Halogens and their inorganic compounds - 653 entries found

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• Halogens and their inorganic compounds

1996

CIS 97-164 Matsuno K.
The treatment of hydrofluoric acid burns
Properties and uses of hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid are outlined, the hazards of hydrofluoric acid burns are described, and treatments and first aid procedures are reviewed. Hydrofluoric acid causes severe and painful burns to the skin and eyes. Immediate dilution and decontamination of the exposed areas is most important followed by application of a topical modality. An injection of calcium gluconate solution should also be considered.
Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1996, Vol.46, No.4, p.313-317. 20 ref.

CIS 96-1387 Lugdunum B.
Air-conditioned storage of hydrofluoric acid
Stockage climatisé pour l'acide fluorhydrique [in French]
Description of the changes made in the operation and maintenance of a hydrofluoric acid (HF) storage facility in France. Originally, the facility was an open-air one, in order to reduce the risk of HF leakage and its eventual effects on the environment. Main features of the change: maintenance of storage temperature below the boiling point of HF, reduction of pressure in the storage tanks, reduction in the diameter of the pipes. The whole of the storage facility, storage tanks and pumping equipment included, is enclosed in a thermally isolated building with air-conditioning that maintains the ambient temperature at a constant +5°C. Because of the risk of projectiles/splashes, sensitive points are enclosed in protective polycarbonate cages, while the long-distance manual valve controls are placed just outside these cages.
Travail et sécurité, May 1996, No.548, p.2-5. Illus.

CIS 96-891
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (Werkgroep van Deskundigen ter Vaststelling van MAC-waarden)
Chlorine dioxide: Health based recommended occupational exposure limit
In this report the Dutch Committee on Occupational Standards discusses the consequences of occupational exposure to chlorine dioxide and recommends a health-based occupational exposure limit. Attention is given to: identity, physical and chemical properties, monitoring; sources of exposure; environmental levels and human exposure; guidelines and standards; toxicokinetics; effects in animals and man (acute toxicity, short-term toxicity, long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproduction toxicity); previous evaluations by other national and international bodies; hazard assessment. Based on the data available the committee recommends a health-based occupational exposure limit for chlorine dioxide of 0.3mg/m³ (0.1ppm). Since the gas's critical effects are related to its locally corrosive characteristics, the committee recommends that this limit be applied to the concentration averaged over a fifteen-minute period. Summary in Dutch.
Gezondheidsraad, Postbus 90517, 2509 LM Den Haag, Netherlands, 1996. 57p. 41 ref.

1995

CIS 97-924 Héry M., et al.
Exposure to chloramines in the atmosphere of indoor swimming pools
Specific sampling and analytical methods were developed to assess the concentration of chloramines in the atmosphere of indoor swimming pools because swimming instructors had complained of irritation (mainly eye and lung). The chloramine concentration in the atmosphere of 13 swimming pools (including five recreational centres and one re-education centre) was measured, showing that the concentrations were higher in the recreational centres. The influence of slides, bubbling baths, waves and other activities were demonstrated. A correlation was made between the level of pollutants and the complaints registered.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Aug. 1995, Vol.39, No.4, p.427-439. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 97-108 Pierre F., Baruthio F., Diebold F., Biette P.
Effect of different exposure compounds on urinary kinetics of aluminium and fluoride in industrially exposed workers
Study conducted in three different plants of the aluminium industry to obtain information on the urinary concentrations of aluminium (Al) and fluoride (F-) in workers exposed to various compounds containing these elements. Sixteen workers participated in the study for one working week. Pollutants were monitored by eight hour personal sampling every day and urine samples were collected during the week. Al and F- were analyzed in both atmospheric and urine samples by atomic absorption spectrometry and ion selective electrode. The results show different characteristics of kinetic curves of Al and F- excretion in workers with different exposures. Particular differences in the behaviour of Al and F- in urine depended upon the original molecular form in the pollutant. The results reinforce the principle that, in biological monitoring, the sampling strategy and the choice of limit value should be dependent on kinetic data that take the exposure compound of the element in question into account.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1995, Vol.52, p.396-403. Illus. 34 ref.

CIS 96-893
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (Werkgroep van Deskundigen ter Vaststelling van MAC-waarden)
Cadmium and inorganic cadmium compounds: Health based recommended occupational exposure limit
In this report the Dutch Committee on Occupational Standards discusses the consequences of occupational exposure to cadmium (Cd) and its inorganic compounds. This assessment is an update of the criteria document published by the committee in 1980 (RA 5/80). Attention is given to: present guidelines and standards; chemical and physical characteristics; environmental and biological monitoring; toxicodynamics (including: non-tumorigenic effects on the respiratory tract, lung cancer risks, effects on the kidneys, and miscellaneous effects); previous evaluations by national and international bodies; evaluation of human health risk; recommendations for research. Based on the data available the committee recommends a health-based occupational exposure limit for cadmium and its inorganic compounds of 5µg/m³ (as Cd) as an eight-hour TWA. Epidemiological data show that below this level no increased lung tumour incidence is to be expected. For biological monitoring purposes, the committee recommends to use a concentration of 4µg Cd/g creatinine in urine as an upper limit. Summary in Dutch.
Gezondheidsraad, Postbus 90517, 2509 LM Den Haag, Netherlands, 1995. 92p. 98 ref.

CIS 96-303 Lévy D., Baud F.
Chlorine
Chlore [in French]
Chlorine is one of the main primary materials in modern industry. It has a characteristic odour; however, following chronic and repeated exposure, a progressive olfactory inhibition occurs, which explains why chlorine workers suffer more frequent and more severe exposures during the last months or years before retirement. Main points of this note: sources of chlorine and circumstances leading to intoxication; pathological findings; mechanism of toxic action; acute toxicity; consequences of a single exposure; chronic intoxication; mutagenic and carcinogenic effects; prevention and treatment.
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, Toxicologie, Pathologie professionnelle, 2nd Quarter 1995, No.107. 4p. 39 ref.

CIS 96-302 Lévy D., Baud F.
Bromine
Brome [in French]
Bromine has numerous uses in industry: in the production of fire retardants and fireproof materials; as an intermediate in the production of films, colorants and inks; its principal use is in the production of antiknock agents and disinfectants and the manufacture of ethylene dibromide. Contents: acute toxicity (conjunctivitis, cough, suffocation, headache, vertigo, digestive disorders, skin burns); chronic toxicity (skin injuries); metabolism and mechanism of action; preventive measures; first aid. Occupational exposure limits: France VLE = 0.1ppm (0.7mg/m³); USA STEL = 0.3ppm (2mg/m³), ACGIH TWA = 0.1ppm (0.7mg/m³).
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, Toxicologie, Pathologie professionnelle, 2nd Quarter, 1995, No.107. 2p. 8 ref.

CIS 96-53 Fluoride powder
Polvo de fluoruro [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Synonym: sodium fluoride. Health hazards: irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract; osteosclerosis; exostosis; dermatitis.
Noticias de seguridad, Oct. 1995, Vol.57, No.10. 4p. Insert.

CIS 96-51 Boron trifluoride
Trifluoruro de boro [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Health hazards: irritation of the eyes, skin and nasal mucosa; nasal haemorrhage; may cause pneumonia, renal damage and chemical burns.
Noticias de seguridad, Nov. 1995, Vol.57, No.11. 3p. Insert.

CIS 96-49 Ferric chloride and aqueous solutions
Trichlorure de fer et solutions aqueuses [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Acute toxicity: irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; gastrointestinal disorders; metabolic disturbances; may affect the kidneys, blood coagulation and liver; dermatitis.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1995. 3p. 16 ref.

CIS 95-1794 Lines I.G.
Health and Safety Executive
A review of the manufacture, uses, incidents and hazard models for hydrogen fluoride
The nature and scale of the manufacture and use of hydrogen fluoride (HF) within the European Union are reviewed and incidents involving HF worldwide are identified. Techniques for modelling the release, thermodynamics, dispersion and mitigation of accidental HF releases are summarized. The report shows that there are major hazards associated with the manufacture, storage, transport and use of HF in industry. There are currently considerable uncertainties in modelling the dispersion of HF in high humidity conditions typical of North West Europe which may have important implications for land-use planning and future decision making concerning HF installations.
HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, 1995. vi, 157p. Bibl.ref. Price: GBP 35.00.

CIS 95-1508 Radiation protection data sheets for the use of radionuclides in unsealed sources
Fiches techniques de radioprotection pour l'utilisation de radionucléides en sources non scellées [in French]
These radiation protection data sheets are intended for supervisors and staff in the medical, hospital, pharmaceutical, university and industrial laboratories and departments where radionuclides are handled, and also for all those involved in safety and health at work in this field. They provide essential data on radiation protection measures during the use of radionuclides in unsealed sources. The seven data sheets published here cover chromium-51, cobalt-57, iron-59, molybdenum-99 - technetium-99m, technetium-99m, iodine-123 and thallium-201.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 1st Quarter 1995, No.158, p.85-100. 5 ref.

1994

CIS 99-1305 Freixa Blanxart A.
Chlorine exposure in indoor swimming pools
Exposición a cloro en piscinas cubiertas [in Spanish]
Topics: chlorine; chlorine and compounds; data sheet; irritation; permissible levels; public water supply; respiratory diseases; Spain; swimming pools.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/ Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1994. 4p. 8 ref.

CIS 96-2159 Liesivuori J., Kiviranta H., Laitinen J., Hesso A., Hämeilä M., Tornaeus J., Pfäffli P., Savolainen H.
Airborne aerosols in application of polyfluoro polymer-based ski waxes
During the heat-assisted application (160-190°C) of polyfluoro polymer-based ski waxes, the aerosol given off amounted to 4.26±2.80mg/m³ (±SD, N=5) in personal air samples and 3.97±2.09mg/m³ (±SD, N=5) in stationary samples. The major part (85%) of the aerosol was respirable. Inorganic fluoride was found only in trace amounts while the mass chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of fluorine-containing aliphatic chains. It seems that the exposure to fluoro compounds is high enough to contribute to respiratory symptoms experienced by waxers. The work should be carried out under well ventilated fume cupboards of the waxers should wear respiratory protection during the active application of the waxes.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Dec. 1994, Vol.38, No.6, p.931-937. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 96-800 Hjortsberg U., Ørbaek P., Arborelius M.J., Karlsson J.E.
Upper airway irritation and small airways hyperreactivity due to exposure to potassium aluminium tetrafluoride flux - An extended case report
Twenty-two workers, exposed to potassium aluminium tetrafluoride used as flux for soldering aluminium, were studied as clinical outpatients for symptoms of irritation of the nose, eye, skin and airways. Sixteen volunteered for spirometry with methacholine provocation test including a test for small airways function by volume of trapped gas (VTG). Symptoms of airways irritation diminished in all subjects after flux exposure ended. The FEV₁ was within the normal range in 16 of 17 subjects before the methacholine provocation test. The FEV₁ decreased by ≥20% in two out of 16 subjects after the 0.1% methacholine provocation and after inhalation of methacholine, eight out of 16 subjects (50%) had an abnormal increase of VTG indicating hyperreactivity in small airways. Potassium aluminium tetrafluoride flux seems to induce an increase of bronchial reactivity in small airways. A setting of an occupational standard is proposed.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1994, Vol.51, No.10, p.706-709. 15 ref.

CIS 95-629 Gagnaire F., Azim S., Bonnet P., Hecht G., Héry M.
Irritant potential of chlorine and nitrogen trichloride in the mouse
Pouvoir irritant du chlore et du trichlorure d'azote chez la souris [in French]
Nitrogen trichloride is one of the major components of chlorine pollution in swimming pool air, and could be responsible for eye and airway irritations among pool supervisors. The irritant potential of chlorine and nitrogen trichloride has been assessed in the mouse using a test based on the reflex decrease of respiration rate (reflex bradypnea) in the event of exposure to an irritant. At present there is no exposure limit value for nitrogen trichloride. Based on recommendations made by American hygienists, a limit value for nitrogen trichloride of 0.1RD₅₀, or approximately 1.5mg/m³, and a "comfort" limit value of 0.03RD₅₀, or 0.5mg/m³ are recommended.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 3rd Quarter 1994, No.156, Note No.1964-156-94, p.293-295. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 95-660 Héry M., Hecht G., Gerber J.M., Gendre J.C., Hubert G., Blachère V., Rebuffaud J., Dorotte M.
Chloramine exposure in indoor swimming pool air
Exposition aux chloramines dans les atmosphères des halls de piscine [in French]
Atmospheric concentrations of chloramines, aldehydes, phenol and haloforms were measured in 13 indoor swimming pools (seven ordinary pools, five leisure centres and one pool in a health care centre). Most of the pollution recorded is due to chloramines, particularly nitrogen trichloride. The effects of water temperature, number of users, water turbulence and ventilation are demonstrated. On the basis of the measurements taken and a survey among pool supervisors (lifeguards), a "comfort" limit value for nitrogen trichloride is proposed.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 3rd Quarter 1994, No.156, Note No.1963-156-94, p.285-292. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 94-1155 Sulfuryl fluoride
Fluoruro de sulfurilo [in Spanish]
Chemical safety sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Health hazards: irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system).
Noticias de seguridad, Mar. 1994, Vol.56, No.3. 3p. Insert.

1993

CIS 96-1992 Mercuric chloride
Data sheet. May enter the body by inhalation and through the skin. May cause mutations and reproductive damage. May damage the kidneys. Mercury poisoning can cause the "shakes", irritability, sore gums, personality changes and brain damage. May cause skin allergy. May irritate and burn the eyes causing permanent damage. May irritate the lungs and cause lung oedema.
New Jersey Department of Health, Right to Know Program, CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1993. 6p.

CIS 96-1956 Sulfur monochloride
International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects; inhalation may cause lung oedema; corrosive effects on the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; tear drawing. Long-term exposure effects: may cause dermatitis. Occupational exposure limit: TLV: (ceiling) 5.5mg/m³, 1ppm (ACGIH 1990-1991).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-1954 Stannous chloride (anhydrous)
International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: irritates the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. May affect the central nervous system and the blood when ingested. Long-term exposure effects: may affect the liver when ingested. Occupational exposure limit: TLV: 2mg/m³ as tin (ACGIH 1990-1991).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-2215
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine (F)
Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: strong irritation of the skin, eyes and lungs; lung diseases; skeletal fluorosis; chemical burns on the skin and eyes; dental fluorosis.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Apr. 1993. 244p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 96-1605 Stannic chloride (anhydrous)
International Chemical Safety Card. Synonym: tin tetrachloride. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects, corrosive effects on the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; lung oedema; swallowing the liquid may cause aspiration into the lungs with the risk of chemical pneumonitis; unconsciousness. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis. Occupational exposure limit: TLV: 2mg/m³ (as tin) (ACGIH 1990-1991).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-1253 Stannous fluoride
International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: irritates the skin and respiratory tract; corrosive effect on the eyes. Long-term exposure effects: effects on the teeth and the bones. Occupational exposure limit: 2mg/m³ (as tin) (ACGIH 1990-1991).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-1238 Oxygen difluoride
International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: irritates severely the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; lung oedema (may be delayed); severe headache; liquid causes frostbite; severe deep burns on eyes. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 0.05ppm, 0.11mg/m³ (ceiling, ACGIH 1991-1992).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-1218 Cobalt (II) chloride
International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: irritates the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract; asthmatic reactions. Long-term exposure effects: skin sensitization, asthma, cardiomyopathy.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-423 Magnesium chloride
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-418 Stannous chloride dihydrate
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; may have neurotoxic effects (central nervous system) and may affect the blood chemistry when ingested. Long-term exposure effects: may affect the liver when ingested. Occupational exposure limit: TLV: 2mg/m³ (as tin) (ACGIH 1990-1991).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 95-1966 Lithium chloride
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin irritation; corrosive effects on the eyes and respiratory tract. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); may affect the renal function; may cause birth defects. Exposure limits not established.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 95-1592 Phosphorous trichloride
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects; corrosive effect on the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema; asthmatic reactions; chemical pneumonitis; chemical burns. Long-term exposure effects: may affect the blood. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 0.2ppm, 1.5mg/m³ (ACGIH 1985-1986); PDK: 0.2mg/m³ (USSR 1977).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 95-827 Chlorine trifluoride
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: corrosive effects on the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema (may be delayed); frostbite; chemical burns. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 0.1ppm; 0.38mg/m³ (ceiling) (ACGIH 1991-1992).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 95-1027 Chlorine life-cycle accident prevention workshop report
Report of a workshop dealing with the safe management of chlorine during its production, distribution and transportation, end uses and disposal. Papers presented: the MIACC-developed generic framework for life-cycle management of hazardous substances; the characteristics of chlorine and an application to its life-cycle management; overview of the Canadian Chemical Producers' Association's Responsible Care codes of practice. The findings and recommendations of the workshop are presented along with 21 case studies of chlorine-related incidents. Overall observations revealed recurrent themes to be human error, equipment failure and procedural inadequacies.
Major Industrial Accidents Council of Canada, 265 Carling Avenue, Suite 600, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2E1, Canada, Nov. 1993. iii, 72p. Illus. Price: CAD 15.00.

CIS 95-416 Boron trichloride
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects; corrosive effects on the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; chemical burns; pulmonary oedema.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 95-415 Barium chlorate
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects; irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; may affect various tissues and organs; methaemoglobinaemia. Long-term exposure effects: may affect various tissues and organs. Occupational exposure limit: TLV (as Ba): 0.5mg/m³ (TWA) (ACGIH 1990-1991).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1859 Thiophosphoryl chloride
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects; corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema; chemical pneumonitis; chemical burns; cholinesterase inhibition. Long term exposure effects: may affect the lungs.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1851 Sulphur hexafluoride
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: risk of suffocation in confined areas; frostbite; corneal damage. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 1000ppm; 5970mg/m³ (ACGIH 1989-1990); PDK: 5000mg/m³ (USSR 1988).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1971 Das R., Blanc P.D.
Chlorine gas exposure and the lung - A review
A literature review was conducted of the respiratory effects of chlorine. Potential human exposure to chlorine inhalation occurs in a variety of workplace settings, as a result of inadvertent environmental releases, and even in the home. Acute, high-level exposure to chlorine gas in occupational or environmental settings results in a variety of dose-related lung effects ranging from respiratory mucous membrane irritation to pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary function testing can reveal either obstructive or restrictive deficits immediately following exposure, with resolution over time in the majority of cases. However, some of those exposed may demonstrate long-term persistent obstructive or restrictive pulmonary deficits or increased non-specific airway reactivity after high-level exposure. Controlled human exposure data suggest that some subjects may be more responsive to the effects of chlorine gas; epidemiological data also indicate that certain subpopulations (e.g. smokers) may be at greater risk of adverse outcome.
Toxicology and Industrial Health, 1993, Vol.9, No.3, p.439-455. 79 ref.

CIS 94-1509 Potassium chlorate
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects; irritation of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); may affect the blood (haemolytic anaemia), liver and kidneys. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1506 Phosphorous pentachloride
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects; corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; chemical burns; pulmonary oedema. Long-term exposure effects: may affect the lungs and kidneys. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 0.1ppm; 0.85mg/m³ (ACGIH 1989-1990); PDK: 0.2mg/m³ P (USSR 1980).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1684 Canadian Environmental Protection Act: Priority Substances List Assessment Report - Chlorinated wastewater effluents
This report reviews the literature on the sources of chlorinated wastewater, its fate and concentration in the environment, and its effects on the environment. Sources of chlorinated wastewater include municipal wastewater treatment plants, cooling waters from power generating stations and industrial wastewater effluents. A study of ten municipal wastewater treatment plants indicated that total residual chlorine and other chlorinated compounds produced by chlorination are important contributors to the observed toxicity of these wastewaters.
Environmental Health Centre, Health and Welfare Canada, Room 104, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada, 1993. vi, 33p. 92 ref.

CIS 94-1655 Dutton C.B., Pigeon M.J., Renzi P.M., Feustel P.J., Dutton R.E., Renzi G.D.
Lung function in workers refining phosphorus rock to obtain elementary phosphorus
Elevated levels of phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, fluorides and coal tar pitch volatiles were present in workplace air of an industrial refinery. Some 131 workers prospectively underwent annual pulmonary function testing (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and forced expiratory flow). Regression of these spirometric data, analyzed longitudinally over 3 to 7 years and also cross-sectionally revealed no residual significant effect of industrial exposure after adjusting for age and smoking.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1993, Vol.35, No.10, p.1028-1033. 21 ref.

CIS 94-993 Payne M.P., Shillaker R.O., Wilson A.J.
Health and Safety Executive
Phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus pentasulphide
No useful human data are available on the effects of repeated exposure to phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide or phosphorus pentasulfide. Single exposure of humans to airborne phosphorus oxychloride has been reported to cause conjunctivitis, pharyngitis and respiratory tract irritation, including pulmonary oedema; repeated exposure has resulted in asthmatic bronchitis and emphysema. Single exposure to airborne phosphorus trichloride has been reported to lead to irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract; repeated exposure has caused pharyngeal irritation and pronounced asthmatic bronchitis leading to pulmonary emphysema. Phosphorus pentachloride may cause irritation of the eyes and the respiratory tract. No reliable human data are available on the carcinogenic or genotoxic potential of these substances or on their reproductive toxicity.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk C010 6FS, United Kingdom, 1993. iii, 23p. 87 ref. Price: GBP 6.00.

CIS 94-957 Ricks G.M., Johnson D.E., Schaeffer E.M.
The possible formation of hydrogen fluoride from the reaction of silicon tetrafluoride with humid air
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) has been considered a hydrolysis product from the reaction of silicon tetrafluoride (SiF₄) and water. This has caused concern for potential human exposure to HF. A SiF₄ release was simulated at three different humidity levels in a test chamber to determine if HF formed at ambient temperature. Air samples at each humidity level were collected by using a Teflon filter followed by an impinger containing and absorbing solution. The filters and impinger solutions were analyzed for total silicon by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, and for total fluoride by ion specific electrode. HF was not produced in significant amounts at any of the humidity levels tested.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1993, Vol.54, No.5, p.272-276. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 94-700 Iodine 131
Iode 131 [in French]
This safety data sheet lists all basic information necessary for the implementation of radiation protection when using iodine 131 as an unsealed source, including: group of radiotoxicity: 2 (high radiotoxicity); skin exposure; classification of premises in controlled areas: 1. when iodine 131 alone is used: "A" activity (authorized for storage) at which level a controlled area must be provided is of 3.10⁶Bq; 2. when several radioelements are used: A≥3LAIj (LAIj representing the annual most restrictive limit of absorption of the j radioelement among radioelements actually or potentially used; selection of equipment (reference values and means of protection (type of screen; efficiency of gloves)); surveillance of personnel; waste disposal; measures to be taken in case of incident. Relevant French legislation is referred to.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 2nd Quarter 1993, No.151, p.333-334. 6 ref. Also available from: SCPRI, B.P. 35, 78110 Le Vésinet, France.

CIS 94-699 Iodine 125
Iode 125 [in French]
This safety data sheet lists all basic information necessary for the implementation of radiation protection when using iodine 125 as an unsealed source, including: group of radiotoxicity: 2 (high radiotoxicity); skin exposure; classification of premises in controlled areas: 1. when iodine 125 alone is used: "A" activity (authorized for storage) at which level a controlled area must be provided is of 6.10⁶Bq; 2. when several radioelements are used: A≥3LAIj (LAIj representing the annual most restrictive limit of absorption of the j radioelement among radioelements actually or potentially used; selection of equipment (reference values and means of protection (type of screen; efficiency of gloves)); surveillance of personnel; waste disposal; measures to be taken in case of incident. Relevant French legislation is referred to.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 2nd Quarter 1993, No.151, p.331-332. 6 ref. Also available from: SCPRI, B.P. 35, 78110 Le Vésinet, France.

CIS 94-694 Radiation protection data sheets for the use of radionuclides in unsealed sources
Fiches techniques de radioprotection pour l'utilisation de radionucléides en sources non scellées [in French]
These radiation protection data sheets are intended for supervisors and staff in the medical, hospital, pharmaceutical, university and industrial laboratories and departments where radionuclides are handled, and also for all those involved in safety and health at work in this field. They provide essential data on radiation protection measures during the use of radionuclides in unsealed sources. The first seven data sheets published here cover tritium, carbon-14, phosphorus-32, strontium-90 - yttrium-90, iodine-125, iodine-131 and americium-241.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 2nd Quarter 1993, No.151, Note No.1930-151-93, p.321-326.

CIS 94-37 Diethylthiophosphoryl chloride
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects; corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract and on ingestion; lacrimating agent; chemical pneumonitis.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 93-1782 Bromine
Fire safety data sheet prepared by the Loss Prevention Association of India, Warden House, Sir P.M. Road, Bombay 400 001, India. Health hazards: highly corrosive; prolonged contact with tissues may cause slow-healing ulcers and acne; vapours cause acute and chronic poisoning and irritation of the mucous membrane; exposure to low concentrations results in inflammation of the eyelids, respiratory difficulties; inhalation of high concentrations causes inflammatory lesions to the mucous membrane, asthmatic bronchitis and fatal chemical burns of the lungs.
Loss Prevention News, Jan.-Mar. 1993, Vol.15, No.1. 2p. Insert.

CIS 93-1297 Garlanda T., Basilico S.
Commission of the European Communities
Occupational exposure limits - Criteria document for hydrogen bromide
Review of the available literature on the toxicology of hydrogen bromide. The substance is a highly toxic gas causing severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Concentrations of 1,400-2,100ppm are reported to be lethal in exposures lasting a few minutes. It is a highly irritating and corrosive agent for the skin and mucous membranes and eye contact causes severe eye irritation. One case of chemical pneumonitis has been reported. No data are available concerning the toxicokinetics of hydrogen bromide in humans or animals.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1993. vi, 16p. 15 ref. Price: ECU 6.00.

CIS 93-940 Meldrum M.
Health and Safety Executive
Toxicology of substances in relation to major hazards - Hydrogen fluoride
This revised review (see CIS 91-582 for previous edition) examines the "dangerous toxic load" (DTL) for hydrogen fluoride, in accordance with the principles of toxicological assessment described in the HSE publication "Assessment of the toxicity of major hazard substances" (see CIS 90-1985). Contents: physicochemical properties of hydrogen fluoride; toxicological data available in humans and animals; derivation of DTL. Tables show LC₅₀ values for hydrogen fluoride in animals and observations from single exposure inhalation studies in animals. A DTL value of 12,000ppm/min is suggested for use in risk analyses.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, revised 1993. 11p. 18 ref. Price: GBP 3.25.

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