Glycol ethers - 139 entries found

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1995

CIS 96-234 Chan T.L., Olson M.J., Baker J.A., Farley D.L., Hutchins H.F.
Exposure assessment and hazard evaluation of a polyoxyalkylene glycol aerosol released from a non-CFC mobile air-conditioning system
Four scenarios were chosen to simulate worst-case exposures to drivers, mechanics or test engineers during an unintentional release of an aerosol containing polyoxyalkylene glycol (PAG). The time-averaged total airborne particulate concentration over a 20-min period ranged from 0.1 to 42mg/m³. Given the measured concentrations, the remote likelihood of the four release scenarios, and the relatively low toxicity of a PAG aerosol with this molecular weight (1700), an adverse pulmonary response in humans exposed to PAG aerosols in actual conditions is unlikely. Similarly, an unexpected exposure of less than 0.1mg/m³ to mechanics while servicing an mobile air conditioning system represents a minimal health risk.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1995, Vol.56, No.9, p.898-904. Illus. 13 ref.

1994

CIS 97-939 Lundberg P.
Criteria Group for Occupational Standards
Scientific basis for Swedish occupational standards XV
Vetenskapligt underlag för hygieniska gränsvärden. 15 - Criteria Group for Occupational Standards XV [in Swedish]
Critical evaluation of those scientific data which are relevant as background for discussion of Swedish occupational exposure limits. This volume consists of the consensus reports submitted by the Criteria Group at the Swedish National Institute of Occupational Health between July 1993 and June 1994. They cover: ethylene glycol monopropylether (propoxyethanol) and its acetate (2-propoxyethanol acetate), hexachloroethane, some metal stearates, some stearates, hexylene glycol, barium and barium compounds, strontium and strontium compounds, dicyclopentadiene, N,N-dimethylacetamide, indium and inorganic indium compounds, o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile and thioglycolic (mercaptoacetic) acid.
Arbetsmiljöinstitutet, Förlagstjänst, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1994. 72p. (Eng.); 79p. (Swe.). 298 ref.

CIS 95-854 Diethylene glycol
Diéthylèneglycol [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Acute toxicity: neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); renal insufficiency; metabolic disturbances; signs of liver cytolysis, pulmonary oedema and myocardial damage.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1994. 4p. 19 ref.

1993

CIS 96-1575 Dipropyleneglycol monomethylether
International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; dry skin. Occupational exposure limit: TLV 100ppm, 606mg/m³ (skin) (ACGIH 1991-1992).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-1220 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritates the eyes and the skin. Long-term exposure effects: liquid defats the skin.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 95-1045
Department of Social Affairs and Employment, Directorate-General of Labour (Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid)
Health-based recommended occupational exposure limits for 1-methoxypropanol-2, 1-methoxypropylacetate-2, 2-methoxypropanol-1, 2-methoxypropylacetate-1
This publication presents an evaluation of the health hazards of propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) and its acetate (PGMEA). Discussed are: 1-methoxypropanol-2 (PGME-α), 1-methoxypropylacetate-2 (PGMEA-α), 2-methoxypropanol-1 (PGME-β) and 2-methoxypropylacetate-1 (PGMEA-β). Attention is given to: identity, physical and chemical properties, monitoring; sources of exposure; environmental levels and human exposure; guidelines and standards (general population, and occupational population); toxicokinetics; adverse effects in experimental animals and observations in humans; previous evaluation by national and international bodies; evaluation of human health risks; recommendations for research. Based on the data available the Dutch Expert Committee for Occupational Standards recommends an occupational exposure limit for PGME (containing no more than 5% β-isomer) of 375mg/m³ (100ppm) TWA 8h, and for PGMEA (containing no more than 5% β-isomer) of 550mg/m³ (100ppm) TWA 8h. Summary in Dutch.
SDU Uitgeverij Plantijnstraat, Afdeling Verkoop Publikaties Arbeidsinspectie, Postbus 20014, 2500 EA Den Haag, Netherlands, 1993. 70p. 85 ref.

CIS 95-419 Diethylene glycol
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects; irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); may affect the liver and kidneys. Long-term exposure effects: may affect the liver and kidneys.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 95-411 Propylglycol
International chemical safety card. Synonym: propoxyethanol. Flammable. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects: irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema; chemical pneumonitis. Long-term exposure effects: may affect the blood, spleen and kidneys.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1512 Propyleneglycolmonomethylether
International chemical safety card. Synonym: 1-methoxy-2-propanol. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system). Long-term exposure effects: liquid defats the skin. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 100ppm; 369mg/m³ (ACGIH 1989-1990); TLV (STEL): 150ppm; 553mg/m³ (ACGIH 1989-1990).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1501 2-Phenoxyethanol
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of the eyes and skin.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1677
Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) - Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA)
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Bis(2-methoxyethyl)-ether)
No data are available on the toxic effects of diethylene glycol dimethyl ether in humans. Animal studies indicate that following oral uptake the substance has a low toxicity. It is slightly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. The target organs for male animals after repeated intake are the reproductive organs. Foetotoxic and teratogenic effects have been observed. Most mutagenicity tests give no indication of a genotoxic effect.
S. Hirzel Verlag, P.O. Box 10 10 61, 70009 Stuttgart, Germany, 1993. xiii, 64p. 122 ref. Price: DEM 48.00.

CIS 93-1543 Tarvainen K., Jolanski R., Estlander T.
Occupational contact allergy to unsaturated polyester resin cements
Six men contracted occupational allergic contact dermatitis from unsaturated polyester (UP) cements. 4 of the men were employed in car repair painting and the remaining 2 in mold manufacturing. The exposure time to UP cements ranged from 6 to 32 years before onset of skin symptoms. All patients had eczema on their hands; in addition, 4 had skin symptoms on airborne areas, i.e., wrists, neck and face. All 6 patients developed allergic reactions when patch tested with UP resin at 0.5-10% in petrolatum (pet.). None of the tested patients reacted to auxiliary or cross-linking chemicals of the cements. Diethylene glycol maleate (DGM) was purified and identified from the UP resin of a cement. 1 patient reacting to UP resin was also patch test positive to DGM and he produced an allergic reaction to DGM down to a concentration of 0.0032% pet. DGM wa found in both uncured and cured UP resin. None of the patients could continue their work with UP cements after their sensitisation.
Contact Dermatitis, Apr. 1993, Vol.28, No.4, p.220-224. Illus. 25 ref.

1992

CIS 94-100 2-Methoxyethanol
2-Méthoxyéthanol [in French]
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of eyes and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects; skin absorption; hepatic and renal disorders. Long-term exposure effects: blood disorders; impairment of male fertility; suspected teratogen.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1992. 2p. Illus.

CIS 94-99 2-Ethoxyethanol
Ethoxy-2 éthanol [in French]
International chemical safety card. Danger symbol: harmful. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); liver and renal damage. Long-term exposure effects: defatting of the skin; haematotoxic effects; antifertility effects; possible teratogen. EC identification number and labelling codes: 603-012-00-X; Xn, R10-36; S24. United Nations number and hazard class: UN 1171 (3; III).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1992. 2p. Illus.

CIS 94-98 2-Butoxyethanol
Butoxy-2 éthanol [in French]
International chemical safety card. Danger symbol: harmful. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); liver and renal damage. Long term exposure effects: defatting of the skin; haematotoxic effects. EC identification number and labelling codes: 603-014-00-0; Xn; R20/21/22-27; S24/25. United Nations number and hazard class: UN 2369 (6.1; III).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1992. 2p. Illus.

CIS 94-79 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
Ether monométhylique de diéthylèneglycol [in French]
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; chemical pneumonitis. Long term exposure effects: the liquid defats the skin; neurotoxic effects; blood and renal disorders; anaemia.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1992. 2p. Illus.

CIS 94-78 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Ether monoéthylique de diéthylèneglycol [in French]
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; chemical pneumonitis. Long term exposure effects: the liquid defats the skin.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1992. 2p. Illus.

CIS 93-1123 1-Methoxy-2-propanol and its acetate
1-Méthoxy-2-propanol et son acétate [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Acute toxicity: skin absorption; irritation of the mucous membranes (ocular, nasal and oro-pharyngeal). Exposure limit for 1-methoxy-2-propanol in France (TWA value): 100ppm (360mg/m³).
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1992. 4p. 26 ref.

CIS 93-1122 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol
2-(2-Méthoxyéthoxy)éthanol, 2-(2-éthoxyéthoxy)éthanol, 2-(2-butoxyéthoxy)éthanol [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Acute toxicity: mild irritation of the eyes and skin. Chronic toxicity: erythema; sensitisation dermatitis.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1992. 4p. 27 ref.

CIS 93-758 2-Butoxyethanol
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the newly revised edition of the NIOSH publication "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards". Synonym: butyl cellosolve. Effects of short-term exposure: skin absorption; irritation of skin, eyes and upper respiratory tract; narcotic effects. Effects of long-term exposure: dermatitis; haematuria.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, 1992. 7p. 20 ref.

CIS 93-229 Cicolella A.
Glycol ethers - State of the art and research prospects
Les éthers de glycol - Etat actuel des connaissances - Perspective de recherche [in French]
Glycol ethers are a family of products, the use of which, as solvents, has increased sharply during the last few years: paints, inks, varnishes, cosmetics, cleaning products, etc. Two million people are thought to be exposed at work and many more at home. Experimental data are consistent as far as testicular and developmental effects are concerned, but rather scarce for the haematological ones and non-existent for carcinogenicity. No chronic toxicity study has been published. Human data are scarce: a few cases of malformations and haematological effects as well as some epidemiological studies on morbidity (with poor exposure evaluation), and no mortality or case-control studies. The INRS has therefore launched a research programme consisting of epidemiological, clinical, toxicological and monitoring studies on exposure to glycol ethers.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 3rd Quarter 1992, No.148, Note No.1890-148-92, p.359-378. Illus. 132 ref.

CIS 93-244 Zellers E.T., Ke H., Smigiel D., Sulewski R., Patrash S.J., Han M., Zhang G.Z.
Glove permeation by semiconductor processing mixtures containing glycol-ether derivatives
Results of permeation tests of several glove materials challenged with semiconductor processing formulations containing glycol-ether derivatives are described. Commercial glove samples of nitrile rubber, natural rubber, butyl rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a natural rubber/neoprene/nitrile blend, and a natural rubber/neoprene blend were tested. Butyl rubber provided the highest level of protection against the solvent mixtures tested (excepting negative photoresist), with no breakthrough observed after four hours of continuous exposure at 25^oC. Nitrile rubber provided the highest level of protection against negative photoresist and reasonably good protection against initial exposure to the other solvent mixtures. Gloves consisting of natural rubber or natural rubber blends provided less protection against the mixtures than either nitrile or butyl rubber. The effects of higher exposure temperatures and repeated exposures on performance are also documented.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1992, Vol.53, No.2, p.105-116. Illus. 34 ref.

1991

CIS 00-950 2-(2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol
2-(2-(2-Butoxietoxi)etoxi)etanol [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 0965. International Chemical Safety Card. Synonym: triethylene glycol n-butyl ether. Exposure routes: inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion. Short-term exposure effects: vapour irritates the skin, eyes and respiratory tract; ingestion may cause lowering of consciousness. Long-term exposure effects: the liquid defats the skin.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 98-1130 2-Ethoxyethanol
2-Etoxietanol [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 0060 (CIS 91-762). International Chemical Safety Card. Topics: anaemia; antifertility effects; blood-cell anomalies; bone marrow diseases; ethoxyethanol; central nervous system; chemical hazards; data sheet; elimination of spills; environmental pollution; explosion hazards; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; hepatic damage; IPCS; irritation; labelling; neurotoxic effects; renal damage; skin absorption; Spain; storage; threshold limit values; translation; unconsciousness; visual function disorders; waste disposal.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 96-2015 2-Phenoxyethanol
2-Fenoxietanol [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 7-0538. International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of the eyes and skin.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 95-1230 Propoxyethanol
2-(Propiloxi)etanol [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 8-0607. International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects; irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema; chemical pneumonitis. Long-term exposure effects: may affect the blood, spleen and kidneys.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 94-1144 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
2-(-2-Butoxietoxi)etanol [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 9-0788. International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of the eyes and skin. Long term exposure effects: liquid defats the skin.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 93-1539 Welch L.S., Plotkin E., Schrader S.
Indirect fertility analysis in painters exposed to ethylene glycol ethers: Sensitivity and specificity
Semen analysis has proven useful in the clinical diagnosis of infertility and is the most widely used method of monitoring the effects of occupational exposure on male fertility. Collection and analysis of semen samples in a field setting, however, is not always feasible. Techniques of monitoring male worker fertility using questionnaires to avoid some of the difficulties of semen analysis have been developed. These methods compare the rate of observed births for wives of workers with expected birth rates derived either from U.S. fertility tables or from unexposed workers. The present study compares the sensitivity of this questionnaire method with that of semen analysis in an evaluation of reproductive function in men exposed to ethylene glycol ethers. The reproductive function of 74 married painters exposed to ethylene glycol ethers was compared with that of 51 married controls employed at a shipyard. The groups differed in sperm count, but the questionnaire method showed no effect of exposure on fertility. This analysis suggests that the questionnaire assessment of fertility is less sensitive than semen analysis as a screening tool for male reproductive function.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1991, Vol.20, No.2, p.229-240. 27 ref.

CIS 92-1994 Matsumura Y., Takano T.
Optimum analytical conditions for ethyleneglycol monoalkyl ethers by adsorption sampling with activated carbon tubes and gas chromatography
Echirengurikōru monoarukiru ēteru rui jōki no kassei tankan hoshū - gasu kuromatogurafu bunseki hō no saiteki jōken [in Japanese]
The best conditions for analyses of the vapours of methoxyethanol, ethoxyethanol, ethoxyethyl acetate, and butoxyethanol with active carbon tubes and gas chromatography were determined. Tests were performed with five desorbing solvents, six packed columns and two capillary columns. The four organics were most effectively desorbed from active carbon with dichloromethane in methanol (5 vol.%), which gave >90% desorption for all four. Carbon disulfide gave desorption efficiencies as low as 14% for methoxyethanol and 17% for ethoxyethanol. Among the packed columns, 10% PEG 20M on Chromosorb WAW (80/100 mesh) proved the best, around 1,500 theoretical plates and straight calibration curves down to the detection limits, but the megabore and microbore capillary columns coated with a liquid equivalent to PEG 20M showed 10 to 100 times more theoretical plates. Gas chromatography with a flame-ionisation detector and a megabore capillary column coated with PEG 20M equivalent liquid was best for analyses of the four organics in air at concentrations lower than one-tenth of their control levels.
Journal of Working Environment, 1 Nov. 1991, Vol.12, No.6, p.54-61. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 92-934 Johanson G., Johnsson S.
Gas chromatographic determination of butoxyacetic acid in human blood after exposure to 2-butoxyethanol: Short communication
Venous blood samples from five male volunteers exposed to 20ppm 2-butoxyethanol (BE) for 2h were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6h from the start of exposure and analysed by gas chromatography after simultaneous ion-pair extraction and derivatisation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. Butoxyacetic acid (BAA), a major metabolite of BE, was found in all samples except those collected prior to exposure. This is the first time that the analysis of BAA in human blood had been reported.
Archives of Toxicology, 1991, Vol.65, No.5, p.433-435. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 92-578 Criteria for a recommended standard - Occupational exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and their acetates
The principal health effects documented in humans exposed to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and their acetates involve the blood, the central nervous and hematopoietic systems, the liver and the kidneys. The compounds are readily absorbed through the skin. Only limited direct evidence indicates that exposure causes adverse reproductive effects in humans, although animal experiments provide strong evidence of adverse reproductive and developmental effects. Recommended exposure limits are given along with methods for worker protection. Appendices include methods for sampling and analysis and a list of other glycol ethers.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Sept. 1991. 293p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 91-1965 Johansson G.
NEG and NIOSH basis for an occupational health standard: Propylene glycol ethers and their acetates
This document, jointly prepared by NIOSH and the Nordic Expert Group for Documentation on Occupational Exposure Limits (NEG), presents a survey of the literature on the propylene glycol ethers most commonly used in industry: propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) (including their beta isomers) and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPGME). All the ethers reviewed are of low acute toxicity. The main effect at high doses is depression of the central nervous system. There is limited data available on mutagenic or genotoxic effects and no carcinogenicity studies are reported. The critical effect of DPGME and of the alpha isomers of PGME and PGMEA appears to be irritation to the eyes and mucous membranes. The beta isomer of PGMEA is teratogenic in laboratory animals.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, 1991. 47p. 56 ref.

1990

CIS 91-1441 2-Methoxyethanol
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of eyes and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects; skin absorption; hepatic and renal disorders. Long-term exposure effects: blood disorders; impairment of male fertility; suspected teratogen.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1990. 2p. Illus.

CIS 91-1296 Johanson G.
Nordiska Ministerrådet
NEG and NIOSH basis for an Occupational Health Standard: Propylene glycol ethers and their acetates
Survey of the literature on propylene glycol monomethyl ether and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, including their beta isomers, and dipropylene glycol monometyl ether. This document is to be used as background for the discussion of occupational exposure limits; it is recommended that the effects of irritation and reproductive toxicity be used in this discussion.
Arbetsmiljöinstitutet, Förlagstjänst, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1990. 47p. Illus. 56 ref.

CIS 91-762 2-Ethoxyethanol
International chemical safety card. Danger symbol: harmful. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); liver and renal damage. Long-term exposure effects: defatting of the skin; haematotoxic effects; antifertility effects; possible teratogen. EC identification number and labelling codes: 603-012-00-X; Xn, R10-36; S24. United Nations number and hazard class: UN 1171 (3; III).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1990. 2p. Illus.

CIS 91-758 2-Butoxyethanol
International chemical safety card. Danger symbol: harmful. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); liver and renal damage. Long term exposure effects: defatting of the skin; haematotoxic effects. EC identification number and labelling codes: 603-014-00-0; Xn; R20/21/22-27; S24/25. United Nations number and hazard class: UN 2369 (6.1; III).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1990. 2p. Illus.

CIS 91-957 Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate
The principal signs and symptoms of acute overexposure to EGBE and EGBEA are irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, drowsiness, nausea, shaking and weakness. Repeated exposure may damage the bone marrow, blood cells, kidneys and liver. This document presents recommendations for a standard covering exposure limits, monitoring, labelling, protective equipment, information of workers, engineering controls and work practices, hygiene and record keeping. Subsequent chapters cover: properties, production and potential for exposure; effects of exposure; sampling and analytical methods and medical and biological monitoring; existing occupational health standards; correlation of exposure and effects; methods for worker protection; research needs.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Sep. 1990. 158p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 91-380 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; chemical pneumonitis. Long term exposure effects: the liquid defats the skin; neurotoxic effects; blood and renal disorders; anaemia.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1990. 2p. Illus.

CIS 91-379 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; chemical pneumonitis. Long term exposure effects: the liquid defats the skin.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1990. 2p. Illus.

CIS 91-566
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
2-Methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, and their acetates
Information on the toxic effects of these 4 glycol ethers on humans is limited. There are reports of poisoning following ingestion of 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) and 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE), while repeated exposure of workers has resulted in anaemia, leucopenia, general weakness, ataxia and immunological effects. Haematological effects of glycol ethers have been documented and bone marrow toxicity has been reported in workers exposed dermally to 2-ME. Epidemiological studies have shown some evidence of adverse effects on the male reproductive system, with an increased frequency of adverse sperm counts. Detailed summaries in French and Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1990. 126p. Bibl. Price: CHF 15.00; developing countries: CHF 10.50.

CIS 91-34 2-Butoxyethanol
Butoxy-2 éthanol [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Synonym: butyl cellosolve. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; mild irritation of upper respiratory tract, skin and eyes; liver and kidney damage at high concentrations. Long-term exposure effects: possible liver, kidney and lung damage; antifertility effects; damage to blood cells.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main St. East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, Oct. 1990. 1p. Illus.

CIS 90-1279 Morton W.E.
Occupational phenoxyethanol neurotoxicity: A report of three cases
2-Phenoxyethanol, used as an anaesthetic for handling small fish at a salmon hatchery, caused 3 women to experience headache and symptoms of intoxication during use, followed by diminished sensation and strength of hands and fingers, worse in the preferred hand. Persistent neuropathy did not develop in any of them. After 1 to 2 years of exposure, the women manifested gradual onset of symptoms of cognitive impairment with an inability to work. Neuropsychologic testing verified that all 3 had focal cognitive impairments that persisted. One also had documented labyrinthine hypo-function, which originated during this exposure. The immediate and delayed effects of 2-phenoxyethanol on the central nervous system resemble those of other organic solvents.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1990, Vol.32, No.1, p.42-45. 7 ref.

CIS 90-739 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Ether butylique de diéthylène glycol [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Toxicity: skin absorption; no significant effects reported but symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication are expected.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main St. East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1990. 1p. Illus.

1989

CIS 89-1940 Ratcliffe J.M., Schrader S.M., Clapp D.E., Halperin W.E., Turner T.W., Hornung R.W.
Semen quality in workers exposed to 2-ethoxyethanol
To evaluate whether long term exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol (2EE) may affect semen quality, a cross sectional study was conducted among men exposed to 2EE used as a binder slurry in a metal castings process. Because of the potential for substantial absorption of 2EE through skin exposure, urine measurements of the metabolite of 2EE, 2-ethoxyacetic acid (2EAA) were conducted showing levels of 2EAA ranging from non-detectable to 163mg 2EAA/g creatinine. The average sperm count per ejaculate among the workers exposed to 2EE was significantly lower than that of the unexposed group after consideration of abstinence, sample age, subjects' age, tobacco, alcohol and caffeine use, urogenital disorders, fever, and other illnesses. The mean sperm concentrations of the exposed and unexposed groups did not significantly differ from each other. No effect of exposure to 2EE on semen volume, sperm viability, motility, velocity, and normal morphology or testicular volume was detected, although some differences in the proportion of abnormal sperm shapes were observed. These data suggest that there may be an effect of 2EE on sperm count among these workers, although the possibility that other factors may be affecting the semen quality in both exposed and unexposed men in this population or that the results reflect bias introduced by the low participation rates cannot be excluded.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, June 1989, Vol.46, No.6, p.399-406. 34 ref.

1988

CIS 89-1624 Johanson G.
Arbetsmiljöinstitutet
Toxicokinetics of 2-butoxyethanol - Uptake, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in man and laboratory animals
Contents of this thesis: literature review of the glycol ethers and of 2-butoxyethanol; elimination kinetics in the perfused rat liver; inhalation kinetics in man; modelling of inhalation kinetics; dermal uptake in the guinea pig; influence of water on dermal uptake; dermal uptake in man. Conclusions of the thesis: metabolic pathways become saturated at high doses, but probably not in occupational exposure situations; ethanol inhibits the metabolism of 2-butoxyethanol; respiratory as well as dermal uptake is high; dermal uptake is enhanced in the presence of water; 2-butoxyethanol; respiratory as well as dermal uptake is high; dermal uptake is enhanced in the presence of water; 2-butoxyethanol is distributed in a relatively low volume and rapidly cleared and thus probably not accumulated in the body; butoxyacetic acid in urine may be suitable as an indicator of exposure.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1988. 78p. Illus. 83 ref.

CIS 89-1259 Johanson G., Boman A., Dynésius B.
Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol in man
The percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol (Butyl cellosolve) was investigated in 12 exposure experiments with 5 men. The subjects kept 2 or 4 fingers immersed in neat butoxyethanol for 2h. Arterialised capillary blood samples were collected from the other hand before, during, and up to 4h after exposure and analysed for butoxyacetic acid. The presence of butoxyethanol in blood and of butoxyacetic acid in urine confirmed that butoxyethanol enters the systemic circulation in man in vivo during dermal exposure. Calculated percutaneous uptake rates ranged from 7 to 96nmol/min/cm². The results indicate that persons exposing large portions of their skin to butoxyethanol are at risk of absorbing acutely toxic doses.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Apr. 1988, Vol.14, No.2, p.101-109. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 89-954
Health and Safety Executive: Occupational Medicine and Hygiene Laboratory
Glycol ether and glycol acetate vapours in air - Laboratory method using Tenax sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas chromatography
This is a revision of Guidance Note MDHS 23, originally published in 1983 (see CIS 84-1915). Contents: properties, uses and toxicity of glycol ether and glycol acetate and first aid after massive exposure to them; description of the method (sampling through a glass or metal tube packed with Tenax porous polymer sorbent; desorption of the collected vapours by heat and transfer under inert carrier gas into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionisation detector for analysis). Scope: suitable for personal sampling over a period of 8h or less, but may be used for fixed location monitoring by suitable modification; aerosols of these compounds may also be analysed. Analytical limits: 0.5 - 250mg/m³ for samples of 2L of air. Recommended maximum air sampling volumes vary from compound to compound. The bias of the method is <5%. In the appendices: synonyms of the glycol ether and glycol ether acetates and the production of standard atmospheres of glycol ethers or their acetates by a diffusion device.
Health and Safety Executive Sales Point, Room 414, St Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 2QY, United Kingdom, Rev.ed., March 1988. 8p. Illus. 10 ref. Price: GBP 2.50.

CIS 89-203 Menke R., Chelton C.F.
Evaluation of glove material resistance to ethylene glycol dimethyl ether permeation
This study was undertaken because ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (1,2-dimethoxyethane) is a possible component of lithium-based primary battery electrolyte systems. A number of gloves were tested by the ASTM Method F-739-81, and butyl rubber was found to be the most effective barrier to permeation. Further studies determined that the butyl gloves could be reused if they were reconditioned overnight in a vacuum oven at 50°C. When an electrolyte mixture of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (30% v/v) and propylene carbonate (70% v/v) was tested, the results indicated that the propylene carbonate retards the permeation of the glycol ether by a factor of 10. This is believed to be caused by the propylene carbonate's coating of the surface of the butyl membrane, which reduces the sorption of EGDME.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1988, Vol.49, No.8, p.386-389. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 89-166 Smallwood A.W., DeBord K., Burg J., Moseley C., Lowry L.
Determination of urinary 2-ethoxyacetic acid as an indicator of occupational exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol
A procedure for measurement of 2-ethoxyacetic acid (EAA), a metabolite of 2-ethoxyethanol (EE), has been validated. The analytical range for EAA is 5 to 100µg/mL of urine; the limit of detection is 4µg/mL, while the limit of quantitation is 7µg/mL. The day-to-day relative standard deviation (Sr) was better than 4.7%; the corresponding within-day Sr was less than 2.0%. The procedure was applied to urine specimens collected from shipyard workers exposed to paints containing 2-ethoxyethanol.
Applied Industrial Hygiene, Feb. 1988, Vol.3, No.2, p.47-49. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 88-1970 Paustenbach D.J.
Assessment of the developmental risks resulting from occupational exposure to select glycol ethers within the semiconductor industry
The hazards posed by the monomethyl and monoethyl ethers of ethylene glycol and their acetates are discussed. Included are: properties and uses; exposure hazard ratings; potential for exposure; personal protective equipment; developmental toxicology; hazard assessment (mutagenicity); reproductive toxicology tests; adequacy of the TLVs; sampling and analysis; risk assessment; skin absorption. The airborne concentration of the ethers is generally low enough to protect workers against reproductive and other toxic effects as long as dermal exposure is minimal.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 1988, Vol.23, No.1, p.29-75. Illus. Bibl.

1987

CIS 89-533 Verbilov A.A., Pis'ko G.T., Gamanjuk E.G.
Gas-chromatographic determination of butyl cellosolve in workplace air
Gazohromatografičeskoe opredelenie butilcellozol'va v vozduhe rabočej zony [in Russian]
Optimal conditions were established for butyl cellosolve determination: 300mm by 3mm column packed with 10% PMS-100 methylsilicone oil on 0.20-0.25mm Chromaton N super; column temperature 140°C; injector temperature 200°C; carrier gas (helium) flow rate 60cm³/min. Samples are taken by pumping air at 0.5L/min for 15min through a Zajcev absorber containing 15mL distilled water. A 2µL aliquot of the water is injected into the gas chromatograph. Time of analysis: 5min; butyl cellosolve retention time: 3min. Detection limit: 0.004µg. The presence of methoxyethanol, ethyl cellosolve, ethyl glycol acetate, ethylene oxide, butyl alcohol and isopropoxyethanol did not interfere with the butyl cellosolve determination.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Apr. 1987, No.4, p.56. 3 ref.

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