Halogenated hydrocarbons - 1,937 entries found

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2002

CIS 97-42 Butyl bromide
Data sheet. Synonym: 1-bromobutane. May enter the body when breathed in. Irritates the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. May cause dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting. May damage the liver and kidneys. It is a flammable liquid and a fire hazard.
New Jersey Department of Health, Right to Know Program, CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1996, 2002. 6p.
http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/0283.pdf [in English]

CIS 97-41 Bromopropane
Data sheet. May enter the body when breathed in and through the skin. Irritates the skin and eyes. May cause dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting. May damage the liver and the lungs. It is a flammable liquid and a fire hazard.
New Jersey Department of Health, Right to Know Program, CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1996, 2002. 6p.
http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/0267.pdf [in English]

CIS 97-39 Benzyl chloride
Data sheet. May enter the body when breathed in. Is a carcinogen and teratogen and should be handled with extreme caution. Corrosive effects on the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. May cause lung oedema, may damage the liver and nervous system.
New Jersey Department of Health, Right to Know Program, CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1996, 2002. 6p.
http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/0217.pdf [in English]

2001

CIS 03-1332
Health and Safety Executive
Health risks during furniture stripping using dichloromethane (DCM)
This information sheet is concerned with the use of dichloromethane (DCM) as a paint stripper for wood. Contents include: DCM paint stripping process; health hazards; legal duties of employers; preventing and controlling exposure; special precautions during brush application and use of a dip tank; protective equipment; air sampling; risks for customers; dealing with spills; welfare facilities. Replaces CIS 00-1417.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, June 2001. 4p. Illus. 13 ref.
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/wis19.pdf [in English]

CIS 03-69
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for 1,2-dichloroethane (Update)
This profile was prepared in accordance with guidelines set by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the EPA. The key literature related to the toxic effects of 1,2-dichloroethane is identified and reviewed. Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: hepatotoxicity (cirrhosis, necrosis); nephrotoxicity (diffuse and tubular necrosis, renal failure); neurological effects (headache, drowsiness, tremor, partial paralysis, coma); respiratory effects; cardiovascular effects (arrhythmia); gastrointestinal disorders; haematological effects (increased prothrombine time); immunological effects; carcinogenic effects (increased risk); reproductive effects (increased rates of premature births). (Update of CIS 99-236).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Sep. 2001. xix, 252p. Illus. Approx. 700 ref.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp38.html [in English]

CIS 02-1668 Zocchetti C.
Liver angiosarcoma in humans: Epidemiological considerations
Angiosarcoma del fegato nell'uomo: considerazioni epidemiologiche [in Italian]
This literature review on angiosarcoma of the liver in man shows that this cancer is very rare. Many substances are frequently listed as risk factors, but, although high exposure to vinyl chloride monomer is often mentioned among them, after more than 25 years of research the aetiology of this type of cancer remains mostly unknown.
Medicina del lavoro, Jan.-Feb. 2001, Vol.92, No.1, p.39-53. 85 ref.

CIS 02-1034 Commission Directive 2001/91/EC of 29 October 2001 adapting to technical progress for the eighth time Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (hexachloroethane) [European Union]
Directive 2001/91/CE de la Commission du 29 octobre 2001 portant huitième adaptation au progrès technique de l'annexe I de la directive 76/769/CEE du Conseil concernant le rapprochement des dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives des Etats membres relatives à la limitation de la mise sur le marché et de l'emploi de certaines substances et préparations dangereuses (hexachloroéthane) [Union européenne] [in French]
Directiva 2001/91/CE de la Comisión, de 29 de octubre de 2001, por la que se adapta al progreso técnico por octava vez el anexo I de la Directiva 76/769/CEE del Consejo relativa a la aproximación de las disposiciones legales, reglamentarias y administrativas de los Estados miembros que limitan la comercialización y el uso de determinadas sustancias y preparados peligrosos (hexacloroetano) [in Spanish]
This Directive modifies Directive 76/769/EEC (see CIS 01-965). It extends the prohibition of the use of hexachloroethane to the manufacturing and processing of non-ferrous metals, for which a derogation had been in effect until this Directive, in order to allow for its use in non-integrated aluminium foundries and in the production of certain magnesium alloys.
Official Journal of the European Communities - Journal officiel des Communautés européennes, 30 Oct. 2001, Vol.44, No.L 286, p.27-28.
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2001/l_286/l_28620011030en00270028.pdf [in English]
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/es/oj/dat/2001/l_286/l_28620011030es00270028.pdf [in Spanish]
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/fr/oj/dat/2001/l_286/l_28620011030fr00270028.pdf [in French]

CIS 02-1128
German Chemical Society - GDCh-Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals (BUA)
Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (No.20); 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (No.30); Hexachloroethane (No.34); 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline (No.43); 1,2-Dibromoethane (No.66); Methallyl chloride (No.109); Ethyl acrylate (No.128); Tetramethyllead / Tetraethyllead (No.130); Acrolein (No.157); Thiourea (No.179)
These short reports concern 11 substances suspected of having a hazardous potential, but for which available data are insufficient. The purpose of these reports is to establish a basis for assessment, identify gaps in knowledge and recommend areas for further investigation.
S. Hirzel Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Birkenwaldstrasse 44, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany, 2001. 95p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 02-1342 Yamano Y., Kagawa J., Ishizu S., Harayama O.
Three cases of acute methyl bromide poisoning in a seedling farm family
Three patients of a same Japanese farming family (39-year-old man, 34-year-old woman, 5-year-old girl) exhibited almost the same initial symptoms, i.e., severe vomiting, tonic convulsions and clouding of consciousness. Subsequent inquiry revealed that 27 cans of methyl bromide had been stored in the building that the patients lived in, and that the cans had been damaged a few days before the onset of the patients' illness. Inspection revealed that all the cans of methyl bromide had passed the expiry date and were corroded. Even though none of the cans had been used, three cans with a capacity of 750g were found to be empty. Plasma bromide ion concentrations were found to be high (72.9µg/mL, 67.8µg/mL and 91.5µg/mL; normal level <5µg/mL), and acute methyl bromide poisoning was diagnosed 8 days after admission of the patients to the hospital. Haemodialysis (peritoneal lavage in the case of the child) was performed immediately, after which the plasma bromide ion concentrations returned to normal and the general condition of the patients gradually improved.
Industrial Health, Oct. 2001, Vol.39, No.4, p.353-358. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 02-1118 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Tricloroetano [in Spanish]
Chemical safety information sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Exposure limit: 45mg/m³ or 10ppm (OSHA). Exposure routes: inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. Toxicity: irritation of the eyes and nose; narcotic effects (drowsiness, loss of coordination, unconsciousness); hepatic and renal damage.
Noticias de seguridad, Nov. 2001, Vol.63, No.11, 3p. Insert.

CIS 02-1321 Hansen J., Raaschou-Nielsen O., Christensen J.M., Johansen I., McLaughlin J.K., Lipworth L., Blot W.J., Olsen J.H.
Cancer incidence among Danish workers exposed to trichloroethylene
An evaluation of cancer occurrence among 803 Danish workers exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE), using individual records of air and urinary measurements of exposure. No clear dose-response relationship appeared for any type of cancer.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Feb. 2001, Vol.43, No.2, p.133-139. 41 ref.

CIS 02-1316 Raaschou-Nielsen O., Hansen J., Christensen J.M., Blot W.J., McLaughlin J.K., Olsen J.H.
Urinary concentrations of trichloroacetic acid in Danish workers exposed to trichloroethylene, 1947-1985
The National Labour Inspection Service in Denmark has relied since 1947 on urinary measurements of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for the monitoring of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE). A study of these analyses showed a four-fold decrease in TCA concentrations from 1947 to 1985. The highest concentrations were found in the chemical, metal and dry cleaning industries; TCA levels were higher among men in the latter two groups of industries and among younger workers. Subjects not working with TCE themselves, but in an area in which TCE was used, also showed urinary TCA levels indicative of exposure.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 2001, Vol.39, No.3, p.320-327. Illus. 27 ref.

CIS 02-561 Tetrachloronaphthalene
Tetracloronaftaleno [in Spanish]
Chemical safety information sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Exposure limit: 2mg/m³ (OSHA). Exposure routes: inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. Toxicity: acneic skin rashes; hepatic damage (fatigue and dark urine).
Noticias de seguridad, Mar. 2001, Vol.63, No.3, 4p. Insert.

CIS 02-341
Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)
Proceedings of the subregional workshop on identification and management of PCBs and dioxins/furans
Papers presented at a workshop on the identification and management of PCBs, dioxins and furans held in La Habana, Cuba, 23-26 April 2001. The workshop examined the current international situation concerning persistent organic chemicals (POPs), PCBs, dioxins and furans. Other topics addressed: developing inventories for these products; classification of PCBs; storage of PCBs; technologies for treating and eliminating PCBs; experience in managing PCBs; techniques aimed at reducing emissions of furans and dioxins; Basle Convention and other legal aspects.
UNEP Chemicals, International Environmental House, 11-13 chemin des Anémones, 1219 Châtelaine, Genève, Switzerland, 2001. 332p. Illus.

CIS 02-303 Moyer E.S., Smith S.J., Wood G.O.
Carbon tetrachloride replacement compounds for organic vapour air-purifying respirator cartridge and activated carbon testing - A review
A review about substitutes for carbon tetrachloride in measuring activated carbon activity (adsorption capacity) or organic vapour air-purifying respirator cartridge breakthrough times. Different criteria have already been established by USA, in the European Union and in Japan. None meet all the need criteria and are not endorsed.
AIHA Journal, July-Aug. 2001, Vol.62, No.4, p.494-507. Illus. 46 ref.

CIS 02-290 Jo W.K., Kim S.H.
Worker exposure to aromatic volatile organic compounds in dry cleaning stores
Results of a study of workers' exposure to aromatic compounds and tetrachloroethylene, contained in four different commercial solvents. For benzene and toluene, there was no significant difference among the indoor air concentrations of the four products. For ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene, the air concentrations were significantly higher in stores using 3 of these solvents than in those using a mixture of tetrachloroethylene. Similar results were obtained in breath concentrations measured prior to and immediately after work. The results indicate that dry cleaning workers working with aromatic compounds have higher exposures than those working with tetrachloroethylene. No difference was observed in the health effects of these exposures.
AIHA Journal, July-Aug. 2001, Vol.62, No.4, p.466-471. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 02-74
Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)
Chlorinated naphthalenes
Conclusions of this criteria document: there are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. In the general population, these products accumulate in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk. Occupational exposure causes severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver damage. Other effects are: eye irritation, fatigue, headache, anaemia, haematuria, anorexia, impotence, nausea, vomiting and sometimes severe abdominal pain. Mortality studies show an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver and a significantly increased mortality from all cancers, and in particular for cancer of the oesophagus.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 2001. iv, 57p. Illus. 230 ref. Price: CHF 21.00 (CHF 14.70 in developing countries).
http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad34.pdf [in English]

CIS 01-1364
Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloride (synonym: chloromethane) is realeased into air during its use, during the incineration of municipal solid waste and from natural sources. The most important route of exposure in humans is through the respiratory pathway. The acute toxicity in rats and mice is low. No irritation or sensitizing properties have been reported. The main target organ after short-term inhalation exposure appears to be the nervous system. In a two-year inhalation study in mice, axonal swelling and degradation of lumbar spinal nerves were observed. Methyl chloride is genotoxic in in vitro systems in both bacteria and mammalian cells. The IARC classifies methyl chloride in group 3 (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans). In conclusion, the health effect of most concern is neurotoxicity. Summaries in French and in Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 2001. iv, 44p. 208 ref. Price: CHF 16.00 (CHF 11.20 in developing countries).
http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad28.pdf [in English]

CIS 01-1468 Kezic S., Monster A.C., van de Gevel I.A., Krüse J., Opdam J.J.G., Verberk M.M.
Dermal absorption of neat liquid solvents on brief exposures in volunteers
1,1,1-trichloroethane (111TRI), trichloroethylene (TRI), tetrachloroethylene (TETRA), toluene (TOL) and m-xylene (XYL) were applied for 3min on the forearm of six volunteers. Permeation rates were calculated from exhaled air concentrations. TRI, TOL, and 111TRI in three subjects reached maximal permeation rates a few minutes after initiation of exposure. Slower permeation was seen in the other three subjects exposed to 111TRI, and in all subjects exposed to TETRA and XYL, with the time of maximal permeation rates of 15-25min. These differences in permeation may partly be explained by the irritation of the skin observed in subjects showing fast permeation kinetics. The flux into the skin averaged over the exposure period was 56, 430, 69, 223 and 46nmol/cm²/min for 111TRI, TRI, TETRA, TOL, and XYL, respectively. Comparing the dermal uptake with the respiratory uptake at the TLV, all solvents showed substantial skin absorption, although at present only TOL has a skin indication in the ACGIH threshold limit value list.
AIHA Journal, Jan.-Feb. 2001, Vol.62, No.1, p.12-18. Illus. 35 ref.

CIS 01-839 Ruder A.M., Ward E.M., Brown D.P.
Mortality in dry-cleaning workers: An update
A cohort consisting of 1,708 dry-cleaning workers in four areas of the United States known to have been exposed to perchloroethylene (PCE) for at least 1 year prior to 1960 was followed up. Many workers had also been exposed to Stoddard solvent, a petroleum-based dry-cleaning solvent. Vital status was updated through 1996. The cohort had excess cancer mortality (271 deaths, standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 1.25). Elevated SMRs for tongue, bladder, oesophagus, intestine, lung and cervical cancer, pneumonia, and diseases of the stomach and duodenum were statistically significant. The current study confirms findings of prior updates and other studies that dry-cleaning workers have excess cancer mortality. Although important lifestyle and socio-economic risk factors exist for both cervical and oesophageal cancer mortality, excesses of these sites in the PCE-only subcohort and among workers with longer duration of PCE exposure suggest an association with PCE exposure.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 2001, Vol.39, No.2, p.121-132. 56 ref.

2000

CIS 03-825 Guidelines for solvent management in dry-cleaning
These guidelines provide recommendations on the work practices and control strategies for the use of perchloroethylene (PCE) as a solvent in dry-cleaning. Contents: physical and chemical properties and health hazards of PCE; legal requirements (precautions and measures to be taken, permissible exposure levels, medical examinations); description of the dry-cleaning process; work practices (PCE storage, machine operation, loading and unloading, solvent charging or transfer, spillage handling procedures, first-aid measures, personal protective appliances, prohibition of consumption of food and drink); spotting; maintenance of dry-cleaning machine; PCE monitoring in air; control strategies (substitution, process isolation, ventilation, modern dry-cleaning machine technology, solvent usage management). Appendices include: diagrams of dry-cleaning processes and of ventilation systems; log for solvent usage management.
Ministry of Manpower, Occupational Health Department, 18 Havelock Road, Singapore 059764, Republic of Singapore, Jan. 2000. i, 17p. Illus.
http://www.mom.gov.sg/MOM/OHD/Publications/1861_dryclean.pdf [in English]

CIS 02-1824 Mirza T., Gérin M., Bégin D., Drolet D.
A study of the substitution of trichloroethylene as a spot remover in the textile industry
Since the ban on 1,1,1-trichloroethane, the textile industry is using trichloroethylene (TCE) as a spot remover to clean oil and grease stains from fabrics at inspection stations. TCE is a toxic substance recently classified as a probable human carcinogen. The purpose of this study was to use a systematic substitution procedure to replace TCE with a less hazardous substance for spot removing in a textile company. Four options were considered: 1-bromopropane, a petroleum-based solvent, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon-based solvent and an appliance that dispenses hot steam. After being tested in the workplace and evaluated on their technical effectiveness and impact on health, safety and the environment, the four options were not considered as suitable replacements for TCE. Local ventilation with the implementation of further measures for the reduction and elimination of stains at the source were recommended to lower TCE exposure for workers.
AIHA Journal, May-June 2000, Vol.61, No.3, p.431-438. 46 ref.

CIS 02-1134
German Chemical Society - GDCh-Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals (BUA)
Diphenylamine (No.15); Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether (No.21); Naphthalene (No.39); Tetrachloromethane (No.45); Biphenyl (No.50); N,N-Dimethylaniline (No.91); Trichloroethene (No.95); Hexachlorobenzene (No.119); Bisphenol A (no.203)
These short reports concern 9 substances suspected of having a hazardous potential, but for which available data are insufficient. The purpose of these reports is to establish a basis for assessment, identify gaps in knowledge and recommend areas for further investigation.
S. Hirzel Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Birkenwaldstrasse 44, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany, 2000. 136p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 02-1132
German Chemical Society - GDCh-Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals (BUA)
DDT and its derivatives
At very high concentrations, DDT has been shown to mimic the effect of sexual hormones in vitro. This has been confirmed for very high dosages in animal studies. However, existing studies in humans show no correlation between DDT contamination and adverse effects subject to hormonal influences. The association between DDT contaminations and breast cancer has been studied in several epidemiological studies but cannot be confirmed on the whole. In most developed countries, DDT use has been discontinued. The study did not discuss the question of possible consequences from persistent use of DDT in certain developing regions of the world, for example for fighting malaria.
S. Hirzel Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Birkenwaldstrasse 44, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany, 2000. xviii, 151p. Illus. 209 ref.

CIS 02-1125
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (update)
This profile was prepared in accordance with guidelines set by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the EPA. The key literature related to the toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls is identified and reviewed. Contents: public health statement; relevance to public health; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: liver, thyroid, dermal and ocular changes, immunological alterations, neurodevelopment changes, reduced birth weight, reproductive toxicity and cancer. (Update of CIS 99-1626).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Nov. 2000. xxiii, 765p. Illus. Approx. 2000 ref.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp17.html [in English]

CIS 02-1122 Kristensen S., Batt S., Willcocks D., Lee-Steere C.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123)
Conclusions of this criteria document: Limited information is available on HFCF-123 on humans. The most relevant critical effects for a single, brief exposure are CNS depression and increased likelihood of adrenaline-induced cardiac arrhythmia. The most relevant critical effect from repeated exposure is liver damage, which has been reported in workers exposed to atmospheric concentrations above 5ppm for 1-4 months. Summaries in French and in Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 2000. iv, 31p. Illus. 100 ref. Price: CHF 16.00 (CHF 11.20 in developing countries).
http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad23.pdf [in English]

CIS 02-1322 Lyons R.A., Wright D., Fielder H.M.P., McCabe M., Gunneberg A., Nash P., Routledge P., Rees H.
Investigation of an acute chemical incident: Exposure to fluorinated hydrocarbons
Symptoms experienced by 254 people present at an accident in a sewer in the United Kingdom (including 2 fatalities) suggested a chemical hazard. The prevalence of symptoms and concentrations of creatine phosphokinase in the serum of 83 patients were recorded. Among all workers, symptoms (shortness of breath and sore throat) were not significantly associated with concentrations of creatine phosphokinase as biomarker of fluorinated hydrocarbons intoxication. Freon 11 was detected in two blood samples. In a nearby chemical company there had been a Freon 11 spill months earlier.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 2000, Vol.57, No.9, p.577-581. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 02-558 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114)
Diclorotetrafluoroetano (Refrigerante 114) [in Spanish]
Chemical safety information sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Exposure limit: 7000mg/m³ or 1000ppm (OSHA). Exposure routes: inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. Toxicity: refrigerant which may induce burns in case of contact with the skin and eyes; sleepiness; unconsciousness; arrhythmia.
Noticias de seguridad, Dec. 2000, Vol.62, No.12, 4p. Insert.

CIS 02-553 Trichlorofluoromethane
Triclorofluorometano [in Spanish]
Chemical safety information sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Exposure limit: 5600mg/m³ or 1000ppm (OSHA). Exposure routes: inhalation and ingestion. Toxicity: narcotic; arrhythmia; irritation of the sin and eyes; dermatitis.
Noticias de seguridad, Oct. 2000, Vol.62, No.10, 3p. Insert.

CIS 02-83
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for methylene chloride (Update)
This profile was prepared in accordance with guidelines set by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the EPA. The key literature related to the toxic effects of dichloromethane chloride is identified and reviewed. Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: skin irritation; chemical burns; neurotoxic effects; antifertility effects; possible carcinogenic effects. (Update of CIS 96-2228).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Sep. 2000. xix, 271p. Illus. Approx. 810 ref.

CIS 02-340
Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)
Proceedings of the subregional workshop on identification and management of dioxins/furans and PCBs
Papers presented at a workshop on the identification of dioxins, furans and PCBs held in Seoul, Republic of Korea, 24-28 July 2000. The aims of the workshop were to develop action plans and strategies for reducing or eliminating the releases of these chemicals, to identify regional needs and to plan cooperation and future actions in preparation of the future convention on persistent organic chemicals (POPs). The current state of negotiations concerning the global POP treaty was also addressed.
UNEP Chemicals, International Environmental House, 11-13 chemin des Anémones, 1219 Châtelaine, Genève, Switzerland, 2000. iv, 387p. Illus.

CIS 02-297 Mundt K.A., Dell L.D., Austin R.P., Luippold R.S., Noess R., Bigelow C.
Historical cohort study of 10,109 men in the North American vinyl chloride industry, 1942-72: Update of cancer mortality to 31 December 1995
To update and assess mortality from neoplasms among 10,109 men employed in a job exposed to vinyl chloride for at least one year between 1942 and 1972 at one of 37 North American factories, standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analyses were conducted, overall and stratified by several work related variables. 895 of 3191 deaths (28%) were from malignant neoplasms, 505 since the previous update to the end of 1982. Mortality from all causes showed a deficit (SMR 83), whereas mortality from all cancers was similar to state referent rates. Mortality from cancers of the liver and biliary tract was clearly increased (SMR 359). Modest excesses of brain cancer (SMR 142) and cancer of connective and soft tissue (SMR 270) were found.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 2000, Vol.57, No.11, p.774-781. Illus. 45 ref.

CIS 02-277 Testud F., Martin J.C., Descotes J., Conso F.
Poisoning induced by the substitution of halogenated hydrocarbons - Literature review
Intoxications liées à la substitution des hydrocarbures halogénés - Revue de la littérature [in French]
The Montreal Protocol of 1996 called for the elimination of certain halogenated hydrocarbons, namely chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), due to their detrimental effects on the environment, including ozone layer depletion and global warming. However, these substitution products have been responsible in recent years for a number of poisonings, including fatal poisonings. This article reviews cases reported in literature on poisonings from CFC substitutes, and concludes that it is necessary to improve our understanding of the hazards associated with these chemicals.
Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail, June 2000, Vol.61, No.4, p.278-281. 16 ref.

CIS 01-1748 Ballester F., Sala M., Sunyer J., Grimalt J.
Serum concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in family members of workers in an electrochemical factory
In the general population of Flix, Spain, this study analyses the effect of living in the same household as a worker employed in an electrochemical factory on the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentrations in serum. 608 subjects completed a questionnaire about residence, occupation, lifestyles and medical history, and provided blood samples. 412 had never worked in the electrochemical factory. Having a spouse who worked in the factory was associated with elevated HCB concentrations in serum. For spouses of present and past workers, the adjusted relative increases were respectively 1.28 and 1.23 times the corresponding value of people not living with workers of the factory, respectively. The results of this study suggest that, among nonworkers, living in the same household as a worker of the electrochemical factory is associated with an increase in concentrations of HCB in blood. These findings suggest a source of exposure to HCB that has so far not been studied and that could be important in populations not occupationally exposed to organochlorines.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Feb. 2000, Vol.26, No.1, p.67-70. 14 ref.

CIS 01-1618 Chloroethylene
Chloroéthylène [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Synonym: vinyl chloride. Acute toxicity: effects on the central nervous system; irritation of the skin and respiratory tract; spills may cause reversible corneal damage. Chronic toxicity: carcinogenic effects; skin and bone damage; Raynaud's phenomenon; scleroderma; digestive symptoms; liver damage; haematopoietic effects; impairment of the respiratory function; chromosome changes. Exposure limits (France): TWA max. 1ppm for equipment commissioned after 1st September 1980, max. 3ppm for equipment commissioned prior to that date; alarm value = 5ppm. Complete datasheet collection on CD-ROM analysed under CIS 01-201.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, Rev.ed., CD-ROM CD 613, June 2001. 5p. 21 ref.

CIS 01-1356
Committee for Compounds Toxic to Reproduction
Halothane - Evaluation of the effects on reproduction, recommendation for classification
Recommendations for the classification and labelling of halothane based on the evaluation of studies on its effects on reproduction. Effects on fertility: no classification due to lack of appropriate data. Teratogenic effects: category 3 (substances which cause concern for humans owing to possible developmental toxic effects) and R63 (possible risk of harm to the unborn child). Effects during lactation: no R64 labelling due to lack of appropriate data. Summary in Dutch.
Gezondheidsraad, Postbus 16052, 2500 BB Den Haag, Netherlands, 2000. 35p. 38 ref.
http://www.gr.nl/overig/pdf/00@02OSH.pdf [in English]

CIS 01-1354
Committee for Compounds Toxic to Reproduction
Chloroform - Evaluation of the effects on reproduction, recommendation for classification
Recommendations for the classification and labelling of chloroform based on the evaluation of studies on its effects on reproduction. Effects on fertility: no classification due to lack of data. Teratogenic effects: category 2 (substances which should be regarded as if they had developmental toxicity to humans) and R61 (may cause harm to the unborn child). Effects during lactation: no R64 labelling due to lack of appropriate data. Summary in Dutch.
Gezondheidsraad, Postbus 16052, 2500 BB Den Haag, Netherlands, 2000. 38p. 27 ref.
http://www.gr.nl/overig/pdf/00@07OSH.pdf [in English]

CIS 01-834 Borchini R., Riboldi L., Chiappino G.
Neoformed multiple hepatic angiomas following exposure to vinyl chloride monomer: A case study
Angiomi epatici multipli neoformati dopo esposizione a cloruro de vinile monomero: descrizione di un caso [in Italian]
This paper describes the case of a 60 year-old man with previous protracted exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). After a latency of 20 years, the man developed two hepatic hemangiomas, one characterized by rapid growth (4cm of diameter in 1 year) and surgically removed. On the basis of the anamnestic data (15 years in a PVC polymerization factory in the reactor vessels department) and considering the degree and duration of exposure to VCM, an occupational origin of the hepatic hemangiomas is probable. The ability of VCM to induce sclerosis, necrosis and endothelial hyperplasy in the liver tissue may represent the primum movens of hemangiomas.
Medicina del lavoro, May-June 2000, Vol.91, No.3, p.251-254. 8 ref.

CIS 01-181
Health and Safety Executive
Chemical hazard alert notice - Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene)
This guidance note provides information on the health effects of exposure to chlorobenzene. In view of the information now available, the HSC is studying the possible withdrawal of the current exposure limits from 2001. Chlorobenzene is mainly used as a process solvent or chemical intermediate, as a laboratory reagent and in some adhesives. It can damage the liver and blood cells and is possibly genotoxic. It can be absorbed through the skin. Exposure to chlorobenzene should be controlled by a combination of engineering and process control measures (ventilation, personal protective equipment).
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, June 2000. 3p.

CIS 01-180
Health and Safety Executive
Chemical hazard alert notice - Chloroethane (monochloroethane, ethyl chloride)
This guidance note provides information on the health effects of exposure to ethyl chloride. In view of the information now available, the HSC is studying the possible withdrawal of the current exposure limits from 2001. In the United Kingdom, ethyl chloride is used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead; it may also be produced as a by-product during the burning of industrial and domestic waste. Ethyl chloride has been shown to be mutagenic. Exposure to ethyl chloride should be controlled by a combination of engineering and process control measures (ventilation, personal protective equipment).
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, June 2000. 3p.

CIS 00-1417
Health and Safety Executive
Health risks during furniture stripping using dichloromethane (DCM)
This information sheet is concerned with the use of dichloromethane (DCM) as a paint stripper for wood. Contents include: DCM paint stripping process; health hazards; legal duties of employers; preventing and controlling exposure; special precautions during brush application and use of a dip tank; protective equipment; air sampling; risks for customers; dealing with spills; welfare facilities. Replaces CIS 93-273.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, July 2000. 4p. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 00-1255
Health and Safety Executive
Bromochloromethane - Risk assessment document
Main conclusions of this risk assessment document: little information is available on the effects of bromochloromethane (BCM) in humans; animal studies indicate that it is readily absorbed via inhalation, oral and dermal routes; the vapour is also readily absorbed by the skin. Limited information from accident investigation reports indicates that BCM in vapour and liquid form is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. There are no data on effects of repeated exposure to BCM in humans; animal studies indicate that the target organs are the liver and the kidney following inhalation and oral exposure; CNS effects after oral exposure have also been observed. BCM is a bacterial cell mutagen. There are no data available on carcinogenic or reproductive effects nor the sensitization potential of BCM. The United States and many European countries (but not the United Kingdom) have set occupational exposure limits for BCM at 200ppm (8h TWA) and 250ppm (15min STEL).
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2000. iv, 114p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Price: GBP 10.00.

CIS 97-30 Trichloroethylene
Data sheet. May enter the body when breathed in. May cause mutations and should be handled with extreme caution. May cause dizziness, lightheadedness, irregular heartbeats, memory loss, headache and depression. May damage the kidneys and liver. The liquid irritates the skin. The liquid and the vapour irritate and may damage the eyes.
New Jersey Department of Health, Right to Know Program, CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1994, 2000. 6p.
http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/1890.pdf [in English]

1999

CIS 07-1149
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Vinyl chloride - Health and safety guide
This document provides practical guidance on the application of exposure limitation guidelines contained in Environmental Health Criteria 215 (see CIS 01-165). Contents: identity and uses of vinyl chloride; human health hazards; health surveillance and first aid; safety in storage and use; environmental hazards; summary of chemical safety information for use in the workplace; current regulations and guidelines. Vinyl is mutagenic and carcinogenic in humans. It causes irritation, redness and pain on contact with the eyes and contact of the compressed liquid with the skin causes frostbite. Inhalation can cause dizziness and unconsciousness.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1999. 28p. 16 ref.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg109.htm [in English]

CIS 02-1141 Brondeau M.T., Falcy M., Jargot D., Protois J.C., Reynier M., Schneider O., Serre P.
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroéthane [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Synonyms: HFA-141b; HCFC-141b; R141b. Acute toxicity: coma with fatal cardio-respiratory arrest; anaesthetic effect; cardiological effects. Chronic toxicity: there is no available published data. Complete datasheet collection on CD-ROM analysed under CIS 02-1407.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, CD-ROM CD 613, 2002. 4p. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 02-570 Joint assessment of commodity chemicals No.39: Tetrachloroethylene
Conclusions of this criteria document: tetrachloroethylene is absorbed via the lungs, the skin and the gastro-intestinal tract. It is irritant to the skin and mildly irritant to the eyes. Target organs are the central nervous system (CNS) and (possibly) the heart. A relationship between tetrachloroethylene exposure and cancer has not been clearly demonstrated. Some studies suggest a relationship between repeated exposure to tetrachloroethylene and permanent chronic toxic effects on the CNS. Human health hazard assessments should be conducted on toxic effects on the liver and the kidney.
European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, Bte. 6, 1160 Bruxelles, Belgium, Dec. 1999. 271p. Illus. Approx. 720 ref.

CIS 01-1633
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (Update)
This profile was prepared in accordance with guidelines set by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the EPA. The key literature related to the toxic effects of hexachlorocyclohexane is identified and reviewed. Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: neurologic effects (dizziness, seizures); haematological changes; effects on the immune system; liver and kidney damage; changes in reproductive hormone levels in the blood; animal studies show reproductive effects, genotoxicity and cancerogenicity (liver cancer). (Update of CIS 99-234).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, July 1999. xix, 273p. Illus. Approx. 860 ref.

CIS 01-1471 Vincent R., Grzebyk M., Wackernagel H., Lajaunie C.
Application of geostatistics to industrial hygiene: Case study of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene
Application de la géostatistique à l'hygiène industrielle: évaluation d'un cas d'exposition professionnelle au trichloroéthylène [in French]
In industrial hygiene, assessment of occupational exposure to chemical substances generally fails to take into account the autocorrelation of measurements. This may lead to substantial biases where exposure estimates are obtained using conventional statistics based on the hypothesis of independence. Geostatistics makes it possible to model exposure variability using the variogram and to obtain better unbiased estimates of the mean and corresponding confidence intervals. This article presents a case study based on a series of trichloroethylene exposure measurements. The results obtained by a conventional statistical analysis method are compared with those obtained by the geostatistical method.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 1st Quarter 1999, No.174, p.5-13. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 01-1124 Tuomisto J., Hagmar L.
Environmental health in the east Baltic region - Pesticides and persistent organic compounds
Exposure to, and the potential effects of, pesticides and persistent organic pollutants in the East Baltic region are reviewed. Exposure of the average population to chlorinated compounds seems lower than in most of western Europe and current pesticide use is very low. The low exposure of the general population is indicated by low concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in milk fat. However, some organic pesticides have been found at higher concentrations in Baltic countries and the St Petersburg area than in Norway. Thus the overall risk caused by pesticide residues and persistent organic compounds in the Baltic countries and northwestern Russia is low, but local sites of concern exist.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 1999, Vol.25, Suppl.3, p.65-71. Illus. 32 ref.

CIS 01-357
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (DECOS)
Vinylbromide - Health-based calculated occupational cancer risk values
. Additional lifetime cancer risks for vinyl bromide amounts to 4 x 10^-5 for 40 years of occupational exposure to 0.012mg/m³, and 4 x 10^-3 for 40 years of occupational exposure to 1.2mg/m³. Main topics covered: carcinogenicity studies and selection of the study suitable for risk estimation in occupational situations; carcinogenic activity in experimental animals, life-time low-dose exposure; health risk to humans; health risk to workers; calculation of the health-based calculated occupational cancer risk values; existing occupational exposure limits; toxicity profile existing occupational exposure limits; toxicity profile (acute toxicity, repeated-dose toxicity). Summary in Dutch.
Gezondheidsraad, Postbus 16052, 2500 BB Den Haag, Netherlands, 1999. 34p. 16 ref.

CIS 01-165
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride (VC) is used to manufacture PVC and chlorinated solvents, and exposure to VC is essentially confined to workers in these industries. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of vinyl chloride (VC) can give rise to "vinyl chloride illness", with numerous symptoms including headache, dizziness and nausea. VC exposure causes a rare tumour (angiosarcoma of the liver); other cancers may also be associated with VC, but evidence is not conclusive. VC is mutagenic in humans. Summaries in French and Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1999. xxi, 356p. Approx. 850 ref. Price: CHF 72.00 (CHF 50.40 in developing countries).

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