Ethylene oxide - 276 entries found

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1979

CIS 80-184 Hogstedt C., Rohlén O., Berndtsson B.S., Axelson O., Ehrenberg L.
A cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence in ethylene oxide production workers.
Ethylene oxide is mutagenic in several organisms, and carcinogenicity has been suspected. The study comprised 89 full-time exposed workers, 86 with intermittent exposure, and 66 controls. Workers were also exposed to ethylene dichloride, ethylene chlorohydrin, ethylene, and bis(2-chloroethyl) ether. Full-time exposed workers showed considerable excess mortality, mainly due to tumours and also diseases of the circulatory system. There was a significant excess of cancer incidence in these workers. These results cannot be attributed to a particular chemical, but ethylene oxide and ethylene dichloride are the main suspects.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Nov. 1979, Vol.36, No.4, p.276-280. 20 ref.

CIS 80-169 Wallace E.
Effects of n-butyl glycidyl ether exposure.
Case histories are reported after an accident in which 2 men were exposed to spillage of approx. 3.5l of the compound, one for 90min and the other for 4h. Symptoms were anorexia cough, vomiting, ataxia, headache, diplopia, bloodshot eyes, and loss of concentration, some of which still persisted after 3 months.
Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine, 4 Oct. 1979, Vol.29, No.4, p.142-143. 4 ref.

CIS 79-1965 Romano S.J., Renner J.A.
Analysis of ethylene oxide - Worker exposure.
This personal air sampling method is based on trapping ethylene oxide in dilute sulfuric acid, where it is converted to ethylene glycol, which is determined by gas chromatography. The column used produces linear calibration curves and symmetrical peaks. 94.2% of the ethylene oxide was recovered at an air concentration of 1-8ppm. The technique is independent of air flow and sample size. Its advantages over the charcoal tube method and its shortcomings are discussed.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1979, Vol.40, No.8, p.742-745. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 79-1692 Krajewska D.
Contact sensitivity to phenylglycidyl ether.
Summary report on dermatological studies in 98 workers exposed to epoxy resins or phenylglycidyl ether with a view to determining the existence of sensitivity to phenylglycidyl ether and possibly of cross sensitivity between epoxy resins and the ether. There were a number of cases of simple and cross reactions, confirmed experimentally in guinea-pigs. The latency period between contact and appearance of symptoms was taken into consideration.
Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt, 1979, Vol.27, No.2, p.42-44. 8 ref.

CIS 79-1353 Kamalov R.S.
Determination of epichlorohydrin in air by gas chromatography
Gazohromatografičeskoe opredelenie ėpihlorgidrina v vozduhe [in Russian]
Description of a specific method for the determination of epichlorohydrin in the presence of other volatile compounds such as furfural, acetone and furfuryl alcohol in high concentrations. Sampling is by adsorption on activated carbon, from which the epichlorohydrin is desorbed by diethyl ether. To separate this solvent from the epichlorohydrin, the mixture is introduced into a 1m chromatographic column filled with silanised Chromaton N. Calibration of the chromatograph is performed by introducing standard epichlorohydrin solutions.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Feb. 1979, No.2, p.50-52. 2 ref.

CIS 79-1099 Hogstedt C., Malmqvist N., Wadman B.
Leukemia in workers exposed to ethylene oxide.
Ethylene oxide is used in the production of ethylene glycol and of surface-active agents, and as a fungicide and sterilant. Three cases of leukaemia are reported (expected incidence: 0.2 cases) that occurred in Sweden between 1972 and 1977 as a result of leakage from boxes of medical equipment sterilised with 50% ethylene oxide and 50% methyl formate. Time-weighted average (TWA) concentration was 20±10ppm. Two of the cases were fatal. The Swedish TWA for ethylene oxide has been reduced to 10ppm.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 16 Mar. 1979, Vol.241, No.11, p.1132-1133. 14 ref.

1978

CIS 79-1326 Epichlorohydrin.
Published as NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 30, this warning notice refers to an epidemiological study on workers and reseach on humans and animals from which it appears that there is a significant increase in chromosome abnormalities in exposed workers. NIOSH recommends that the substance be treated as a carcinogen and exposure should be limited. Suggested guidelines for monitoring and controlling exposure (monitoring, product substitution, contaminant controls, employee isolation, personal protective equipment) are given. Background information is included (exposure standards, production, uses, occupational exposures, human and animal carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and other toxic effects).
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.79-105, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Oct. 1978. 12p. 22 ref.

CIS 79-1046 Winell M.
Basic data for carcinogenicity evaluation - II. Some alkylating substances
Underlag för utvärdering av carcinogena effekter - II. Några alkylerande ämnen [in Swedish]
This report considers the chemical and physical properties, production and uses, methods of determination in air, acute toxicity, observed carcinogenicity in animals and man, mutagenicity, effects on reproduction and toxicokinetics of 4 alkylating substances: 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (nemagon), epichlorohydrin, 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide) and methyl iodide (iodomethane). As it is impossible to extrapolate TLVs from animal experiments, the author recommends that all exposure to these substances should be avoided, and that less harmful substances should be substituted for them.
Undersökningsrapport 1978:20, Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Fack, 100 26 Stockholm, Sweden, 1978. 35p. 60 ref.

CIS 79-761 Glycidyl ethers.
Published as NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin No.29, this warning notice refers to recent research from which it appears that these compounds produce testicular atrophy and haemopoietic abnormalities in animals. The NIOSH recommendation is that while no conclusive reports establish the ability of glycidyl ethers to produce the same effects in man, some of the changes observed in animals may act as predisposing factors to systemic problems, and that the occupational health community be advised of the possibility of these effects appearing in exposed workers. The NIOSH criteria document on the same subject (CIS 79-443) is referred to. Background information is included (industries and occupations using the compounds, number of workers exposed, toxic effects of each compound on animals).
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.79-104, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, 12 Oct. 1978. 12p. 9 ref.

CIS 79-751 Levin J.O., Nilsson C.A., Westermark S.O., Andersson K.
Sampling and analysis of organic substances in the list of threshold limit values - III. Epichlorohydrin - Ethylenechlorohydrin
Provtagning och analys av organiska ämnen på gränsvärdeslistan. III. Epiklorhydrin - Etylenklorhydrin [in Swedish]
Evaluation and results of sampling methods for these 2 substances by adsorption on active charcoal or on Amberlite XAD (a granular, cross-linked polymer); the best results were obtained by desorption of active charcoal or Amberlite XAD-7 (polyacrylate), using CH₂Cl₂. Description of methods of analysis by gas chromatography. If these 2 substances are present simultaneously in the atmosphere they can be monitored simultaneously.
Undersökningsrapport 1978:23, Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Fack, 100 26 Stockholm, Sweden, 1978. 10p. Illus. 7 ref. Price: Swe-cr.10.00.

CIS 79-443 Criteria for a recommended standard - Occupational exposure to glycidyl ethers.
Recommendations are made for the protection of health from exposure to glycidyl ethers. Ceiling concentrations of the ethers for 15min sampling periods are: allyl glycidyl ether 45mg/m³ (9.6ppm); isopropyl glycidyl ether 240mg/m³ (50ppm); phenyl glycidyl ether 5mg/m³ (1ppm); n-butyl glycidyl ether 30mg/m³ (4.4ppm); bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 1mg/m³ (0.2ppm). Other recommendations relate to medical supervision, labelling, personal protection, information of personnel, work and sanitation practices, monitoring and recordkeeping. The criteria on which the recommendations are based are discussed at some length under the following heads: biological effects of exposure; environmental data; development of standard; research needs. Procedures for sampling and analysis and useful additional information are given in appendices.
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.78-166, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, June 1978. 197p. 98 ref.

CIS 79-485 Lambert D., Lacroix M., Ducombs G., Journet F., Chapuis J.L.
Skin allergy due to epichlorohydrin
L'allergie cutanée à l'épichlorhydrine. [in French]
A review of the physical and chemical properties, uses and pathogenic effects of epichlorhydrin is followed by 6 case studies of skin allergy due to this chemical, confirmed by tests with 1% dilution in ethanol. The authors believe that epichlorhydrin should be included in the sets of standard tests.
Annales de dermatologie et de vénéréologie, 1978, Vol. 105, No.5, p.521-525. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 79-110 Bales R.E.
Epichlorohydrin manufacture and use - Industrial hygiene survey.
2 plants manufacturing and using, and 3 plants only using epichlorohydrin were surveyed. The types of plants, processes and operations are described together with job descriptions and titles, and sampling and analytical methods. The exposure to epichlorohydrin and other process materials and control measures are detailed. At the manufacturing processes, epichlorohydrin was from non-detectable to 2.1ppm and allyl chloride was from non-detectable to 8.9ppm. Resin processing plants showed exposures from non-detectable to 0.83ppm epichlorohydrin. The time-weighted average exposures were below permissible levels. Recommendations: present control measures to be maintained; enclosed process systems to be generalised; vapour return lines to be installed for tank car filling operations; respiratory protection and protective clothing to be used; instruction of personnel to be conducted as a periodical routine; material losses to be reduced; prevention of fire and skin contact hazards. Reference is made to the NIOSH criteria document on epichlorohydrin.
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.78-151, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Feb. 1978. 50p. Illus. 6 ref.

1977

CIS 78-459 Qazi A.H., Ketcham N.H.
A new method for monitoring personal exposure to ethylene oxide in the occupational environment.
Ethylene oxide was collected on activated carbon, desorbed with carbon disulfide and analysed by gas chromatography. Aspects dealt with are: selection of adsorbent and column; effects of humidity, sampling rate and volume; shelf-life (up to 7 days); interference from 10 contaminants; desorption technique (91% efficiency); calibration curve. The lower detection limit is 0.15ppm.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Nov. 1977, Vol.38, No.11, p.635-647. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 78-411 Glaser Z.R.
Special occupational hazard review with control recommendations for the use of ethylene oxide as a sterilant in medical facilities.
This study includes a literature survey of the toxicity, mutagenicity and possible carcinogenicity of ethylene oxide used extensively in hospitals for sterilisation of heat sensitive equipment. Alternative chemicals or processes have serious limitations or health hazards. A review of the properties of ethylene oxide, its uses in medical facilities and a summary of the results of NIOSH field studies conducted in hospitals, etc. are followed by chapters on: biologic effects in animals and humans of exposure to ethylene oxide; occupational exposure limits; hazards, control measures, medical supervision and record keeping; and sampling and analytical methods. The report recommends a ceiling occupational exposure limit of 135mg/m³ (75ppm) over a 15 min sampling period, and a time-weighted average TLV of 90mg/m³ (50ppm) over a given workday.
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.77-200, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA. Aug. 1977. 58p. 139 ref.

1976

CIS 77-549 Epoxy wise is health wise.
This little, well-illustated booklet is addressed to laboratory plant workers handling epoxy compounds and their derivatives. Contents: description of materials and their properties; descriptions of occurrences (sensitisation, illnesses, burns); safe working methods; first aid; personal hygiene.
HEW Publication No.(NIOSH)76-152, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Apr. 1976. 18p. Illus.

CIS 77-439 Criteria for a recommended standard - Occupational exposure to epichlorohydrin.
Recommendations are made for the prevention of adverse effects of epichlorohydrin on the health of workers. The time-weighted average exposure (10h working day) should not exceed 2mg/m³ (approx 0.5ppm) over a 40-h week. The ceiling concentration is fixed at 19mg/m³ (approx. 5ppm) as determined by a sampling time of 15min. Other recommendations relate to medical supervision, labelling, personal protective equipment, information of employees, work practices, and monitoring and record keeping. The criteria on which the recommendations are based are discussed under the following heads: biological effects of exposure; environmental data and engineering controls; development of a standard; research needs. Procedures for sampling and analysis of the compound in air are described in detail and useful additional information is given in appendices.
HEW Publication No.(NIOSH)76-206, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Sep. 1976. 152p. Illus. 101 ref.

CIS 77-120 Vainio H., Pääkkönen R., Rönnholm K., Raunio V., Pelkonen O.
A study on the mutagenic activity of styrene and styrene oxide.
Styrene oxide is mutagenic, without metabolic activation, to Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA 1535 and TA 100, which have been devised to detect mutagens causing base-pair substitutions. Styrene seems mutagenic toward the same strains, but only after metabolic activation. The toxicity of the compounds impairs reliable dose-response relation conclusions. Diethyl maleate and 3,3,3-trichloropropene oxide enhance the mutagenicity of styrene oxide in the presence of homogenate; epoxide hydratase and glutathione S-oxide transferase participate in the metabolism of styrene oxide. These 2 chemicals do not influence the mutagenic activity of styrene. Styrene glycol and 4-tert-butylpyrocatechol are not mutagenic to any of the strains. The authors conclude suggesting that further, more detailed investigations of the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of styrene and styrene oxide are warranted, and possibly an epidemiologic study on workers in industry.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Sep. 1976, Vol.2, No.3, p.147-151. 9 ref.

CIS 76-1614 Cadmium, nickel, some epoxides, miscellaneous industrial chemicals and general considerations on volatile anaesthetics.
A series of 25 monographs consisting of data reviewed and evaluated by an international group of experts (Lyon, 9-11 Dec. 1975 and 3-9 Feb. 1976). Individual monographs are devoted to: cadmium and cadmium compounds; nickel and nickel compounds; diepoxybutane; diglycidyl resorcinol ether; epichlorohydrin; 1-epoxyethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane; 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate; cis-9,10-epoxystearic acid; ethylene oxide; fusarenon-X; glycidaldehyde; glycidyl oleate; glycidyl stearate; propylene oxide; styrene oxide; triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; benzyl chloride; β-butyrolactone; γ-butyrolactone; dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine; 1,4-dioxane; ethylene sulfide; trichloroethylene; and 4-vinylcyclohexene. A chapter is devoted to volatile anaesthetics. Supplementary corrigenda and a substance cumulative index to IARC monographs (Volumes 1-11) are appended.
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man, Vol.11. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 2, France, 1976. 306p. 770 ref. Price: SF.34.00.

1975

CIS 77-772 Ethylene oxide - Codes of practice for chemicals with major hazards.
This code is intended as a guide in new or existing plants producing or using ethylene oxide. Detailed are: hazards with the compound (toxicity, flammability, decomposition, polymerisation); hazard control - general (fire, unwanted reactions, static electricity, toxicity, first aid, emergency procedures); hazard control - design (storage, plant layout, construction materials, joints, liquid transfer, vaporisers, instruments); hazard control - operations; transportable cylinders and tankers.
Chemical Industries Association Ltd., Alembic House, 93 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7TU, United Kingdom, Aug. 1975. 18p. Illus. 7 ref. Price: £1.50.

CIS 76-1627 Dorias H.
Multiple hazard substances: ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile and carbon disulfide
Stoffe mit mehreren gefährlichen Eigenschaften: Äthylenoxid - Acrylnitril - Schwefelkohlenstoff [in German]
Toxicity and explosibility of these substances; heat production hazard by polymerisation; hazardous concentrations and chemical reactions; transportation hazards.
Die Berufsgenossenschaft, Nov. 1975, Vol.27, No.11, p.452-455.

1974

CIS 75-1416 Grigorowa R., Müller G.M., Rothe R., Gohlke R.
Combined action of epichlorohydrin and high ambient temperature in acute and subacute animal experiments - Toxicological and morphological aspects
Zur kombinierten Einwirkung von Epichlorhydrin und erhöhter Umgebungstemperatur in akuten and subakuten Tierexperimenten - Toxikologische und morphologische Aspekte [in German]
The simultaneous influence of several chemical and physical factors in the workplace is to be considered when threshold limit values of chemical substances are established. Epichlorohydrin is used for the production of epoxy resins, and was found to be toxic to the kidneys, central nervous system, blood, liver and lung. The experiments described were conducted to find out the influence of heat (35°C, 50% relative humidity) on the action of epichlorohydrin. In both single and repeated exposures combination effects were observed even with the lowest concentration (0.06mg/l). It is concluded that even the threshold concentration of epichlorohydrin in combination with heat is not without danger.
Internationales Archiv für Arbeitsmedizin - International Archives of Occupational Health, 1974, Vol.33, No.4, p.297-314. 13 ref.

CIS 75-844 Balenghien L.
Synthetic detergents - Technical preventive measures
Les détergents synthétiques - Prévention technique. [in French]
The article is confined to a study of hazards encountered in 2 categories of operations involved in manufacturing detergents: sulfonation and sulfation, and condensation with ethylene oxide. These hazards are analysed in detail with the corresponding preventive measures. Those of sulfonation and sulfation derive from the reactive nature of sulfuric acid and oleum with organic matter (accidental contact), metals, minerals, and water (explosion), from inhalation of sulfuric chlorohydrin (chlorosulfonic acid) and from the caustic action of soda and potash. The hazards of condensation with ethylene oxide consist mainly in its explosivity and that of its decomposition products, which in addition are toxic. Mention is made of the hazards common to the 2 operations: slipping; work in vats, tanks, or apparatus.
Caisse régionale d'assurance maladie du Nord de la France, 11 Boulevard Vauban, 59024 Lille Cedex, France, 1974. 14p. 6 ref. Gratis.

CIS 75-177
Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (Ministero dei trasporti e dell'aviazione civile), Roma.
Ministerial decree dated 14 January 1974 - Conditions for the transport of ethylene oxide
Decreto ministeriale 14 gennaio 1974 - Modalità di trasporto dell'ossido di etilene [in Italian]
Rail transport of liquid ethylene oxide which has not been inerted by nitrogen is prohibited. The partial pressure of the nitrogen in the containers used for transport should not fall below 5kg/cm² or exceed 7kg/cm² for an ambient temperature between 0 and 30°C. Empty containers which previously held ethylene oxide should be filled with nitrogen at the same pressure during transport. Testing pressure for these containers is fixed at 14kg/cm²; for welded containers up to 150l capacity testing pressure should be 19kg/cm².
Gazzetta ufficiale, 30 Jan. 1974, Vol.115, No.28, p.699.

1973

CIS 74-1038 Kryńska A.
Determination of epichlorohydrin in the presence of other substances released during the transformation and utilisation of epoxy resins
Oznaczanie epichlorohydryny w obecności innych substancji występujących w powietrzu przy przetwarzaniu i stosowaniu żywic epoksydowych [in Polish]
The substances released with epichlorohydrin in the air of industrial premises during the transformation and utilisation of epoxy resins are triethylenetetramine, ethylenediamine, dibutyl phthalate, butanol, acetone, cyclohexanone, toluene, xylene, styrene and phenol. To determine to what extent the presence of these substances hinders the detection of epichlorohydrin, the author prepared several standard solutions and tried to obtain a distinct determination of these by a colorimetric method. He describes the procedure, indicates the composition of the solutions tested and presents the results obtained in tabular form. He finally discusses the possibilities of this determination and specifies the limits.
Prace Centralnego instytutu ochrony pracy, 1973, Vol.23, No.76, p.55-62. 8 ref.

1972

CIS 73-969 Zugravu E.
The toxicity of certain surface-active agents of the alkylphenolpolyethyleneglycolate type used for dust control in mines
Toxicitatea unor substanţe tensioactive de tip alchilfenol polietilenglicolat, utilizate la combaterea prafului în subteran [in Romanian]
The general toxicity of 2 surface-active agents, OF-9 and OF-15 (alkylphenolpolyethyleneglycolates with 9 and 15 ethylene oxide molecules respectively), used for some time as dust control agents in mines, has been studied on 297 rats and 544 mice. The 2 substances were administered acutely and subacutely by oral and intraperitoneal routes. Only OF-9 (in a 0.04% aerosol) was used for chronic-toxicity studies. The products were of low toxicity to the experimental animals, the oral LD₅₀ being 200-400mg/kg and the intraperitoneal LD₅₀, 1250-5000mg/kg; tolerance was high (90-100%) and prolonged respiratory exposure did not result in pulmonary lesions.
Igiena, June 1972, Vol.21, No.6, p.335-342. 21 ref.

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