Aldehydes - 487 entries found

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1993

CIS 95-421 Ethylhexaldehyde
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1511 Propanal
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects; irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema. Occupational exposure limit: PDK: 5mg/m³ (USSR 1988).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1630 Noble J.S., Strang C.R., Michael P.R.
A comparison of active and passive sampling devices for full-shift and short-term monitoring of formaldehyde
Experiments were conducted to survey several of the commercially available monitors and to compare them to the more established "active" methods, which are based on a variety of different chemistries. The experiments were designed to determine the suitability of the monitors for short-term and time weighted average (TWA) monitoring for formaldehyde. A total of six passive and five active methods were evaluated. Several devices were capable of measuring formaldehyde at the current regulatory limits. However, only one device consistently met the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (USA) performance criteria and was suitable for personal monitoring at the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' 0.3ppm ceiling.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Dec. 1993, Vol.54, No.12, p.723-732. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 94-1125 Thia-4-pentanal
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis; may affect the lungs.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1241 Meding B.
Skin symptoms among workers in a spice factory
Workers in a Swedish spice factory (n=70), and in the office (n=23) of the same company, were investigated by questionnaire regarding skin symptoms. Later the subjects reporting skin symptoms were examined and investigated by patch and prick testing. Skin symptoms were reported by 50% of the factory workers. Pruritus and skin irritation, particularly from cinnamon powder were common. Patch test reactions to cinnamaldehyde were found in 11/25 factory workers. Irritant patch test reactions were seen from powders of cardamom, paprika and white pepper. On prick testing, 6/25 workers reacted to cinnamaldehyde. The results illustrate the difficulties of patch testing with spices and indicate the need for further research and validation of methods.
Contact Dermatitis, Oct. 1993, Vol.29, No.4, p.202-205. 13 ref.

CIS 94-948 Flyvholm M.A., Andersen P.
Identification of formaldehyde releasers and occurrence of formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers in registered chemical products
Substances referred to as formaldehyde releasers were identified through a review of the literature. Information on product categories and typical concentrations for chemical products containing formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers was obtained from the Danish Product Register Data Base (PROBAS). As of February 1992, 62,000 products were registered in PROBAS, 30,900 of these with information on composition and product category. Among the components of these products, 19 of the 22 identified formaldehyde releasers were found. The number of products registered with each formaldehyde releaser varied from 4 to 171, with cleaning agents, soaps, shampoos, paint/lacquers, and cutting fluids as the most frequent product categories. The most frequently registered formaldehyde releasers were bromonitropropanediol, bromonitrodioxane, and chloroallylhexaminium chloride. Formaldehyde itself was registered in 1,781 products, and was found in all product categories included in the study. It is concluded that products for industrial use as well as household products should be considered as sources of formaldehyde exposure. The use of unsystematic chemical names in literature is discussed.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Nov. 1993, Vol.24, No.5, p.533-552. Illus. 49 ref.

CIS 94-300 Leinster P., Baum J.M., Baxter P.J.
An assessment of exposure to glutaraldehyde in hospitals: Typical exposure levels and recommended control measures
An assessment of exposure to glutaraldehyde in cold sterilization and X-ray development processes was undertaken in 14 locations at six hospitals in south east England. The results obtained indicate that routine exposures of hospital workers to airborne concentrations of the compound are within the current United Kingdom occupational exposure limit of 0.7mg/m³. There was the potential for skin contact in many of the activities observed and alternative sterilization and disinfection procedures would have been more appropriate in some situations. Recommendations are made for the reduction of exposures, as the current occupational exposure limit for this compound may not be appropriate.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1993, Vol.50, No.2, p.107-111. 12 ref.

CIS 94-255 Vinzents P., Laursen B.
A national cross-sectional study of the working environment in the Danish wood and furniture industry - Air pollution and noise
A cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Danish wood and furniture industry at 200 factories. Representative estimates of employees' full-shift exposures to wood dust, vapours from organic solvents, formaldehyde and noise dose were calculated using a model for two-stage cluster designs. Exposures to air pollutants were generally below the occupational exposure limits (OELs), while noise doses were at the same level as the OEL. The overall exposure to wood dust was 0.90mg/m³, exposure to vapours from organic solvents was 0.13C/OEL and noise dose, Leq (8h), was 90.5dB(A).
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Feb. 1993, Vol.37, No.1, p.25-34. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 94-329 Bijleven W.G.H., Feron V.J., de Vrijer F., Arts J.H.E.
Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid
Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit for acetaldehyde
Evaluation of the health hazards of exposure to acetaldehyde. Attention is given to: identity, physical and chemical properties; sources of exposure; environmental levels and human exposure; guidelines and standards; toxicokinetics; effects in animal experiments and observations of adverse effects in man (acute toxicity due to incidents, effects of short-term and long-term exposure, epidemiological studies); previous evaluation by (inter)national bodies; evaluation of human health risks; recommendations for research. The present MAC for aacetaldehyde is 180mg/m³ (100ppm), which is an irritation dose-level for humans. The Dutch Expert Committee for Occupational Standards considers acetaldehyde as a genotoxic carcinogen. Linear extrapolation is applied for risk assessment (this might result in an over-estimation of the risk, since the probable enhancing role of cytotoxicity in the tumours induced by acetaldehyde is not taken into account). The additional risk for cancer derived by linear extrapolation is: 4 x 10^-3 for 40 years of exposure to an acetaldehyde concentration of 24mg/m³; 1 x 10^-4 for 40 years of exposure to an acetaldehyde concentration of 0.6mg/m³; 1 x 10^-6 for 40 years of exposure to an acetaldehyde concentration of 0.006mg/m³. Detailed summary in Dutch.
SDU Uitgeverij Plantijnstraat, Afdeling Verkoop Publikaties Arbeidsinspectie, Postbus 20014, 2500 EA Den Haag, Netherlands, 1993. 48p. 83 ref.

CIS 93-1789 Butyric aldehyde
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema. Occupational exposure limits: PDK: 5mg/m³ (USSR 1988).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

CIS 93-1865 Kanerva L., Estlander T., Jolanki R., Tarvainen K.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to acrylates during work with dental prostheses
Between 1974 and 1992, an orthodontist, 2 dental technicians and a dental worker developed occupational allergic contact dermatitis from working with dental prostheses. All patients had positive allergic patch test reactions to methyl methacrylate (MMA), the acrylate which is the most widely used in work with prostheses. All but the orthodontist also reacted to dimethacrylates, which are used in cross-linked dental prostheses. The last patient, investigated in 1992, had been exposed mainly to light-cured acrylics, which are similar in composition to dental composite resins. These acrylics, only recently introduced into prosthetic work, contain more potent acrylic sensitisers than MMA. Accordingly, dental personnel working with prostheses may face a higher risk of sensitisation than previously. To detect cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis, patients working with dental prostheses should be patch tested with MMA, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethacrylates, epoxy acrylates and urethane acrylates.
Contact Dermatitis, May 1993, Vol.28, No.5, p.268-275. Illus. 46 ref.

CIS 93-1457 Furfural
Furfural [in Spanish]
Chemical safety sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Health hazards: irritation of the eyes, respiratory tract and skin; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); sensitisation dermatitis.
Noticias de seguridad, June 1993, Vol.55, No.6. 4p. Insert.

CIS 93-1540 Vetter R., Stewart P.A., Dosemeci M., Blair A.
Validity of exposure in one job as a surrogate for exposure in a cohort study
Data from a mortality study of workers employed in 10 formaldehyde-producing or -using plants were used to address how closely several parameters of exposure based on the first, longest, or last job held in a company compared with those based on the worker's entire employment history at the plant. The best predictor for cumulative formaldehyde exposure at the plant was the longest job at that plant, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.70. The correlation with average exposure over the worker's employment was 0.77 for the first job and 0.74 for the longest and last jobs. Peak exposures and highest exposure levels experienced in the plant were more closely related to the first job (r=0.72 and r=0.74). The highest correlation with any of the measures was never with the last job. These findings indicate that the use of a single job as a surrogate for exposure received at a particular worksite can result in misclassification and disease risks.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Apr. 1993, Vol.23, No.4, p.641-651. 25 ref.

CIS 93-1094 Acrolein
Acroleína [in Spanish]
Chemical safety sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Health hazards: irritation of the eyes, upper respiratory tract, lungs and skin; lung diseases (pulmonary oedema); chemical burns; skin eruption.
Noticias de seguridad, Apr. 1993, Vol.55, No.4. 4p. Insert.

1992

CIS 02-48 Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldéhyde [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Update of data sheet already summarized in CIS 87-822. Synonyms: 1,5-pentanedial; glutaric aldehyde. Toxicity: splashes may cause caustic lesions of the skin and eyes; allergic eczema; headache; irritative or allergic respiratory disorders; sensitization. Exposure limits (France): TWA = 0.8mg/m³ or 0.2ppm. Complete datasheet collection on CD-ROM analysed under CIS 01-201.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, Rev.ed., CD-ROM CD 613, 2000. 4p. 22 ref.

CIS 97-1074
Department of Labour - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde: Final Rule [USA]
This Final Rule became effective on 26 June 1992, amending the existing rule on the same subject (29 CFR 1910.1048). It lowers the 8h TWA exposure level to formaldehyde from 1ppm to 0.75ppm, and it introduces certain additional hygiene requirements for specific hazards. To existing requirements concerning medical supervision, it adds medical removal protection provisions for workers particularly affected by exposure to formaldehyde. Measures are included for labelling, hazard warnings and training of workers exposed to formaldehyde exposures above 0.1ppm. Extensive discussion on the background to the Final Rule.
Federal Register, 27 May 1992, Vol.57, No.102, p.22290-22328.

CIS 95-1811 Johnsen H., Lund S.P., Matikainen E., Midtgård U., Simonsen L., Wennberg A.
Nordic Council of Ministers
Occupational neurotoxicity: Criteria document for evaluation of existing data
Report of a working group on criteria for the evaluation and classification of neurotoxic chemicals. A chemical is considered to be neurotoxic if it is capable of inducing a consistent pattern of neural dysfunction or lesion in the nervous system. Criteria were developed for deciding if published evidence for a specific chemical fit this definition. The approach follows that used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for evaluating data on carcinogenicity. The criteria were tested by evaluating selected research papers on manganese, aluminium, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, dichlorvos, trichloroethylene, formaldehyde, triorthocresyl phosphate, n-hexane and vinyl chloride. Formaldehyde was not classifiable. Cyclohexanone, dichlorvos, tetrahydrofuran and vinyl chloride were classified as possibly neurotoxic and the others as definitely neurotoxic.
National Institute of Occupational Health, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 København Ø, Denmark, 2nd. ed., Oct. 1992. 52p. Illus. 60 ref.

CIS 95-990 Wilhelmsson B., Holmström M.
Possible mechanisms of formaldehyde-induced discomfort in the upper airways
About 50% of the studied population of 66 workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde at its production stage experienced nasal discomfort through hyperreactivity. Atopics were not significantly overrepresented among persons with occupational nasal symptoms. Exposure to formaldehyde should be minimized not only for atopic persons.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Dec. 1992, Vol.18, No.6, p.403-407. 18 ref.

CIS 94-246 Stewart P.A., Herrick R.F., Feigley C.E., Utterback D.F., Hornung R., Mahar H., Hayes R., Douthit D.E., Blair A.
Study design for assessing exposures of embalmers for a case-control study - Part I. Monitoring results
To quantify exposure levels for a study of embalmers, a series of embalmings was performed using an experimental design to determine the effect of certain work parameters on the concentration of airborne contaminants. Personal exposures and area concentrations of formaldehyde, methanol, phenol, and particulates were measured during 25 embalmings while controlling the level of ventilation, the concentration of embalming solution, and the type of case (autopsy or intact body). In addition, bischloromethyl ether (BCME) and selected microorganisms were measured during a few embalmings. Personal formaldehyde exposures ranged from 0.31 to 8.72ppm for full-period exposures (51-121min). Methanol levels ranged from 0.54 to 21.83 ppm. Particulate mass concentrations were low, and measurable phenol levels were observed in only 40% of procedures. Airborne microorganisms were also found to be at low levels and no BCME was detected. Ventilation played the most important role out of the three controlled variables.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Aug. 1992, Vol.7, No.8, p.532-540. Illus. 35 ref.

CIS 94-284 Beauchamp R.O., St. Clair M.B.G., Fennell T.R., Clarke D.O., Morgan K.T.
A critical review of the toxicology of glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde, a low molecular weight aldehyde, was investigated for toxicity in humans and animals. Examination of this dialdehyde was indicated from previous studies with other aldehydes in which carcinogenicity of formaldehyde and toxicity of acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde have been disclosed. Information gaps concerning the actions of glutaraldehyde are identified in this review and recommendations are made for additional short-term and long-term studies. In particular, information regarding irritation of the respiratory tract, potential neurotoxicity, and developmental effects would assist in a complete hazard evaluation of glutaraldehyde. Further study related to disposition, metabolism, and reactions of glutaraldehyde may elucidate the mechanism of action.
Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1992, Vol.22, No.3-4, p.143-174. Illus. 244 ref.

CIS 94-48 Acetaldehyde
Acétaldéhyde [in French]
International chemical safety card. Danger symbols: extremely flammable, harmful. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects; irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract; corrosion of mucous membranes; neurotoxic effects (CNS depression); pulmonary oedema. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis; lung diseases; liver damage; central nervous system damage; suspected human carcinogen. EC identification number and labelling codes: 605-003-00-6; F, Xn; R12-36/37; S16-33-36/37. United Nations number and hazard class: UN 1089 (3; I).
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1992. 2p. Illus.

CIS 93-1953 Marsh G.M., Stone R.A., Henderson V.L.
Lung cancer mortality among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde - A Poisson regression analysis of the National Cancer Institute study
Additional regression analysis of lung cancer mortality data from a cohort study of workers exposed to formaldehyde was performed to investigate the previously reported effects of plant and latency period and to assess the impact of short-term (under 1yr) employment on the results. A 1.6-fold increase in lung cancer risk was found, beginning approximately 16-20yr after first employment with no evidence of a differential effect of latency between hourly and salaried workers or among the various categories of formaldehyde exposure as measured by cumulative average intensity or length of exposure. Analysis of the internal cohort rates corroborates previous analyses of cohort data in that significant positive associations were found between the risk of lung cancer and cumulative exposure to formaldehyde in the presence of several of the same co-exposures. No such associations were found in the absence of these co-exposures.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Nov. 1992. Vol.53, No.11, p.681-691. 11 ref.

CIS 93-1928 Elia V.J., Messmer R.A.
Evaluation of methods for estimating formaldehyde released from resin-containing paper and wood product dusts
Epidemiology studies have suggested that exposures to formaldehyde in combination with dust particles in workplace atmospheres may be linked to increased risk of some cancers. The relationship between quantities of released formaldehyde and particle soaking conditions was assessed. The chromotropic acid, MBTH, and acetylacetone analysis procedures were examined for their appropriateness in measuring released formaldehyde. Use of the chromotropic acid procedure for this purpose indicated formaldehyde levels for wood product dusts that were approximately 10 to 14 times higher than those determined by the MBTH and acetylacetone methods. The findings indicated that soaking dust particles in deionised water at 35°C for 6h, filtering to remove the particles, and measuring the released formaldehyde in the water by a colorimetric procedure that used acetylacetone reagent would provide reliable estimates of releasable formaldehyde.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Oct. 1992, Vol.53, No.10, p.632-638. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 93-1647 The safe occupational use of glutaraldehyde in the health industries
This guidance document provides a general overview of the hazards posed by glutaraldehyde in its two most common uses in the health industry along with principles for hazard control. Contents: responsibility for a safe working environment; physical properties of glutaraldehyde; assessment of hazards in the workplace; control of glutaraldehyde and other chemicals in the radiographic process; sterilisation, cleaning and "high-level" disinfection of medical and dental equipment; safe work practices; first-aid measures; health effects and suggested surveillance.
Occupational Safety and Health Service, Department of Labour, P.O. Box 3705, Wellington, New Zealand, 1992. 23p. 5 ref.

CIS 93-1615 Cullinan P., Hayes J., Cannon J., Madan I., Heap D., Newman Taylor A.
Occupational asthma in radiographers
This letter reports two cases of work-related asthma in radiographers, each case attributable to a different agent. Tests on one patient revealed an asthmatic response on exposure to glutaraldehyde, a hardener used during developing, while tests on the other showed adverse reactions to fixative chemicals. Although it is likely that, under the best conditions, concentrations of glutaraldehyde in radiographic departments are below the occupational exposure standard, higher levels may occur during maintenance or where ventilation is inadequate. Concern about respiratory disease has been expressed within the radiography profession.
Lancet, 12 Dec. 1992, Vol.340, No.8833, p.1477. 5 ref.

CIS 93-1614 Mwaniki D.L., Guthua S.W.
Occupational exposure to glutaraldehyde in tropical climates
This letter reports cases of adverse reactions to glutaraldehyde fumes among workers in an outpatient clinic in Nairobi (Kenya). The glutaraldehyde, used for instrument decontamination and housekeeping, was left in an open vessel in locations with limited ventilation. The reactions probably corresponded to development of hypersensitivity to glutaraldehyde. There is a need for manufacturers to provide precautionary information on the volatile nature of glutaraldehyde, especially in warm climates, and the possible toxicity of its fumes.
Lancet, 12 Dec. 1992, Vol.340, No.8833, p.1476-1477. 8 ref.

CIS 93-1208 Marsh G.M., Stone R.A., Henderson V.L.
A reanalysis of the National Cancer Institute study on lung cancer mortality among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde
This is a second reanalysis of the data from a 1986 study of 26,561 formaldehyde-exposed workers conducted by Blair A. et al (CIS 93-1206), already reanalysed by Sterling T.D. and Weinkam J.J. in 1988 (CIS 93-1207). This reanalysis confirms the finding that there is an increased risk of lung cancer as a function of cumulative exposure to formaldehyde when adjustment is made for length of exposure. The risk ratios for white male workers with latency of 10-20yrs and more than 20yrs, relative to a baseline of less than 10yrs, were 0.96 and 1.48, respectively (significant at the p=0.05 level).
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1992, Vol.34, No.1, p.42-44. 9 ref.

CIS 93-1203 Foussereau J., Cavelier C., Zissu D.
Contact dermatitis from aldehyde antiseptics in the hospital environment
L'allergie de contact professionnelle aux antiseptiques aldéhydés en milieu hospitalier [in French]
A follow-up of 65 cases of occupational contact dermatitis due to antiseptic components used in hospitals (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal) is reviewed. The sensitising potential of each of these substances and the phenomena of cross-sensitisation were examined in animal experiments involving guinea-pigs. Results confirm that these substances have a strong sensitising potential. A non-exhaustive list of commonly-used antiseptics with active ingredients is used to demonstrate inadequate labelling practices in France.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1992, Vol.53, No.5, p.325-338. 18 ref.

CIS 93-738 Acrolein
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the newly revised edition of the NIOSH publication "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards". Acrolein is a powerful lacrimating agent and severe tissue irritant. Effects of short-term exposure: skin absorption; severe irritation or corrosion of eyes, nose, throat and lungs; delayed-onset pulmonary injury and depressed pulmonary function; asthma; pulmonary oedema; corneal burns and blindness; skin burns and blisters. Effects of long-term exposure: skin sensitisation; eczema.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, 1992. 8p. 19 ref.

CIS 93-733 Acetaldehyde
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the newly revised edition of the NIOSH publication "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards". Effects of short-term exposure: irritation and burning of eyes and nose; corneal damage; erythema; irritation of skin, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract; conjunctivitis, blurred vision and light sensitivity; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system); narcotic effects; pulmonary oedema; dermatitis; chemical burns. Effects of long-term exposure: dermatitis; may cause heart and kidney damage, embryotoxic and teratogenic effects; possible human carcinogen.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, 1992. 8p. 15 ref.

CIS 93-601 Reiche K., Müller C., Börngen K.
Partial reversibility of morphological and functional changes of the nasal mucosa after termination of long-term exposure to formaldehyde
Partielle Reversibilität der morphologischen und funktionellen Veränderungen der Nasenschleimhaut nach Beendigung langjähriger Exposition gegenüber Formaldehyd [in German]
In comparison to a non-exposed control group, mucociliary clearance was impaired in 50% and olfactory function in about 30% of 18 workers in a felt manufacturing plant. The workers had been exposed to formaldehyde for an average of 11.3 years. Reexamination of 6 workers 1 year after termination of the exposure to formaldehyde yielded evidence of metaplastic changes returning to normal.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz, Prophylaxe und Ergonomie, 1992, Vol.42, No.5, p.182-186. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 93-576 Górski P., Tarkowski M.
Non specific environmental factors and asthma development
Environmental pollutants seem to be responsible for the dramatic increase in allergic disorders that have been observed lately. The best documented environmental factors facilitating allergy development are: ozone, diesel-exhaust particulate matter and tobacco smoke. Formaldehyde and SO₂ seem to be very important but still are not sufficiently documented. Mechanisms involved in allergy promotion include: better penetration of allergens across respiratory mucosa and direct modulation of immunological responses.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1992, Vol.5, No.3, p.227-236. 95 ref.

CIS 93-580 Srivastava A.K., Gupta B.N., Gaur J.S., Bihari V.
Clinical evaluation of workers handling melamine formaldehyde resin
Letter to the editor describing the working conditions and state of health of six workers in a paper mill in India. The six were assigned to the preparation of melamine resin suspensions for treating paper. They were exposed to formaldehyde by inhalation and to melamine resin by skin contact. The clinical picture in all six cases resembled that described in the literature for cases of formaldehyde exposure. However, haemoglobin levels were depressed and peripheral lymphocyte counts elevated in four and three of the subjects, respectively; such effects of formaldehyde have not been reported previously.
Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology, 1992, Vol.30, No.4, p.677-681. 13 ref.

CIS 93-212 Schwartz B.S., Ford D.P., Yodaiken R.
Analysis of OSHA inspection data with exposure monitoring and medical surveillance violations
US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspection data from the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) enforcement database are presented for lead, ethylene oxide, and formaldehyde for fiscal years 1985, 1987, and 1989, and are discussed with emphasis on exposure monitoring or medical surveillance section violations. These data suggest that the exposure monitoring section of these standards is more commonly used to cite workplaces below these standards than is the medical surveillance section. Medical surveillance violations more commonly resulted in fines, but there were no differences in the magnitude of the fines for exposure monitoring or for medical surveillance violations. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1992, Vol.34, No.3, p.272-278. 12 ref.

CIS 92-1243 Waterman L.
The hazards of health care - Glutaraldehyde: A review of its clinical use and abuse
Glutaraldehyde (synonyms: 1,5-pentanedial, glutaric dialdehyde) is a commonly used sterilisant in health services. It is also used as a biological fixative, in tanning works and as an intermediate during chemical synthesis. Toxicologically, it is an irritant to the eye, the mucous membranes (nose) and the skin. It can also provoke allergic reactions. This article describes appropriate control strategies (the exposure standard in the UK is 0.2ppm = 0.7mg/m³), monitoring methods for exposure and health surveillance measures.
Safety and Health Practitioner, June 1992, Vol.10, No.6, p.15-17. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 92-1089 Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehído [in Spanish]
Chemical safety information sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Toxicity: irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract; skin absorption; delayed effects; chemical burns; renal damage; dermatitis.
Noticias de seguridad, May 1992, Vol.53, No.5, 4p. Insert.

CIS 92-936 Blair A., Stewart P.A.
Do quantitative exposure assessments improve risk estimates in occupational studies of cancer?
Quantitative assessment of exposure intensity is a difficult process, but the use of this approach is growing in occupational epidemiology because it is hoped that the estimates will more closely approximate delivered dose than more traditional measures such as duration of exposure. This report describes 2 methods of assessment of the value of quantitative exposure assessments in cancer epidemiology. One indicated that exposure measures based on exposure intensity yielded monotonically increasing exposure-response gradients and larger relative risks more often than those based on duration of exposure. Another suggested that different measures of exposure to formaldehyde classified subjects quite differently. Duration of exposure was unrelated to average exposure and was only weakly associated with exposure intensity or peak exposure. Use of several exposure measures in investigations that fail to exhibit an association between exposure and disease would be of value because such an approach would provide greater confidence that negative findings were not simply due to exposure misclassification.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1992, Vol.21, No.1, p.53-63. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 92-954
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Acrolein
Acrolein is highly toxic to animals and humans on acute exposure. The vapour is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract, while the liquid is corrosive. In patch tests, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for irritant dermatitis from ethanolic acrolein was found to be 0.1%. Experiments with volunteers exposed to acrolein vapour show a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 0.13mg/m³, while respiratory tract effects are evident from 0.7mg/m³. No data are available on the effects of long-term exposure in humans. Detailed summaries in French and Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1992. 119p. ca. 300 ref. Price: CHF 15.00 (developing countries: CHF 10.50).

1991

CIS 07-1426
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Formaldehyde - Health and safety guide
This document provides practical guidance on the application of exposure limitation guidelines contained in Environmental Health Criteria 89 (see CIS 90-1976). Contents: identity and uses of formaldehyde; human health hazards; health surveillance and first aid; safety in storage and use; environmental hazards; summary of chemical safety information for use in the workplace; current regulations and guidelines. Formaldehyde is a suspected human carcinogen by the inhalation route. It has a pungent odour and the vapour is irritating to the skin and eyes and causes lacrimation; solutions may be irritant or corrosive, depending on the concentration. Inhalation may cause severe irritation, with a possibility of oedema, laboured breathing, dizziness and loss of consciousness.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 45p. 11 ref.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg057.htm [in English]

CIS 07-1400
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Acrolein - Health and safety guide
This document provides practical guidance on the application of exposure limitation guidelines contained in Environmental Health Criteria 127 (see CIS 92-954). Contents: identity and uses of acrolein; human health hazards; health surveillance and first aid; safety in storage and use; environmental hazards; summary of chemical safety information for use in the workplace; current regulations and guidelines. Skin and eye contact with acrolein causes chemical burns, redness and pain; inhalation causes severe irritation and, at high concentrations, inflammation and damage to the respiratory tract.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 28p. Illus. 22 ref.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg067.htm [in English]

CIS 00-652 Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehído [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 0102. International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of eyes and respiratory tract; fainting. Long-term exposure effects: skin sensitization. Benzaldehyde-induced tumours have been shown in animals.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p. Illus.

CIS 99-744 Chloral hydrate
2,2,2-Tricloroetano-1,1-diol [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 4-0234. International Chemical Safety Card. Topics: cardiovascular diseases; chloral hydrate; chemical hazards; data sheet; elimination of spills; environmental pollution; eye irritation; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; hepatotoxic effects; IPCS; irritants; labelling; nephrotoxic effects; neurotoxic effects; Spain; storage; translation; unconsciousness; waste disposal.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 98-1140 Glutaraldehyde (50% solution)
Glutaral (disolución al 50%) [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 0352 (CIS 93-383). International Chemical Safety Card. Topics: asthma; glutaraldehyde; chemical hazards; data sheet; delayed effects; dermatitis; elimination of spills; environmental pollution; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; IPCS; irritation; labelling; respiratory impairment; sensitization; skin absorption; Spain; storage; threshold limit values; translation; waste disposal.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 98-1139 Glutaraldehyde
Glutaral [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 0158 (CIS 92-745). International Chemical Safety Card. Topics: asthma; glutaraldehyde; chemical hazards; data sheet; delayed effects; dermatitis; elimination of spills; environmental pollution; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; IPCS; irritation; labelling; respiratory impairment; sensitization; skin absorption; Spain; storage; threshold limit values; translation; waste disposal.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 98-1138 2-Furaldehyde
2-Furaldehido [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 0276 (CIS 92-1798). International Chemical Safety Card. Topics: furfural; chemical hazards; data sheet; elimination of spills; environmental pollution; explosion hazards; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; hepatic damage; IPCS; irritation; labelling; respiratory impairment; skin absorption; Spain; storage; threshold limit values; translation; waste disposal.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 98-63 Acraldehyde
Acrilaldehído [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 2-0090. International Chemical Safety Card. Topics: acrolein; chemical burns; chemical hazards; corrosive substances; data sheet; delayed effects; elimination of spills; environmental pollution; explosion hazards; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; IPCS; irritation; labelling; lacrimating agents; pulmonary oedema; Spain; storage; threshold limit values; translation; waste disposal.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 97-1807 Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehído [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 1-0009. International Chemical Safety Card. Short-term exposure effects: delayed effects; irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; chemical burns; may cause pulmonary oedema; neurotoxic effects (central nervous system). Long-term exposure effects: may cause dermatitis; may affect the central nervous system, respiratory tract and kidneys; possible human carcinogen. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 25ppm A3, 45mg/m³ A3 (ACGIH 1993-1994).
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 95-1226 Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehído [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 7-0550. International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects; irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema. Occupational exposure limits: PDK: 5mg/m³ (USSR 1988).
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 94-1487 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde
2-Clorobenzaldehído [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 8-0641. International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; corrosive to the eyes and skin; pulmonary oedema; chemical burns; may affect the liver and kidneys. Long term exposure effects: dermatitis.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 94-1141 Chloroacetaldehyde (40% solution)
Cloroacetaldehído (disolución al 40%) [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 9-0706. International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: delayed effects; corrosion of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 1ppm; 3.2mg/m³ (ceiling) (ACGIH 1991-1992); OSHA PEL: 1ppm; 3mg/m³.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 93-383 Glutaraldehyde (50% solution)
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Long term exposure effects: dermatitis; skin sensitisation; asthma; may cause genetic damage in humans.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 2p.

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