Polycyclic hydrocarbons - 153 entries found

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1988

CIS 89-886 Lafontaine M., Attenont H., Truy S.
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in carbon electrode manufacturing plants
Exposition aux hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques dans l'industrie productrice d'électrodes en carbone [in French]
Workplace monitoring was carried out in French electrode manufacturing plants. After explaining how samples were obtained and analysed and describing their findings, the authors conclude that there are workplaces in electrode manufacturing plants with high exposure levels to PAHs, particularly during preparation and shaping. Preventive measures seem to be limited to case-by-case remedies, such as improved ventilation or improvements in the manufacturing process. Personal protective equipment (filtered-air helmet) can prove useful, however.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 3rd Quarter 1988, No.132, Note No.1688-132-88, p.453-457. Illus. 7 ref.

1987

CIS 88-1227 Lesage J., Perrault G., Durand P.
Evaluation of worker exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
The adopted method consists of filter and sorbent tube sampling followed by benzene extraction and analysis of 12 different PAHs with a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer. This method has undergone extensive field trials. Sampling temperature, inorganic and organic interferences have an effect on the results as they do on the standard gravimetric method of benzene-solubles. A combination of the gravimetric method and the particulate and gaseous concentration profile of 12 PAHs is necessary to obtain an informative evaluation of worker exposure. This approach was used to demonstrate that workers in paving and roofing operations and on some worksites in the steel and silicon carbide industries show an exposure profile that suggests minimal health risk and is largely different from the exposure of workers in aluminium refineries, refractory brick laying and most other worksites in the silicon carbide industry.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1987, Vol.48, No.9, p.753-759. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 88-907 Velasco Ortega J.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - Criteria for the evaluation of the health risk
Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) - Criterios para la valoración del riesgo higiénico/Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) - Criterios para la valoración del riesgo higiénico [in Spanish]
Most of the investigations into the workplace atmosphere concerning PAHs have been limited to benzo(a)pyrene. Howeer, the rapid evolution of analytical instrumentation in recent years has made it possible to determine more than 50 different PAHs simultaneously. This article reviews the work processes which result in the release of PAHs into the workplace air. It describes methods for sampling and analysis as well as existing TLVs (USA, USSR and Sweden).
Prevención, Apr.-June 1987, No.100, p.20-26. Illus. 31 ref.

CIS 88-903 García Goday J.M.
Carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Poder cancerígeno de los hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos/Poder cancerígeno de los hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos [in Spanish]
Survey of the different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their carcinogenic effects. The most important sources of emission and the concentrations detected in urban air in different parts of the world are described. Various tables are included in the article.
Medicina y seguridad del trabajo, Jan.-Mar. 1987, Vol.34, No.134, p.3-25. 10 ref.

CIS 87-1361 Vo-Dinh T., White D.A.
Development of luminescence procedures to evaluate permeation of multi-ring polyaromatic compounds through protective materials
Two practical and simple luminescence techniques were developed to evaluate the efficacy of protective clothing materials against permeation of multi-ring polyaromatic compounds contained in heavy oil and petroleum products. The procedures use a rapid and simple technique based on room temperature phosphorimetry and fluorescence detection in which a portable fibre optic luminoscope was used.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1987, Vol.48, No.4, p.400-405. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 87-1375 Dufresne A., Lesage J., Perrault G.
Evaluation of occupational exposure to mixed dusts and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in silicon carbide plants
The silicon carbide production process uses mainly petroleum coke, pure crystalline silica and graphite. The airborne dust content of silica polymorphs, especially quartz, cristobalite and tridymite was determined by x-ray diffraction analysis. The minerals present and dust particle size as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air of 2 plants were determined and the data used to validate the analytical methods.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1987, Vol.48, No.2, p.160-166. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 87-983 Lafontaine M., Limasset J.C., Truy S.
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coal briquetting industry
Exposition aux hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques dans l'industrie des agglomérés de houille [in French]
Clinical observation over the last ten years has brought to light a disturbing number of cases of skin cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma and cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. It was therefore considered worthwhile to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure levels in 6 factories. After explaining how samples were obtained and analysed and describing their findings, the authors conclude that there are work stations in coal briquetting plants with high PAH exposure levels. Preventive measures are needed and medical surveillance is required for the early detection of tumours.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 1st Quarter 1987, No.126, Note No.1615-126-87, p.57-62. Illus. 12 ref.

1986

CIS 90-526 Cherrie J., Dodgson J.
Past exposures to airborne fibers and other potential risk factors in the European man-made mineral fiber production industry
A historical environmental investigation was undertaken in European man-made mineral fibre factories (MMMF) to assess past exposures to MMMF and other environmental risk factors (asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, formaldehyde, and arsenic). A self-administered questionnaire completed by each plant management and an interview of the respondents were used. Addition of oil to the MMMF, change in the nominal fibre size of the bulk MMMF, and elimination of early discontinuous production techniques were identified as principal changes. The absence of oil, small nominal size, and labour-intensive production have been judged to be associated with higher airborne fibre levels.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 1986, Vol.12. suppl.1, p.26-33. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 87-981
Comités techniques nationaux du caoutchouc-papier-carton, des industries chimiques, de la métallurgie, du bâtiment et des travaux publics, Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie
Exposure to pitch and coal tar - Prevention of health hazards due to exposure to pitch and coal tar during the manufacture, handling and use of products containing them (Recommendation R 278)
Exposition aux brai et goudron de houille. Prévention des risques pathologiques dus à l'exposition du brai et goudron de houille lors de la fabrication, la manipulation et l'utilisation des produits en contenant (Recommandation R 278) [in French]
Recommendation adopted in France during 1985-1986. Coverage: information on products, substitute materials, precautions specific to pitch and coal tar use, mixing operations and other hot work, elimination of fumes, cleaning of workplaces and equipment, working with pitch and coal-tar-based products, personal hygiene, air quality monitoring, medical supervision, training and informing of staff. Detailed commentary of certain points.
Travail et sécurité, Nov. 1986, No.11, p.600-603.

CIS 87-1000 Cameron B.D., Dunsire J.P., Draffan G.H., Bruce J.C.
The percutaneous absorption of triarylmethane and phenoxazine type colour former components of carbonless copy papers
The percutaneous absorption of carbon-14 labelled colour former components of carbonless copying was investigated in the rat as a model for assessing possible absorption of these components by human users of such papers. The colour formers were applied in formulation which in commercial use is encapsulated prior to coating onto paper. Crystal Violet Lactone and Benzoyl Leuco Acronal Sky Blue were absorbed to the extent of only 2.6-3.4% and 1.0-2.1% of the applied dose, respectively, during a 96h period. The results, if extrapolated to man, suggest that during normal handling of carbonless copy paper the percutaneous absorption of these compounds should not be significant.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1986, Vol.30, No.1, p.115-122. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 87-239 Leinster P., Evans M.J.
Factors affecting the sampling of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - A review
Factors considered in this literature review include: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can exist in the vapour phase and therefore cannot be trapped on particulate filters; PAHs collected on filters can be stripped from the matrix by the sampled air stream; PAHs can react with other airborne contaminants on the sampling matrix and these reactions can be influenced by the presence of sunlight or ultraviolet light; sampled material can be lost during the storage of filters or extracted material.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1986, Vol.30, No.4, p.481-495. 85 ref.

CIS 87-234 Limasset J.C.
Assessment of the carcinogenic risk of mineral oils to humans
Evaluation du risque cancérogène des huiles minérales pour l'homme [in French]
This paper, based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph on polycyclic aromatic compounds (see CIS 84-1933), contains all the information required to assess the carcinogenic risk to man from mineral oils: physical and chemical properties; production, use, occurrence and analysis; biological data relevant to the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk to humans; summary and assessment of data contained in the literature.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 3rd quarter 1986, No.124, Note No.1593-124-86, p.363-381. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 86-1355 Jongeneelen F.J., Bos R.P., Anzion R., Theuws J., Henderson P.T.
Biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Metabolites in urine
Assays of urinary mutagenicity, urinary 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene were used to study their suitability in estimating exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in coal tar products. Experiments on rats showed a significant correlation between coal tar exposure and levels of excreted mutagens and metabolites. Experiments involving 5 dermatologic patients undergoing topical coal tar treatment and smoking workers of a coal tar distillation plant showed that only 1-hydroxypyrene could be used as a sensitive and specific marker for the assessment of occupational exposure to PAH.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Apr. 1986, Vol.12, No.2, p.137-143. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 86-1020 Lehmann E., Auffarth J., Häger J., Rentel K.H., Altenburg H.
Concentration profiles of selected PAH in coal-tar-derived products
Massenverhältnisse ausgewählter PAH in Produkten auf Steinkohlenteer-Basis [in German]
Users and regulatory authorities who do not know the exact composition of coal-tar products cannot assess their potential hazards. In this analysis of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in 30 coal-tar products, their relative proportions were found to be quite constant. It is recommended to use benzo(a)pyrene as the reference substance for the selection of potentially carcinogenic industrial substances and for the assessment of working conditions.
Staub, 1986, Vol.46, No.3, p.128-131. Illus. 7 ref.

1985

CIS 86-1874 Pyrene
Aspects covered in this data sheet: chemical identity; exposure limits; physicochemical properties; fire and explosion hazards; reactivity; health hazards; uses; handling of spills or releases.
In: EPA Chemical Profiles, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. 20460, USA, Dec. 1985. 3p.

CIS 86-698 Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans - Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Part 4, Bitumens, coal-tars and derived products, shale-oils and soots
Conclusions of a meeting of experts (Lyon, France, Feb. 1984). There is sufficient evidence that bitumens (asphalts) contain substances that are carcinogenic in animals, but inadequate evidence that bitumens alone are human carcinogens. Although roofers have shown increased risk of certain cancers, there has been no epidemiological study of workers exposed to bitumens alone. There is sufficient evidence that coal-tar pitches are carcinogenic in humans, as well as animals, and limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of coal-tar-derived creosotes. There is limited-to-sufficient evidence that shale oils and various derivatives are carcinogenic in animals, and sufficient evidence that the oils themselves are human carcinogens. There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of coal-soot and shale-oil-soot extracts in animals and of soot in humans; there is limited-to-inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of other soots and soot extracts in animals. An appendix lists some case reports of skin cancer in workers exposed to the title substances.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 2, France, Jan. 1985. 271p. Illus. Bibl. Price: US$25.00; SF.70.00.

CIS 86-511 Palmer W.G., James R.H., Moorman W.J.
Analysis of emissions collected from four types of iron casting molds
The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and related compounds, phenol and particulates were determined in emissions from 4 types of binders: furan, urethane, green sand with sea coal and phenol-formaldehyde resins in shell molds. The shell sample contained 50% particulates, green sand 25%, furan 10% and urethane 2%. The portion of particulate fraction soluble in cyclohexane varied from 16 to 36% between mold types. Emissions from urethane and furan molds contained the lowest quantities of cyclohexane-soluble components and of PAH and related compounds. Phenol which was fond in all 4 foundry samples, was present in the highest concentration in emissions from urethane molds. Shell mold emissions contained the highest levels of 2- and 4-nitrophenol.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Dec. 1985, Vol.46, No.12, p.724-730. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 86-84 Brandt H.C.A., de Groot P.C., Molyneux M.K.B., Tindle P.E.
Sampling and analysis of bitumen fumes
The sampling package used for this newly-developed determination method consists of a glass-fibre silver membrane combination supported by a back-up pad and contained in a standard 37mm Gelman-type filter cassette. The fumes are collected by drawing air through the filter at the rate of 2L/min by using a sampling pump. The maximum capacity of the filter is 6mg. Sample loss is estimated at ≤2% mass per hour of sampling. In addition to bitumen fumes, the method is also suitable for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The method and apparatus were validated by field exposure measurements of 17 jobs in 6 processes in manufacturing, road surfacing and construction, roofing and indoor mastic laying, as well as by laboratory study of emissions under controlled conditions. The actual concentration of PAHs, as determined by these various measurements, are given. The measured concentration of PAHs is closely related to the concentration of total benzene-soluble matter (BSM), hence BSM exposure levels provide a good indication of relative exposure to PAHs.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1st quarter 1985, Vol.29, No.1, p.27-80. Illus. 38 ref.

1984

CIS 86-697 Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans - Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, Part 3, Industrial exposures in aluminium production, coal gasification, coke production, and iron and steel founding
Conclusions of a meeting of experts, Lyon, France, Oct. 1983. Methodological generalities are followed by studies on the 4 title industries. In all 4, polynuclear compounds (PNAs) are only 1 of many classes of airbone contaminants. PNAs showing carcinogenicity in animal experiments are found in all 4 industries. There is limited epidemiological evidence that exposures in aluminium production produce lung and bladder cancer. In older coal gasification plants, the epidemiological evidence for occupationally-related lung cancer is stronger, and there is limited evidence linking occupational exposure to bladder cancer. There is no data on new gasification plants. In coke production, there is evidence of lung and skin cancers due to occupational exposures, and limited evidence for kidney cancer. There is limited epidemiological evidence that occupational exposures in iron and steel foundries cause lung cancer.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 2, France, June 1984. 219p. Illus. Bibl. Price: US$20.00; SF.48.00.

CIS 85-1054 Clonfero E., Venier P., Toffolo D., Busi L., Gava C.
Mutagenesis test on urine of workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an anode plant
There was no significant increase in the mutagenicity of urine of non-smoking workers exposed to low levels (30-60µg/m³) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a plant processing anodes for aluminium electrolysis. High mutagenic activity was found in the urine of smokers, regardless of exposure to PAH.
Medicina del lavoro, July-Aug. 1984, Vol.75, No.4, p.275-281. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 85-429
(Institut national de recherche et de sécurité)
Naphtalene
Naphtalène [in French]
Synonyms, uses, physical and chemical properties, storage, sampling methods, detection and determination in air, fire hazards and extinguishing agents. Pathology and toxicology: experimental acute and chronic toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and metabolism in animals, acute and chronic toxicity in man; suggested average exposure levels in France (10ppm). French regulations relating to OSH and environmental protection and French and international legislation relating to transportation are listed. Technical and medical recommendations.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 4th quarter 1984, No.117, p.591-594. 27 ref.

CIS 84-1933 Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Part 2: Carbon blacks, mineral oils and some nitroarenes
A preamble and general remarks on these evaluations are followed by monographs on the carcinogenic risk to humans of: carbon blacks (acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lampblack, thermal black); mineral oils (lubricant base oils and derived products); 1,8-dinitropyrene; 9-nitroanthracene; 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene; 6-nitrochrysene; 3-nitrofluoranthene; 1-nitropyrene.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 2, France, 1984. Vol.33. 245p. Illus. Bibl. Price: SF.50.00.

CIS 84-1928 Hill R.H.
Ultraviolet detection of synthetic oil contamination of skin
A study was conducted to evaluate the skin contamination of coal liquefaction workers by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in oil. A quantitative instrument (Spill Spotter) and a qualitative instrument (black light) were used to detect and measure PAH on skin by using the fluorescent properties of these compounds. Visible dirt on the skin partially quenched the response of the Spill Spotter. Field tests indicated that further refinement of the ultraviolet method for absolute quantification of fluorescent skin contamination is needed. The instrument was useful in the relative measurement of the efficiency of showering to remove oil contamination from the skin.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, July 1984, Vol.45, No.7, p.474-484. Illus. 14 ref.

1983

CIS 84-1651
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans
Conclusions of a meeting of experts in Lyon, France (Feb. 1983). Published data on 48 compounds were evaluated. No epidemiological data on individual compounds were available, since these compounds generally occur only within complex mixtures (from the use or pyrolysis of fossil fuels or other carbon-containing materials) to which humans are exposed. Compounds treated are: anthanthrene, anthracene, benzacridines, benzanthracenes, benzofluoranthenes, benzofluorenes, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrenes, carbazole, chrysene, coronene, cyclopentapyrene, dibenzacridines, dibenzanthracenes, dibenzocarbazole, dibenzopyrenes, dimethylphenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indenopyrene, methylchrysenes, methylfluoranthenes, methylphenanthrene, perylene, phenanthrene, pyrene and triphenylene.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. 477p. Bibl. Price: SF.80.00.

CIS 84-1436 Futagaki S.K.
Petroleum refinery workers exposure to PAHs at field catalytic cracker, coker, and asphalt processing units
Personal and area samples were collected at the fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCU) and delayed coker units and area samples at the asphalt processing units in 9 petroleum refineries to determine worker inhalation exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Workers at FCCU and delayed coker units were exposed to an average of 10 and 11 PAH respectively at mean concentrations of 11.4 and 11.1µg/m³. Light molecular weight PAH were found in the highest concentrations. Production of needle coke was associated with higher PAH exposures. PAH collected at the FCCU and the asphalt processing units were associated with respirable fraction particulates. Tobacco smoke did not influence the results of this study.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIOSH, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, May 1983. 208p. 47 ref.

CIS 84-1301 Andersson K., Levin J.O., Nilsson C.A., Norström Å.
Sampling and analysis of particulate and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the workplace air
Provtagning och analys av partikulära och gasformiga polycykliska aromatiska kolväten i arbetsplatsluft [in Swedish]
A sampling method using a standard glass fibre filter with a backup section of Amberlite XAD-2 is described. Recovery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was 80-100% using solvent description. The method was evaluated at a coke, an aluminium and a creosote-impregnating plant. The system was also evaluated for analysis of chain-saw exhaust gases; they contained 75mg/m³ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (<0.005 mg/m³ benzo(a)pyrene).
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1983. 27p. Illus. 47 ref.

CIS 84-1300 Lundberg P., Svensson E., Holmberg B., Hogstedt C.
Criteria document for threshold limit values - Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Polyaromatiska kolväten [in Swedish]
Exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in gas and coke oven works, aluminium plants, manufacture of graphite electrodes, handling of pitch and tar, and chimney sweeping is reviewed. From studies with benzo(a)pyrene (B(A)P) it is concluded that a metabolite, a diolepoxide, is the ultimate carcinogen present in PAH. In the low-dose region the dose-response relation is linear. Epidemiologic studies have shown an excess of lung, bladder and skin cancer in workers exposed to PAH produced by combustion. B(A)P is not a useful criterion of the carcinogenic effect: the much lower concentrations in cigarette smoke produce a greatly increased risk of lung cancer, and B(A)P represents only a fraction of all the carcinogenic PAH and other carcinogenic substances in the workplace air.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1983. 97p. Illus. 228 ref.

CIS 84-412 Andersson K., Levin J.O., Nilsson C.A.
Sampling and analysis of particulate and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar sources in the working environment
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in workplace air are collected with standard glass fibre filters having back-up sections of Amberlite XAD-2. Collected material is desorbed from the filters and resin with solvents, and the solvent solution is analysed directly by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. PAH recovery was 80-100%. 16 common PAH were readily distinguishable on chromatograms. Detection limits ranged from 200pg for naphthalene down to 5pg for anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene. The method was successfully tested in coke, aluminium and creosote-impregnating plants.
Chemosphere, 1983, Vol.12, No.2, p.197-207. Illus. 38 ref.

CIS 84-551 Casey P., Hagger R., Harper P.
A collaborative study of 'ink mist' in U.K. newspaper press-rooms
The printing of newspapers by the letterpress process produces a relatively stable aerosol composed of small droplets of printing ink. Gravimetric and optical methods of collecting and quantifying the ink mist are evaluated and are comparable and reproducible. Levels of ink mist in the press rooms are given in terms of typical benzo(a)pyrene (b(a)p) content (as a measure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content), which ranged from 0.0052 to 0.018µg/m³. Methods for determining b(a)p in ink aerosols by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are described.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1983, Vol.27, No.2, p.127-135. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 83-1636 Laboratory decontamination and destruction of carcinogens in laboratory wastes: Some polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons
Three methods using: potassium permanganate under acidic conditions; concentrated sulfuric acid; and aqueous saturated potassium permanganate solution, are described for the destruction of a selection of benzanthracenes, benzo(a)pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene. The preferred method is indicated for these wastes as pure substances, in solutions in oil and various organic solvents, in aqueous solution, in spills, and as contaminants in glassware and petri dishes.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France, 1983. 81p. Illus. 183 ref. Price: SF.20.00.

1982

CIS 83-1431 Verma D.K., Muir D.C.F., Cunliffe S., Julian J.A., Vogt J.H., Rosenfeld J., Chovil A.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ontario foundry environments
10 foundries were studied, both personal and location air samples being taken. They were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. High concentrations of 3 carcinogenic groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) had a significant association with poor general ventilation and the winter season. Moulders, casters and cranemen were exposed to a high PAH concentration in the total suspended particulate, but the association was not statistically significant. Airborne metal concentrations were below threshold limits.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1982, Vol.25, No.1, p.17-25. 26 ref.

CIS 83-251 Lafontaine M., Limasset J.C., Gregory P., Hubert G., Truy S.
Chemical hazards at the base of a blast furnace - Pollution due to the use of plugging materials
Nuisances chimiques au pied d'un haut fourneau - Pollution due à l'utilisation des masses de bouchage [in French]
The materials used to plug tapholes in blast furnaces usually give rise to the release of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons into the air. The nature of the atmospheric pollution at the base of blast furnaces is analysed. Description of atmospheric sampling at blast furnaces using plugging materials of various compositions. The use of materials containing no coal-based derivatives considerably reduces pollution levels. Similar measures should be taken to reduce emissions from materials used for the lining of tapping spouts.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 4th quarter 1982, No.109, Note No.1395-109-82, p.493-500. Illus. 5 ref.

1981

CIS 82-1599 Santodonato J., Howard P., Basu D., Lee S.D., Grant L.
Health and ecological assessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Chapters cover: executive summary; physical and chemical data; analytical methods (separation, detection, economic consideration); environmental sampling, levels, sources, fate and human exposure; health effects (pharmocokinetics, metabolism, toxicology, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, reproduction and teratology, human studies, carcinogenic risk assessment, ecological effects); information gaps and research needs.
Pathotox Publishers, 2405 Bond Street, Park Forest South, Illinois 60466, USA. 364p. Illus. 540 ref.

CIS 82-837 Bjørseth A., Bjørseth O., Fjeldstad P.E.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere. Determination of area-specific concentrations and job-specific exposure in a vertical pin Søderberg aluminum plant
Stationary and personal sampling and a glass capillary gas chromatographic method were used to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and particulates in the work atmospheres of the potrooms and anode paste plant of an aluminium reduction facility. The relative distribution of PAH (PAH profile), the fraction of PAH on particulates and the ratio between particulate and gaseous PAH were also determined. The PAH fraction of particulate matter was 1-4% and the ratio between particulate and gaseous PAH varied from 0.2 to 1. Occupational exposures were determined from an analysis of 167 personal samples and, for most job categories, the geometric mean of the exposure values was >40µg/m³. Spike pulling had the highest exposure of the categories measured.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Sep. 1981, Vol.7, No.3, p.223-232. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 81-1650 Bond J.A., Gown A.M., Yang H.L., Benditt E.P., Juchau M.R.
Further investigations of the capacity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to elicit atherosclerotic lesions
Treatment of chickens for up to 20 weeks with 0.1,1.0, and 10mg/kg doses of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) resulted in significant increases in incidence and size of atherlosclerotic lesions at the 2 higher doses. Maximal lesion formation for birds treated chronically with BaP occurred at 1mg/kg and development of lesions in birds treated with DMBA was roughly linear over the dose range. Administration of 10mg/kg for 20 weeks of BaP or DMBA produced lesions in 75 and 89% respectively of chickens. Lower doses of BaP or DMBA produced smaller percentages of lesions, and the 0.1mg/kg dose produced no increase in lesion incidence. At equimolar doses DMBA was more potent than BaP. Administration of a single dose of BaP or DMBA followed by weekly doses of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) for 20 weeks did not result in enhancement of lesion formation. Blood cholesterol was not significantly altered after treatment with BaP, DMBA or TPA.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Feb. 1981, Vol.7, No.2, p.327-335. Illus. 18 ref.

1980

CIS 81-1035
US Department of Health and Human Services
Coal liquefaction: Recent findings in occupational safety and health.
Survey data obtained at 2 coal liquefaction pilot plants have shown that workers were exposed to low concentrations of a mixture of 29 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) and aromatic amines, some of which are suspected carcinogens. Low airborne concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylene and benzo(a)pyrene were also found. Samples were taken for seven aromatic amines and exposure levels were below current OSHA standards. Improved health engineering measures for containment of contaminants are recommended.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, 14p. 15 ref.

CIS 81-722 Scansetti G., Pavan I., Botta G.C., Belliardo F.
Problems deriving from asbestos fibre wetting in textile industry.
The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of the mineral oil used to wet asbestos was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. 7 compounds were identified, the total PAH content being 50ppm: fluorene, fluoranthene, 2,3-benzofluorene, 1,2-benzanthracene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene.
Medicina del lavoro, Sep.-Oct. 1980, Vol.71, No.5, p.422-427. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 81-170 Møller M., Dybing E.
Mutagenicity studies with urine concentrates from coke plant workers
Urine collected before and after work was tested for the content of mutagenic substances in the Salmonella test system. Urine from exposed smokers showed mutagenic activity, that from non-smokers did not. The mutagenicity of exposed smokers' urine was not significantly different from that of non-exposed smokers. The mutagenicity observed does not appear to be due to conventional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Sep. 1980, Vol.6, No.3, p.216-220. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 80-1007 Lindstedt G., Sollenberg J.
Polyaromatics in the working environment
Polyaromater i arbetsmiljön [in Swedish]
The chemistry, formation, occurrence, biochemistry, metabolism, and toxicity (above all carcinogenicity) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reviewed. In the most heavily exposed workers - topside of coke ovens, aluminium industry (near reduction pots), graphite industry (electrode manufacture), roofing (hot pitch and tar) - average exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is >10µg/m³. In garages, car workshops, iron ore mines and tunnels under construction PAHs are generated mainly from combustion engines (exposure <0.1µg/m³). Epidemiological studies show a statistically insignificant increase in lung and other types of cancer but the risk cannot be evaluated at present. The present Swedish TLV of 10µg/m² B(a)P is rather high and should be reduced in the future. A TLV for the whole PAH fraction would facilitate supervision of the working environment.
Arbete och hälsa - Vetenskaplig skriftserie 1980:1, Arbetarskyddsverket, Stockholm, Sweden, 1980. 92p. 111 ref.

CIS 80-434 Schenker M.B.
Diesel exhaust - An occupational carcinogen?
Literature survey. The existence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the particulate phase of diesel engine exhaust has raised concern about a carcinogenic effect in exposed workers. Some PAH are carcinogenic in animals and are associated with excess cancer mortality in some occupational exposures. Studies of occupational exposure to diesel exhaust show PAH concentrations that are above ambient levels but below the very high levels in occupations with excess cancer mortality. Evidence suggests a carcinogenic effect of workplace exposure but data are sparse and contradicoty.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan.1980, Vol.22, No.1, p.41-46. 42 ref.

1979

CIS 80-1629 Rehnberg O., Nilsson E., Christiansson J.
Chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust
Kemisk analys av polyaromatiska kolväten i dieselavgaser [in Swedish]
Study of 4 diesel fuels and 2 diesel engines to determine the influence of fuel grade, engine load and oil consumption, and the effect of a catalytic gas cleaner on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in the exhaust gases. Main conclusions: hydrogenation of the fuel had no effect on PAH content, which is in fact linked to the final boiling point of the fuel and to the level of aromatics it contains; an engine with a high level of oil consumption gives off exhaust rich in PAH; a catalytic gas cleaner eliminates PAH.
Teknisk rapport 1979:14T, Högskolan, Luleå, Sweden, 1979. 57p. Illus. 23 ref.

CIS 80-1374 Richards D.E., Tolos W.P., Lal J.B., Cooper C.V.
Tumours induced in C₃H/HeJ mice by coal tar neutral subfractions.
Of the 16 neutral subfractions of coal tar separated, those evaluated by application to mouse skin were: approx. 50% naphthalene (subfraction 2); probably a mixture of naphthalene, substituted naphthalenes, and anthracene (3); possibly substituted 3-ring systems with some 4-ring compounds (6); possibly pyrene, phenanthrene, and substituted 3-ring compounds (7); mostly condensed 4-ring systems, with possibly benz(a)anthracene and/or chrysene as major components (9); probably 5-ring systems and higher, possibly benzo(a)pyrene (10); possibly polar polynuclear compounds (13). Subfractions 7, 9, 10, and 13 produced skin tumours. Pulmonary metastases from a squamous cell carcinoma were seen in one mouse. The subfractions (9 and 10) that induced squamous cell carcinomas contained many 4- and 5-ring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.80-101, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Nov. 1979. 22p. 7 ref.

CIS 80-1436 France D.H.
Polynuclear aromatic contamination from coal conversion processes.
This round-up deals with occupational and environmental concerns. Aspects discussed are: sources of polynuclear aromatic (PNA) compounds (effect of coal type, process design, operating conditions; possible sources of PNA contamination; disposal, effluents); health effects (known and suspected carcinogens, toxic compounds; evidence of carcinogenicity; medical surveillance programme for coal conversion workers; animal studies; toxicity of specific PNA compounds); control technology (PNA compounds which should be measured in samples; control of dust by polymer coatings or water spray systems; collection efficiency of control devices; industrial hygiene monitoring; worker education; objectives of precautionary programmes for workers). The focus of attention should be directed towards the working environment of operating and maintenance personnel at coal conversion facilities.
Journal of the Institute of Energy, Dec. 1979, Vol.52, p.169-172. 16 ref.

CIS 79-1924 Locati G., Fantuzzi A., Consonni G., Gotti I.U., Bonomi G.
Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carbon black with reference to carcinogenic risk in tire production.
5 types of carbon black used in a tyre manufacturing plant were studied. Results: benzene extraction of 250h is necessary for complete extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), while 150h are sufficient to extract 95% of the PAH; one group of carbon blacks yielded 200-400µg/g PAH, the other 1,000-2,000µg/g; no PAH were detected by direct injection of carbon black into the mass spectrograph at 200°C, 10^-6 torr: this is atributed to strong bonding of the particles, which may also account for the biological inactivity of the PAH in carbon black in animal experiments. The carcinogenic risk of carbon black is discussed in relation to the PAH and specifically the benzo(a)pyrene content: there appears to be no risk at levels below the TLV of 3.5mg/m³.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, July 1979, Vol.40, No.7, p.644-652. 21 ref.

1978

CIS 79-118 Bjørseth A., Bjørseth O., Fjeldstad P.E.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere - Part I. Determination in an aluminum reduction plant. Part II. Determination in a coke plant.
In Part I (aluminium plant survey), more than 30 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were identified in stationary and personal samples. The PAH concentrations in the Söderberg plant were higher than in the anode plants; the relative distribution of the components was similar in the anode plants but different in the Söderberg plant. Personal sampling showed a broader range of concentrations than the stationary method. In Part II (coking plant survey), up to 39 PAH components were identified during stationary, mobile and personal sampling. Exposure determined by personal sampling was 5-1000mg/m³; 98% was respirable matter. There was no variation in the relative distribution of the components during sampling periods; the distribution was similar to that of the Söderberg aluminium plant.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Sept. 1978, Vol.4, No.3, p.212-236. Illus. 31 ref.

CIS 78-1612 Jones P.W., Freudenthal R.I.
Carcinogenesis - A comprehensive survey - Volume 3. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: analysis, chemistry and biology.
The 42 papers in this symposium (Columbus, Ohio, USA, Sep. 1977) are divided into chemistry and biology sections. The chemistry section includes topics on: effects of antioxidants on benzo(a)pyrene free radicals; determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); bioassay of naphthalenes and relation to tobacco carcinogenesis; PAH in the environment; aza-arenes determination and mutagenicity; bioactivity of PAH in tobacco smoke; new workplace monitoring methods for PAH from synthetic fuel production; field evaluation of sampling methods in the workplace. The biological section includes theories of PAH carcinogenicity; metabolism of 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene; mechanisms of tumour initiation; enzyme actions; bioactivation of PAH in human foetal tissues; arene oxides and teratogenesis; transplacental activity of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene; human aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cancer risk; risks of exposure to PAH; carcinogenic and mutagenic risks associated with fossil fuels; hierarchical testing schemes for carcinogenicity. A subject index is appended.
Published by Raven Press, 1140 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10036, USA, May 1978. 507p. Illus. 1,083 ref. Price: US-$51.35.

1977

CIS 77-1652 Bjørseth A., Lunde G.
Analysis of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of airborne particulate pollutants in a Søderberg paste plant.
A method of enrichment and separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is described. Some 40 PAHs and heterocyclic compounds with 3-6 rings were separated and identified from atmospheric samples of a plant producing green electrode paste for use in electric smelting furnaces. Some PAH components were 20-30 times more abundant than reported for urban air samples. Results are presented as a PAH profile, which may be characteristic of the process involved, and can be used to evaluate the potential hazard.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1977, Vol.38, No.5, p.224-228. 15 ref.

1976

CIS 78-1027 Freudenthal R., Jones P.W.
Carcinogenesis - A comprehensive survey. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: chemistry, metabolism and carcinogenesis.
The 31 papers presented at this symposium (Columbus, Ohio, USA, Oct. 1975) are divided into biology and chemistry sections. The biology section covers mechanism of carcinogenesis of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their derivatives (mostly benzo(a)pyrenes, N-(2-fluorenyl)acetamide, 3-methylcholanthrene, methylchrysenes, benzanthracenes, phenanthrenes), metabolism in various species, enzyme activity in the presence of PAH, effect of other substances on PAH metabolism and initiation of skin tumours. The chemistry section covers mechanism of formation of PAH during combustion, structure-activity relations, instruments and procedures used in the determination of PAH components, identification of metabolites, analysis of PAH in the respiratory environment, and public and occupational exposure to PAH.
Published by Raven Press, 1140 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10036, USA, 1976. 450p. Illus. 857 ref. Price: US-$46.20.

CIS 77-1939 Kipling M.D., Waldron H.A.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mineral oil, tar, and pitch, excluding petroleum pitch.
This article begins with a series of reviews: a historical survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as occupational carcinogens; PAH in soot, pitch, tar and mineral oil; carcinogenic mechanism of PAH, cancer due to exposure to PAH. A study of the situation in the Birmingham (United Kingdom) region follows, where exposure to mineral oil is the cause of most cases of scrotal cancer. There is a statistically significant excess of second primary bronchial tumours in men with a first scrotal tumour. Preventive measures are discussed. The carcinogenicity of mineral oils may be modified by solvent extraction, and the use of treated oils is recommended.
Preventive Medicine, June 1976, Vol.5, No.2, p.262-278. 111 ref.

CIS 77-124 Sollenberg J.
A method for determining benzo(a)pyrene in air samples collected on glass fiber filters in occupational areas.
The method described included vacuum sublimation, thin-layer chromatography on acetylated cellulose, and fluorescence scanning of the thin-layer plate. The recovery of the method was estimated by an isotope dilution technique using ³H-benzo(a)pyrene. Special equipment was constructed for sublimation. The detection limit for authentic samples was about 10pmoles per filter.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Sep. 1976, Vol.2, No.3, p.185-189. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 76-1955 Luedecke E.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, Ohio.
Analysis of benzo(a)pyrene in airborne particulates by gas chromatography.
Benzo(a)pyrene was determined in the presence of benzo(e)pyrene. The introduction of a nematic liquid crystal (N,N'-bis(p-methoxybenzylidine)-α,α'-bi-p-toluidine) as the stationary phase permits satisfactory separation, which was not achieved with the conventional gas chromatographic method.
N76-18247/6WK, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151, USA, Feb. 1976. 11p. Illus. 6 ref. Price: Photocopy US-$3.50/Microfiche US-$2.25.

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