Ethical issues - 131 entries found

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1988

CIS 90-954 Aitio A., Becking G., Berlin A., Bernard A., Foa V., Kello D., Krug E., Léonard A., Nordberg G.
Indicators for assessing exposure and biological effects of genotoxic chemicals: Consensus and technical reports
Proceedings of a workshop held in Luxembourg from 6 to 9 July 1987 to evaluate the current methods which use indicators in human biological materials for assessing exposure to and/or biological effects of genotoxic chemcials. The conclusion of the workshop was that despite the existence of a number of tests available to assess exposure and/or effects of genotoxic chemicals, none of these tests can assess the health risks at an individual level. Experience gained from routine biological monitoring in this area, is therefore limited. The importance of ethical considerations with regard to biological testing was stressed.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Grand Duchy of L-2985 Luxembourg, 29 rue Aldringen, L-2985 Luxembourg, 1988. 191p. Bibl. Price: ECU 15.00.

CIS 90-700 Larsen R.C., Felton J.S.
Occupational medicine - Psychiatric injury in the workplace
Collection of major review articles, each accompanied by many references. Contents: occupational stress; workers' compensation and psychiatric disability; cumulative injury in workers' compensation; assessing the effect of psychiatric disorders on work function; psychological testing of the psychiatrically injured worker; stress reactions in the job setting; the psychiatric epidemic in the American workplace; social support and coping with stress: implications for the workplace; violence and trauma response; role of the occupational physician in mental health services; ethical issues in psychiatry and occupational medicine.
Hanley and Belfus, Inc., Medical Publishers, P.O. Box 1377, Philadelphia, PA 19105-9990, USA, Oct.-Dec. 1988. p.587-730. Bibl. Index. Price: USD 29.00 (outside the US: USD 34.00, airmail: USD 40.00).

CIS 90-511 Himmelstein J.S., Pransky G.S.
Occupational medicine - Worker fitness and risk evaluations
Collection of major review articles, each accompanied by many references. Contents: worker fitness (WF) and risk evaluation (RE) in context; decision-making in WF and RE; ethical considerations; legal considerations in the US of WF evaluations; job evaluation in WF determination; cardiovascular conditions and WF and risk; low back pain - RE and preplacement screening; soft tissue disorders of the upper extremities; the evaluation of pulmonary fitness and risk; neurological considerations in WF evaluation; psychiatric conditions in WF and RE; reproductive fitness and risk; dermatological considerations in WF evaluation; a review of the medical standards for civilian airmen.
Hanley and Belfus Inc., P.O. Box 1377, Philadelphia, PA 19105, USA, Apr.-June 1988. p.169-369. Illus. Bibl. Index. Price: USD 29.00 (outside the US: USD 34.00, airmail: USD 44.00).

1987

CIS 88-1893 Zuger A., Miles S.H.
Physicians, AIDS, and occupational risk : Historic traditions and ethical obligations
This special communication in a major medical journal discusses the problem of physicians' obligations with respect to patents with AIDS. The medical needs of HIV-infected persons are beginning to strain health care systems and most physicians will encounter these patients in the course of a day's work. In the face of these realities professional ethical standards, at present rather inadequate and incomplete, should be changed. A parallel is drawn with past behaviour by physicians during great epidemics (bubonic plague, yellow fever).
Journal of the American Medical Association, Oct. 1987, Vol.258, No.14, p.1924-1928. 51 ref.

CIS 88-495 Gardner A.W.
Current approaches to occupational health - 3
This book covers some current issues in occupational health: low-humidity occupational dermatoses; occupational asthma; monitoring for new occupational risks of cancer; electromagnetic fields and health effects; psychiatric aspects of fitness for work; identifying and helping problem drinkers at work; toxicology and toxicology programmes; occupational health in the motor vehicle manufacturing industry; occupational health problems in health care workers; achieving safe behaviour; the role of legislation, regulation and enforcement in occupational health; occupational health programmes; ethical problems in occupational medicine; the health of an organisation; audit in occupational health.
John Wright and Sons Ltd., Techno House, Redcliffe Way, Bristol BS1 6NX, United Kingdom, 1987. 364p. Illus. Bibl. Index. Price: GBP 29.50.

1986

CIS 88-1539 González Fernández E.
Biological monitoring and genetic screening of exposure to chemical agents: synopsis and analysis
Muestreo biológico y tamizaje (screening) genético de la exposición a los agentes químicos: sinopsis y análisis [in Spanish]
A synopsis of the state of the art and of the concepts, definitions, practical implications and technical and ethical aspects of the introduction of biological monitoring in the field of occupational toxicology. "Biological monitoring" means measurement of biological indicators of exposure to hazardous chemicals in the working environment. The article also discusses the future possibilities offered by "genetic screening", which may detect health hazards before the appearance of symptoms.
Medicina y seguridad del trabajo, Apr.-June 1986, Vol.33, No.131, p.3-15. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 88-202 Consultation on linkage of occupational exposure information with morbidity data
The tasks of the meeting were to: study working models used; consider methods to obtain relevant information for the linkage studies; consider the quality of the information; and consider the ethical, economic and confidentiality aspects of the studies. The papers covered: linkage of census data with a cancer registry; linkage of register information in Italy, the USA, Canada, Sweden, Yugoslavia, France, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, Belgium, and Denmark; linkage with job category or exposure; lumbar spinal and musculoskeletal morbidity; exposure conditions and use in health surveillance; clinical aspects; and use of registered data in reproductive studies.
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, 2100 København, Denmark, 1986. 227p. Illus. 201 ref.

CIS 86-1994 Murray R.F.
Test of so-called genetic susceptibility
During the past 2 decades a number of inherited polymorphic proteins and enzymes have been identified in different ethnic groups. Certain biochemical markers appear to be associated with susceptibility to harmful effects of the environment. The potential for using these markers to determine whether affected persons ought to be excluded from certain jobs or from the environment(s) of specific settings in the workplace is reviewed. An attempt is made to identify the criteria that should be used before it is scientifically and ethically justified to use these markers to "protect" workers and/or other persons from harm by not allowing them to work in a specific setting or with specific agents to which they have been deemed to be at special risk of injury.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1986, Vol.28, No.10, p.1103-1107. 8 ref.

CIS 86-1977 Atherley G., Johnston N., Tennassee M.
Biomedical surveillance: Rights conflict with rights
Medical screening and biomedical monitoring violate individual rights. Such conflicts of right with right are acted upon synergistically by uncertainty which, in some important respects, increases rather than decreases as a result of research. Issues of rightness and wrongness, ethical issues, arise because the human beings who are subjects of medical screening and biological monitoring often have little or no option whether to be subjected to them. Issues of rightness and wrongness of biomedical monitoring for various purposes of occupational health and safety are identified. Social validity and scientific validity are distinguished between. It is observed that principles are well established for scientific validity, but not for social validity. Guidelines are supported as a way forward.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1986, Vol.28, No.10, p.958-965. 20 ref.

CIS 86-1974 Bayer R.
Biological monitoring in the workplace: Ethical issues
The following questions concerning medical surveillance and the worker's relationship to management are considered: Do workers have a moral obligation to participate in workplace screening and monitoring when undertaken to enhance the interests of occupational health? What conditions would be necessary to establish the existence of such a moral obligation? If such an obligation were to be established, ought it be satisfied solely on the basis of voluntary collaboration? Is compulsory participation in monitoring and screening ever morally justified? Should the principle of informed voluntary consent that obtains in medical research apply to workplace investigations that involve potentially invasive procedures and risks to privacy?
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1986, Vol.28, No.10, p.935-939. 9 ref.

CIS 86-1973 Lappé M.A.
Ethical concerns in occupational screening programs
Preventive and anticipatory programmes for identifying workers at higher-than-normal risk of occupational injury and/or disease can now draw on an expanding net of sophisticated diagnostic tests. New genetic screening tests may use reagents developed through recombinant DNA technologies, including cDNA probes for genetic variants such as HLA B27 associated with late-appearing disability. Assessments of the readiness of these technologies to be incorporated into standard occupational policy focus on their predictive value, applications, and the locus of control of the data which they generate. The question of responsibility for health protection and obligations accruing to those who uncover genetically fixed risk status has major ethical implications. Issues of potential stigmatisation, discrimination, and protection of equal employment opportunity must be resolved before these tests are put into practice. The possible use of genetic testing to assure minimal risk and its equitable distribution among workers is highlighted as a possible benefit of this new applied technology.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1986, Vol.28, No.10, p.930-934. 24 ref.

CIS 86-1776 Samuels S.W.
Medical surveillance: Biological, social, and ethical parameters
The need for a graded response to environmental risks, including the need to extend medical surveillance, for which screening is one tool, to populations at high risk of occupationally attributable disease is discussed from ethical, social and biological perspectives. Ethical judgements need to be understood in terms of their derivation and implications in the form of rights or criteria for moral management of such populations. These rights must be exercised in an appropriate social context enabling the right to know and notification. Discussion of the biological perspective heuristically is conducted in terms of "population thinking". Critical methodological problems emanate from this approach that impact on deterministic orientations in the interpretation of individual surveillance data. Nelson's concept of "added burden of risk" is seen as a valid postulate for management of populations at risk.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1986, Vol.28, No.8, p.572-577. 8 ref.

1985

CIS 87-485 Nelkin D., Hilgartner S., Brown M.S., Raymond C.A., Jasanoff S., Sagoof M.
The language of risk
This collection of essays results from a project on determining workers' perceptions of occupational risks. The chapters cover: analysing risk; political language of risk and defining occupational health; worker access to hazard information; conflicting journalistic ideologies; ethical conflicts in occupational medicine; misrule of law at the US OSH Administration; sense and sentiment in OSH programmes (emotional and economic approaches).
Sage Publications Inc., 275 South Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA, 1985. 200p. Bibl.

CIS 86-2071 Employment and conditions of work in health and medical services
Emploi et conditions de travail dans les services médicaux et de santé [in French]
Report intended to serve as a basis for the joint meeting to be held on the subject (see CIS 86-1169). It is based mainly on replies from governments to a questionnaire which was prepared by the ILO and sent to member States. Aspects covered: employment, labour-management relations, working time, remuneration. The chapter devoted to occupational health and safety deals with: the statistical picture, communicable diseases, chemical hazards, physical hazards, ergonomics and manual handling, psychosocial hazards, accidents and injuries, special groups, general health reviews of health care employees. Ethical problems are dealt with in the last chapter.
International Labour Office, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 1985. 142p.

CIS 86-1169 Report of the Joint Meeting on Employment and Conditions of Work in Health and Medical Services
Rapport de la Réunion paritaire sur l'emploi et les conditions de travail dans les services médicaux et de santé [in French]
The subjects examined were: employment, labour-management relations, working time, occupational health and safety, remuneration; ethical problems. The discussion of the report prepared by the ILO on these items is reproduced. Conclusions adopted by the meeting as well as resolutions concerning: ILO activities in the field of health and medical services; freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining in health and medical services; equal rights and opportunities.
International Labour Office, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, Oct. 1985. 55p.

CIS 86-567 Kelman G.R.
The pre-employment medical examination
A survey of pre-employment medical examination practices, particularly in the United Kingdom and Australia. The main purposes of such examinations are commented under the headings: to avoid danger to others and to the workers; to provide baseline data; to provide relevant health data; to provide information on increased susceptibility to hazards: to advise workers about possible health hazards. Ethical and legal considerations are discussed.
Lancet, 30 Nov. 1985, Vol.2, No.8466, p.1231-1233. 12 ref.

CIS 85-2058 Computerisation of health service records
Informatización de los servicios médicos de empresa [in Spanish]
This issue is devoted entirely to the detailed description of and commentary on a suggested standardised health service record system to be used in Spanish enterprises. The record form is designed for easy computer input and treatment. The discussion includes ethical and legal considerations, possibilities and advantages of the method and the importance of medical information systems.
Medicina y seguridad del trabajo, Mar. 1985, Vol.32, No.125, p.7-112. Illus.

1984

CIS 90-1931 Bohère G.
Profession: journalist. A study on the working conditions of journalists
Profession: journaliste - Etude sur la condition du journaliste en tant que travailleur [in French]
Topics covered in this study: the structure of the profession; employment in the profession; technological and economic constraints and employment problems; ethical standards in the profession; the career and its problems; hours of work, time off and annual leave; pay; safety and health; termination of employment; social security; industrial relations.
ILO Publications, International Labour Office, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 1984. 177p. Bibl. Price: CHF 25.00.

CIS 85-2073 Benner P.E.
Stress and satisfaction on the job - work meanings and coping of mid-career men
An examination of patterns in work-related stress in middle-aged American men, written by a psychologist, and based on a year-long interview study of 23 men. Contents: the relationship between work stress, coping and health; methodology; work as a coping resource; individual case studies; experience as a coping resource; the meaningfulness of work as the best way to reduce stress. Religious and ethical variables contributing to work stress are discussed (the Protestant and utilitarian ethics).
Praeger Publishers, 521 Fith Ave., New York, NY 10175, USA, 1984. 203p. 136 ref. (In Europe, available from: Holt Saunders, 1 St Anne's Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN21 3UN, United Kingdom. Price: £28.50).

CIS 85-874 Rothstein M.A.
Medical screening of workers
Medical screening of workers and surveillance programmes designed to identify work-related illness in those exposed to specific hazards in the USA are explored from an interdisciplinary perspective involving medical, scientific, legal, political, economic and ethical concerns. Contents: role of occupational medicine; medical assessment of current health status; assessment of future health risks; genetic screening and employment decisions; medical screening and the common law; the Occupational Safety and Health Act; the Rehabilitation Act and State Handicap Laws; civil rights and discrimination aspects; the National Labor Relations Act; workers' compensation, common law and personal injury; societal perspectives.
Bureau of National Affairs, 1231, 25th St. N.W., Washington D.C. 20037, USA, 1984. 276p. Bibl. Price: US$30.00.

1983

CIS 84-1052 Sheridan P.J.
Genetic screening: its promise and peril
The ethical and legal issues related to the possibility of using genetic screening tests in the selection of workers for specific jobs, and the potential for legislative action on this issue in the USA, are discussed.
Occupational Hazards, Apr. 1983, Vol.45, No.4, p.75-79. Illus.

CIS 84-565 Lappé M.
Ethical issues in testing for differential sensitivity to occupational hazards
The benefits and risks of health strategies at the workplace involving biochemical indices of worker susceptibility are examined, and elements are proposed for effective guidelines for pre-employment screening to permit the orderly development of hypersusceptibility tests. Recommendations cover: attainable purpose; workforce participation; equal access and/or random participation; adequate testing procedures; absence of compulsion; informed consent; protection of human subjects; access to information; provision of follow-up; disclaimer concerning relation to therapeutic alternatives; protection of confidentiality and right of privacy.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Nov. 1983, Vol.25, No.11, p.797-808. 30 ref.

1982

CIS 85-898 Kelley W.D.
Protection of the sensitive individual
Proceedings of a symposium held by the ACGIH at the Arizona Center for Occupational Safety and Health (USA), 9-11 Nov. 1981. Aspects covered: definition of the sensitive individual; epidemiological approaches; recognition of the sensitive individual (biological, clinical and epidemiological assessment); occupational exposure limits and the sensitive worker; employer-employee relations and responsibilities; legal and ethical issues.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway Ave., Bldg. D-5, Cincinnati, OH 45211, USA, 1982. Annals Vol.3, 187p. Bibl.

CIS 83-880 Lee J.S., Rom W.N.
Legal and ethical dilemmas in occupational health
This text contains 38 papers presented at the Third Annual Park City Environmental Health Conference (USA, 1981), which provide varied points of view and the latest precedent cases and relevant science under the 5 section headings: Occupational Safety and Health Act issues; workers' rights and responsibilities; workers' compensation; job discrimination; ethics.
Butterworths Ltd., Borough Green, Sevenoaks, Kent TN15 8PH, United Kingdom, 1982. 485p. Illus. Bibl. Price: £35.00.

1980

CIS 80-2072 The occupational physician.
These guidelines on ethics for occupational physicians cover: whole-time occupational physicians and part-time practitioners in occupational medicine (definition, grades, training, remuneration, superannuation, working hours); terms of service (responsibilities, employment contracts); duties of occupational physicians, with advice on the examination of personnel. Appendices: ethical guidance for the occupational physician (basis of relationship; relationships with colleagues; records; screening; consent; training); guidance on the Medicines Act 1968.
British Medical Association, Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9JR, United Kingdom, June 1980. 30p. Price: £1.75.

CIS 80-2068 Guidance on ethics for occupational physicians.
Report of the Ethical Guidance Committee, covering: confidentiality of clinicalinformation about individuals; confidentiality of scientific information on working processes and their effects on health; routine or periodic examination of workers and clinical investigation for research purposes; relations with other doctors, management, trade unions, government agencies and others working in occupational safety and health; other areas where conflict ofional safety and health; other areas where conflict of interest might arise.
Royal College of Physicians, 11 St. Andrews Place, Regents Park, London NW1 4LE, United Kingdom, 1980. 10p. 5 ref. Price: £1.00.

1979

CIS 80-593 Spinnarke J., Schork G.
Occupational safety law
Arbeitssicherheitsrecht (ASiR) [in German]
This loose-leaf compendium gives the text of the Federal German Act of 1973 concerning plant physicians, safety engineers and other occupational safety specialists (CIS 74-1166) with a detailed commentary, and the most important statutory instruments concerning occupational safety and health enacted in the Fed.Rep. of Germany. The 10th supplement contains new or amended texts, updating the compendium to Aug. 1979. The new texts concern: employment and tasks of plant physicians (preventive examinations, professional secrecy, employer-worker relations); workers' rights (right to information and medical examinations); list of technical rules for acetylene, workplaces, arsenic, flammable liquids, steam boilers, hazardous substances used in industry; laws affording protection against unethical use of computerised personal information (extracts).
Published by C.F. Müller Juristischer Verlag, Im Weiher 10, 6900 Heidelberg 1, Germany (Fed.Rep.), 1979, 1st to 10th supplement, 1,300p. Price: DM.128.00

1976

CIS 77-873 Code of ethical conduct for physicians providing occupational medical services.
Text of these principles, adopted by the Board of Directors of the American Occupational Medical Association on 23 July 1976. They are intended to aid physicians in maintaining ethical conduct in providing occupational medical services, and to guide them in their relations with patients, employers' and workers' representatives, professional colleagues and the public. The 12 principles cover moral and practical aspects of the industrial physician's work. The physician should accord highest priority to the health and safety of the individual in the workplace. He should treat all information as confidential, except when required by law or overriding public health considerations, and within the limits of traditional medical ethical practice; employers are not entitled to information on diagnosis or specific details about the individual.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1976, Vol.18, No.8, front cover.

1975

CIS 76-299 The evolution of America's industrial safety movement, 1776-1976.
A series of 9 papers describing the major trends and the milestones of the occupational safety and health movement in the USA in each of the following periods: 1776-1850, 1850-1900 (the industrial revolution), 1900-1916 (progressive reforms), 1920-1929, 1930-1939 (increasing role of the Federal government), 1940-1949, 1950-1959, 1960-1969 and 1970-1976 (enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and growing concern for the quality of life). The pioneering efforts of the States of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania are recalled, and the prevalent influence of political, social and ethical factors is highlighted. There are many illustrations taken from public and private archives.
Occupational Hazards, Sep. 1975, Vol.37, No.9, p.51-98 and 144-145. Illus. 40 ref.

1974

CIS 76-816 Occupational exposure to pesticides - Report to the Federal Working Group on Best Management from the Task Group on Occupational Exposure to Pesticides.
This report covers the extent and severity of the organophosphorus residue problem in the USA, identifies areas in which information is unavailable, and recommends guidelines for research required to obtain the data. The chapters in Part A (Overview of organophosphates and farm worker health) are: organophosphorus pesticide usage, population at risk, recognised reentry related pesticide illnesses, pesticide legislation and administrative regulations, approaches to reducing organophosphorus residues, basic strategies for protecting farm workers from pesticide residues, alternative methods for establishing worker reentry periods, and worker reentry studies conducted to date. Part B (Standardised worker reentry research) includes: general methodological considerations, experimental design, and medico-ethical considerations in pesticide reentry studies. Appendices include cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphorus pesticides, absorption of pesticides through the skin of man, removal of dislodgeable residues from citrus by washing, statistical procedures and details, and recommended methods for cholinesterase assay.
University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, 1974. 155p. Illus. 176 ref.

1973

CIS 76-392 Guide to the safety aspects of human vibration experiments.
Much of the available information on the effects of vibration on man is provisional or even contradictory. This publication applies primarily to laboratory vibration facilities, to provide guidance to those engaged in experimental work. It is not a binding code of safe practice. It comprises 4 main sections: general considerations (inherent and extraneous risks, subject's consent, ethical and legal aspects); specification, design and choice of vibration-generation equipment (especially safety measures); selection of subjects; experimental procedures. Appendices: application form; limits of acceptable vibration and shock ("fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary", "exposure limit", "reduced comfort boundary"); medical contraindications; description of typical electro-hydraulic vibrator system.
DD 23:1973, British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS, United Kingdom, June 1973. 23p. Illus. Price: £2.00.

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