic hydrocarbons; smoking; synergism; urinary metabolites.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1997, Vol.58, No.9, p.661-666. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 98-714 Fincher C.E., Chang T.S., Harrell E.H., Kettelhut M.C., Rea W.J., Johnson A., Hickey D.C., Simon T.R.
Comparison of single photon emission computed tomography findings in cases of healthy adults and solvent-exposed adults
Topics: case-control study; central nervous system; circulatory disorders of the brain; determination in blood; exposure tests; neurotoxic effects; organic solvents; scintillation scanning; tomography; USA.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1997, Vol.31, No.1, p.4-14. Illus. 42 ref.

CIS 98-646 Buratti M., Pellegrino O., Valla C., Fustinoni S., Colombi A.
Biological monitoring of environmental benzene exposure in traffic wardens
Monitoraggio biologico dell'esposizione ambientale a benzene in addetti alla vigilanza urbana [in Italian]
Topics: benzene; determination in air; determination in urine; exhaust gases; exposure tests; Italy; road transport; smoking; urinary metabolites.
Medicina del lavoro, May-June 1997, Vol.88, No.3, p.208-219. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 98-852
Health and Safety Executive
Biological monitoring in the workplace - A guide to its practical application to chemical exposure
Topics: employee rights; exposure evaluation; exposure tests; harmful substances; legislation; medical supervision; safety guides; sample processing; training material; United Kingdom; workers participation.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, Oct. 1997. iv, 32p. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 98-851
Health and Safety Executive
Biological monitoring in the workplace - Information for employees on its application to chemical exposure
Topics: employee rights; exposure tests; harmful substances; routes of entry; safety guides; United Kingdom.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, Oct. 1997. 8p. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 98-206 Guidotti T.L., Audette R.J., Martin C.J.
Interpretation of the trace metal analysis profile for patients occupationally exposed to metals
Topics: description of technique; determination in biological matter; determination in blood; determination in urine; exposure tests; metals; trace metals.
Occupational Medicine, Nov. 1997, Vol.47, No.8, p.497-503. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 98-209 Rothman N., Cantor K.P., Blair A., Bush D., Brock J.W., Helzlsouer K., Zahm S.H., Needham L., Pearson G.R., Hoover R.N., Comstock G.W., Strickland P.T.
A nested case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and serum organochlorine residues
Topics: DDT; determination in blood; epidemiologic study; exposure tests; lymphoma; pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls.
Lancet, 26 July 1997, Vol.350, No.9073, p.240-244. 32 ref.

CIS 97-1979 Ferrier V.
Biomonitoring: A new frontier
Surveillance biologique: une nouvelle frontière [in French]
This is a general article on biomonitoring published on the occasion of a seminar entitled "Biomonitoring: Essential tool for prevention", which took place on November 19, 1997 in Nancy, France. The themes covered include a definition of biomonitoring, its integration in occupational health, biological exposure indices (BEIs), the link with atmospherical control and the impact on employees. The specific case of lead, the first toxic substance to be subjected to mandatory biomonitoring in France, is included. Finally, the article describes the French toxicokinetic and metabolic assessment service for chemicals, operated by INRS.
Travail et sécurité, Nov. 1997, No.566, p.13-17. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 97-1990 Gobba E., et al.
Environmental and biological monitoring of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in dry cleaning shops
Il monitoraggio ambientale e biologico dell'esposizione occupazionale a percloroetilene nelle lavanderie a secco [in Italian]
Personal air sampling for perchloroethylene (PCE) (tetrachloroethylene) among 106 workers in 78 dry cleaning shops revealed that average exposure was about 30% of the current threshold limit value. However, exposure exceeded this limit in 12 workers. Measurement of urinary trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and urinary excretion of unmodified perchloroethylene (PCE-U) showed that PCE-U levels were correlated to exposure in both low and heavily exposed workers; levels of TCA were correlated only in heavily exposed workers. Urinary excretion of PCE-U appears to be a reliable indicator of exposure among these workers.
Medicina del lavoro, Jan.-Feb. 1997, Vol.88, No.1, p.24-36. Illus. 34 ref.

CIS 97-1973 Bogadi-Šare A., et al.
Genotoxic effects in workers exposed to benzene: With special reference to exposure markers and confounding factors
Cytogenetic tests were carried out on the lymphocytes of 49 female shoemakers exposed to benzene and toluene. Levels of benzene and toluene in the workers' blood and levels of phenol in urine were also measured. Chromosome aberration analysis revealed a significant increase in dicentric incidence in the exposed workers with respect to a control group. While significant correlation between cytogenetic test results and exposure biomarkers was not established, correlation between cytogenetic test results and data on confounding factors (age, alcohol consumption) was marked. The influence of confounding factors should be considered when estimating individual genotoxicity risk related to low level benzene exposure.
Industrial Health, July 1997, Vol.35, No.3, p.367-373. 31 ref.

CIS 97-1942 Scobbie A., Wilson H.K.
Is that chemical getting into your body?
Techniques of biological monitoring for assessing worker exposure to chemicals are outlined. Levels of hazardous substances or their metabolites may be measured in breath, urine or blood and results compared with health or benchmark guidance values. Where these values are exceeded, work practices and control measures should be investigated. Biological monitoring is most appropriate in circumstances where air monitoring may not give a true picture of exposure.
Safety and Health Practitioner, Nov. 1997, Vol.15, No.11, p.22-24. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 97-1936 Ashley D.L., Prah J.D.
Time dependence of blood concentrations during and after exposure to a mixture of volatile organic compounds
Blood concentrations of nine substances were measured before, during and after exposure of five individuals to a mixture of 21 volatile organic compounds in a controlled chamber. The complexity of the elimination curve pointed to the existence of multiple storage sites within the body. With repeated exposure, bioaccumulation may occur in humans.
Archives of Environmental Health, Jan.-Feb. 1997, Vol.52, No.1, p.26-33 Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 97-1613 Lutz W., Krajewska B., Piłacik B.
Determination of tissue polypeptide antigens (TPA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum: Its value in the preliminary cancer risk assessment in asbestos exposed workers
Serum levels of tissue polypeptide antigens (TPA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured in 274 workers exposed to asbestos. In 22 workers, TAP values exceeded the cut-off concentrations for neoplastic biomarkers determined in earlier studies of persons not exposed to carcinogenic substances. TPA levels increased with increasing age of the worker, exposure duration and smoking. Determination of TPA levels proved more useful that determination of CEA levels in evaluating the health of exposed workers.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1997, Vol.10, No.3, p.259-265. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 97-1578 Moen B.E., Øvrebø S.
Assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during fire fighting by measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene
Urine samples were obtained from 9 students and 4 teachers at a firefighter training school before and 6 to 7 hours after extinguishing burning diesel fuel. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for 1-hydroxypyrene. A small but significant increase in 1-hydroxypyrene levels was found after fire fighting. Fire fighting may cause exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are classified as carcinogenic.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 1997, Vol.39, No.6, p.515-519. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 97-1577 Bleecker M.L., et al.
Curvilinear relationship between blood lead level and reaction time
A computerized simple reaction time (SRT) test was administered to 78 lead smelter workers, and the relationship between different measures of blood lead and components of SRT performance were investigated. Measures of blood lead included current blood lead (PbB) and mathematically derived blood lead fractions from the environment (PbB-env) and from bone (PbB-bn). Measures of SRT performance were obtained from 44 trials with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) ranging from 1 to 10s. A curvilinear relationship was observed between current blood lead (PbB) and median SRT; the SRT for ISIs between 6 and 10s was the preferred measure. Of the other blood lead measures, only PbB-env was related to components of SRT.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 1997, Vol.39, No.5, p.426-431. 22 ref.

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