Air transportation - 364 entries found
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1985
CIS 86-2046
Muroya H., Tada M., Sato K., Ikeda M.
Mental effect and fatigue of JNR employees caused by inspection work of rails and bridges by helicopter
To prevent railway accidents on the Japanese National Railways, employees inspect the rails and bridges by helicopter. To learn about the psychological impact of this work, 148 questionnaires were delivered and collected. In addition, 15 of these employees were checked for usual heart rates. 22% of the respondents reported no fatigue after getting out of the helicopter; 78% registered fatigue. Mental effects were reported for the evenings before the employees' scheduled flights. The mental effects were most marked in employees in their twenties. Mental effects were not due to the helicopter itself, but to the type of work involved. The reason why most of the employees in their twenties and thirties registered fatigue after work is because of the filming and changing of films that is necessary.
Bulletin of the Railway Labour Science Research Institute, Nov. 1985, No.39, (Offprint) p.37-50. Illus. 8 ref.
CIS 86-2045
Kan G.S., Kuprijanov V.A., Malinovskaja O.O.
Dependence of changes in some indicators of lipid metabolism on their initial levels in air traffic controllers on duty
Zavisimost' izmenenij nekotoryh pokazatelej lipidnogo obmena ot ih ishodnogo urovnja u aviadispetčerov v period professional'noj dejatel'nosti [in Russian]
Catecholamine excretion and serum concentrations of lipids were measured in air traffic controllers on and off duty. Correlations were seen between the measured volume and the state of health of the subjects. Hypertensive subjects showed high lipid levels, and the levels varied less between periods on and off duty than was the case with healthy subjects. Persons categorised as having "intellectual-emotional" personalities showed higher rates of hypertension and of abnormal lipid metabolism. The observed hyperlipidemia is probably due to elevated adrenal and sympathetic nervous activity in the hypertensives.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Oct. 1985, No.10, p.70-73. 15 ref.
CIS 86-446
Døssing M., Loft S., Schroeder E.
Jet fuel and liver function
The impact of occupational exposure to jet fuel on antipyrine elimination was studied in 91 fuel-filling attendants. The mean salivary clearance of antipyrine was enhanced to 68.4mL/min during exposure to jet fuel compared to 57.9mL/min after an exposure-free period of 2 to 4 weeks. The corresponding values for an unexposed group of office workers were 62.7 and 56.4mL/min. The median fuel concentration in the breathing zone of the fuel-filling attendants was 31mg/m3 (range 1 to 1020). No difference in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in serum was found either within or between the groups. The study indicates that jet fuel, which is a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic organic solvents resembling gasoline and white spirit, is an inducer of hepatic drug metabolism in man.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Dec. 1985, Vol.11, No.6, p.433-437. Illus. 24 ref.
CIS 86-246
Johansson A., Kalino R.
Stress in air traffic control. Review of its causes and health effects
Lennonjohtajan työn kuormittavuus yksilölliset tekijät ja terveys [in Finnish]
Literature review on sources and effects of stress in air traffic control work. Perceived psychological and somatic symptoms typical of stressful situations are common among air traffic controllers. Hypertension, peptic ulcer, psychological disorders and excessive alcohol consumption are common. Physiological signs of overload are often found among controllers at work, but the relation of these factors to later health problems remains unclear. A higher than average prevalence of health problems was found among controllers who had previously experienced anxiety-provoking life events. Heavy traffic density was a health risk in some studies. Interpersonal problems and conflicts with administrators were important health-related job factors. Recommendations are given for improving interpersonal and labour-management relations, recognising risk groups and developing occupational health services.
Työterveyslaitos, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa, Finland, 1985. No.74. 79p. 83 ref. Price: Fm.30.00.
CIS 85-2033
Cooper C.L., Sloan S.
Occupational and psychosocial stress among commercial aviation pilots
This study covered 442 pilots belonging to the British Airlines Pilots Association and who responded to a mailed questionnaire survey. It was found that self-perceived poor performance was associated with job related factors such as fatigue, anxiety about required courses, performance checks and insufficient flying time. Job dissatisfaction was predicted by lack of career opportunities, poor morale and work climate, lack of autonomy together with some domestic stressors (family health). Overall mental ill-health was found to be associated with lack of autonomy at work, fatigue, flying patterns, inability to relax and lack of social support.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1985, Vol.27, No.8, p.570-576. 12 ref.
1984
CIS 89-842
Agricultural aviation - Service manual for operators
Aviação agrícola - Manual de serviço para operadores [in Portuguese]
Contents of this safety manual: administrative requirements for pilots and organisations engaged in aerial spraying; technical standards for work (airplanes and equipment; airports and landing strips; pesticide containers; planning and safety of operations; equipment demonstrations; decontamination areas). Relevant legislative texts are reproduced in full.
Ministério da Agricultura, Brasília DF, Brazil, 1984. 68p. Illus.
CIS 86-1181
Fujiwara O., Kakimoto Y., Okane M., Nakamura A., Aruga M., Takeuchi Y., Tajima F., Sakurai I., Shimizu S.
Fatigue of shiftworkers in air traffic control and weather service groups in the Japan Air Self-Defense Force
Subjective fatigue, critical fusion flicker value, urinary corticosteroid excretion, heart rate and sleep were used for fatigue assessment. Fifty-two air traffic controllers and forty-three weather service personnel working in shifts were selected as subjects. Twenty-four working during daytime were selected for the control group. At the same time, the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) and a fatigue survey by questionnaire were carried out for 2174 of the subjects. Fatigue resulting from one cycle of shiftwork (morning, afternoon, swing and midnight) was mostly recovered by off-duty rest. Normal circadian rhythms were maintained in controllers for whom it was possible to sleep briefly, but were frequently disturbed in weather observers and teletype operators who had to work through midnight without sleep. There had been no difference in average sleeping time between daily workers and shiftworkers (mean: 7 hours). Shiftworkers tended to sleep long on off-duty days (8-9 hours) and compensate the lack of sleep during shiftwork. Fatigue complaints resulting from shiftwork increased in workers over 41 years old. Workers older than 41 may be unfit for midnight work. 3.6% of the air traffic controllers and weather service personnel falling in Category 4 of the Cornell Medical Index, people diagnosed as neurotic, tended to have stronger feelings of fatigue and more dissatisfaction with their sleep.
Reports of the Aeromedical Laboratory - JASDF, June 1984, Vol.25, No.1-2, p.65-85. Illus. 37 ref.
CIS 86-828
Sasaki M., Endō S., Takahashi T., Ōtaki T., Mori A.
A chronobiological study on the relation between time zone changes and sleep
Nocturnal sleep after transmeridian flights were studied by polygraphy. The subjects of this study were ten healthy adult males who spent their baseline nights in a sleep laboratory in Tokyo. After time zone changes, 4-10 consecutive nights of polygraphic studies were undertaken in cities in Europe and on the west coast of the USA. After eastward flight, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep decreased as a percentage of total sleep time, while slow wave sleep increased. After westward flights, there was enhancement of REM sleep, especially in the 1st half of nocturnal sleep, though slow wave sleep did not change. Sleep latency and REM sleep latency were significantly abbreviated.
Japanese Journal of Biometeorology, Apr. 1984, Vol.21, No.1, p.43-51. Illus. 13 ref.
CIS 86-367
Novák P.
Hearing loss in pilots of Z-37 Čmelák agricultural airplanes
Snížení sluchu u pilotů zemědělského letounu Z-37 Čmelák [in Czech]
Pilots of the agricultural aircraft Z-37 ("Čmelák") are exposed for about 500 hours a year to a noise level (Leq) of 105-106dB(A). Hearing changes were determined in 139 pilots by audiometry. Regression correlation showed that age-dependent hearing loss at 4000Hz was 1.6dB/year. Hearing acuity in pilots decreases by 30dB at a frequency of 4000Hz after 30 years of flying or at the age of 50. The pilot should use a protective helmet. Regulations should be unified for aircraft manufacturers and employers of pilots.
Pracovní lékařství, 1984, Vol.36, No.2, p.61-63. 8 ref.
CIS 85-2031
Schmock B.
Functional disturbances among flight crew members and air-traffic safety personnel; prophylaxis, therapy and metaphylaxis of functional disturbances - a review of the literature
Funktionelle Gesundheitsstörungen beim fliegenden und Flugsicherungspersonal; Prophylaxe, Therapie und Metaphylaxie funktioneller Gesundheitsstörungen - Literaturstudie [in German]
Terms such as "functional disturbance", "neurosis", "psychosomatic disease", and "psychovegetative syndrome" are defined. Types and frequencies of functional disturbances are summarised. There is no comprehensive epidemiological work in the literature. Information on the subject must be assembled from successive statistics. The health of flight crews and safety personnel affects flight safety in general as well as the fitness for work of the individuals themselves. Prevention and treatment of functional disturbances are discussed.
Verkehrsmedizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1984, Vol.31, No.1, p.19-27. 129 ref.
CIS 85-1208
Externally loaded helicopters in construction work
This data sheet provides information on the safe use of helicopters in construction situations. Aspects covered: helicopter registration; operational planning; loading of the helicopter; personal safety; landing site operations; concrete buckets; transportation of explosives; maintenance and refuelling.
National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA, Rev. 1984. 8p. Illus. 5 ref.
CIS 85-1455
Lapierre J., Périn M., Casano G., Abbas L., Lavernhe J.
Parasitic infections in the personnel of an airline
La pathologie parasitaire chez le personnel d'une compagnie aérienne [in French]
Analysis of 178 cases of parasitic disease detected during a 7-year period at Air France in the course of obligatory medical examinations. Worm infections (79% of cases) were much more common than protozoan infections (18%). Ground personnel from tropical countries (44% of cases) and flight crew members (28%) were the most affected groups. Particular emphasis must be paid to cases of malaria in flight crew personnel (7 of 11 cases noted). Anguilluliasis (36 cases) and bilharziasis (34 cases) were essentially restricted to personnel of tropical origin - from the West Indies in particular. Larva migrans (22 cases) affected flight crew personnel who had spent rest periods on West Indian beaches. Hypereosinophilia, discovered during regular blood-cell counts of personnel, is a symptom suggesting worm infection and should always be followed by parasitologic tests. Practical advice is given for the diagnosis and prevention of these conditions.
Le concours médical, 1984, Vol.106, No.44, p.4335-4338, 4353. 6 ref.
CIS 85-529
Claridge N., Synnerman J.E.
The work environment conditions of civil aviation ground staff
Arbetsförhållanden för markpersonal inom civilflyget [in Swedish]
A survey of passenger and traffic services and baggage handling facilities was carried out at Arlanda airport, Stockholm, Sweden. General and organisational factors, physical environment, individual and group factors, working hours and job design were considered. The areas of work which emerged as priority concerns were: design of VDU workplaces with special functions such as check-in counters; psychological and social environment including management and supervisory issues; development of a strategy for improving the working conditions in the baggage and cargo holds of small-bodied aircraft. Ergonomic and management solutions are proposed and discussed. English summary available on request.
Ergo Management AB, Triewalds gränd 2, 111 29 Stockholm, Sweden, May 1984. 238p. Illus. 15 ref. Bibl.
CIS 85-189
Roan C.C., Matanoski G.E., McIlnay C.Q., Olds K.L., Trout J.R., Wheeler P., Morgan D.P., Plyant F.
Spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and birth defects in families of agricultural pilots
A questionnaire survey was conducted of the general health status and pregnancy outcomes in 314 families engaged in agricultural aviation and 178 co-operating sibling families not occupationally exposed to pesticides. The 2 groups were comparable in age, height, weight and years of education. Statistical evaluation confirmed the null hypothesis with respect to total pregnancies, number of male or female children, spontaneous abortions, and birth defects.
Archives of Environmental Health, Jan.-Feb. 1984, Vol.39, No.1, p.56-60. 32 ref.
CIS 84-2069
Nicholson A.N., Stone B.M., Borland R.G., Spencer M.B.
Adaptation to irregularity of rest and activity
Report on an experiment in irregular rest and activity scheduling involving 3 young male volunteers. Sleep, oral temperature, urinary excretion and intellectual performance were monitored throughout the 9-day schedule (24 6-hr periods of activity and 12 6-hr periods of rest). This pattern simulates work in air operations. In order to avoid adverse effects on performance, it is best to avoid prolonged periods of work late at night, and to avoid sleep loss.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Feb. 1984, Vol.55, No.2, p.102-112. Illus. 22 ref.
CIS 84-1737
(Comité technique national des industries des transports et de la manutention, Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie)
Run-up operations on aircraft
Opérations de point fixe effectuées sur des aéronefs [in French]
Recommendations adopted 8 Dec. 1983. They relate to the testing and/or inspection of aircraft on the ground, when they require the running of one or more engines outside the normal operation of the aircraft. Listing of hazards and definitions; accident prevention in the danger zones, infrastructure and equipment in these zones; inspection of operations; training and continuing education of personnel. Detailed comments on hazards and on the enterprises affected by these recommendations.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 2nd quarter 1984, No.115, Note No.1484-115-84 (Recommendation N.239), p.235-237.
1983
CIS 85-831
Kan E.L., Malinovskaja O.O., Kuprijanov V.A.
Catecholamine metabolism and haemodynamics in air traffic controllers with hypertensive neurocirculatory distonia
Pokazateli kateholaminovogo obmena i gemodinamiki u aviadispečerov pri nejrocirkuljatornoj distonii gipertenzivnogo tipa [in Russian]
Of 65 male air traffic controllers (ages 20-39) at one airport, 19 had hypertensive neurocirculatory dystonia. These subjects differed from the other 46 in their daily patterns of urinary catecholamine excretion, day/night excretion ratio, heart rate, stroke and minute volume, and systolic blood pressure. Individual differences in catecholamine excretion among the members of the dystonic group were greater than among the healthy group.
Gigiena i sanitarija, May 1983, No.5, p.24-26. 12 ref.
CIS 84-1172
Dye B.J., Lombard R.A., Worthy C.D.
Development of an occupational health data base system
A standardised, automated system being developed in the US Air Force is described. It includes individual minicomputers at local bases and a central host computer for long-term storage and retrieval. The system is designed to be used by anyone with basic typing skills. Surveillance data are obtained for 3 segments: industrial hygiene, clinical occupational health, and environment. Inverse video is used to alert the operator to results outside normal parameters. The computer asks questions to determine the appropriate disposition of the worker (examples) and generates an assessment and disposition form to provide a written medical opinion on the worker's fitness.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 1983, Vol.54, No.6, p.557-559. Illus.
CIS 84-1137
Mohler S.R.
The human element in air traffic control: Aeromedical aspects, problems, and prescriptions
The health and well-being of air traffic controllers are essential to the efficient and safe operation of aircraft. Medical standards are reviewed. 416 controllers, of whom 388 received the final examination, were studied over a 3-year period. Findings relate to hypertension, mild and moderate illness, peptic ulcer, and psychological/psychiatric factors. 19 of the 20 subjects who were medically disqualified by the US Federal Aviation Administration were in the last category. Union/management interactions having an adverse effect on job satisfaction are pointed out. The findings support the need for preventive medicine and management action to reduce the prevalence and incidence of disturbances and illnesses in air traffic controllers.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 1983, Vol.54, No.6, p.511-516. Illus. 33 ref.
CIS 84-1133
Wegmann H.M., Conrad B., Klein K.E.
Flight, flight duty, and rest times: A comparison between the regulations of different countries
Regulations in Australia, France, Germany (Fed.Rep.), Japan, Scandinavia, USSR, Switzerland, United Kingdom and USA are compared. Factors considered are: flight time, flight duty, preceding rest, time of day, night flight, night sleep, time zones, number of sectors, number of pilots, crew augmentation, flight range, aircraft type. Duration of flight duty and crew augmentations are considered by most countries, while the factors least considered are time of day, night flight, night sleep and time zones. There is conformity in the prescription of maximum permissible flight or duty times and minimum rest requirements on a daily basis, and in grading the standards according to fatiguing conditions. 6 sets of regulations define night hours, but use different definitions. The West German provisions are briefly outlined.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1983, Vol.54, No.3, p.212-217. Illus. 12 ref.
CIS 84-547
Ledoux P., Pittaco M., Narcy P.
Present state of barotitis among commercial air crews in civil aviation
Actualité des otites baro-traumatiques chez le personnel navigant commercial de l'aéronautique civile [in French]
In spite of the widespread pressurisation of commercial aircraft, the frequency of barotitis has increased over recent years. This study covers 412 cases declared as occupational diseases between 1979 and 1982 in a short-haul air transport company. A review of the physiology of the ear is followed by a summary of diagnostic criteria. It is important that the eardrum be examined in anyone reporting blockage of the Eustachian tubes. The aetiology of barotitis has technological (equipment, altitudes, flight paths) and personal (unperceived tubular inflammation, allergic reactions of the mucosae, reactions to dry air) components. Diagnosis is important in determining aptitude for flying, in assessing recovery from barotitis, and in prevention and treatment of the condition. Air crews themselves must be informed and advised.
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 1983, Vol.22, No.85, p.25-29. 8 ref.
CIS 84-546
Abbas L., Bierre N., Fuchez J., Bellanger G.
Results of a computerised questionnaire survey on renal colic among the flight crew of civilian aircraft
Résultats d'une enquête informatisée sur la colique néphrétique du personnel navigant technique de l'aviation civile et commerciale [in French]
This computerised questionnaire survey was conducted in 1982 to find out the frequency of renal colic among the flight crews of Air France, as compared with a previous survey in 1967. Starting in 1966, Air France flight personnel have been advised to drink only non-carbonated water during flights as a preventive measure, and the effects of this recommendation were also investigated in this survey. The 1967 survey found the renal colic incidence to be 7.6% among flight personnel, as opposed to 3.4% among ground workers. The new survey shows an incidence of 10.3% among flight personnel, with a positive correlation with seniority of service. The main factor causing renal colic seems to be the lowering of humidity during flight. The importance of following the preventive advice is emphasised.
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 3rd quarter 1983, Vol.22, No.87, p.199-206. 5 ref.
CIS 84-148
Foliart D., Benowitz N.L., Becker C.E.
Passive absorption of nicotine in airline flight attendants
The amounts of carbon monoxide and nicotine absorbed by 6 female non-smoking flight attendants during transoceanic commercial flights were determined by blood and urine tests. Blood carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations showed no significant differences before and after flights; mean blood nicotine concentrations increased in 5 of the subjects from 1.6 to 3.2mg/ml. Urinary nicotine excretion during the flight averaged 12.9µg. It was estimated that the flight attendants were exposed to an average of 0.12-0.25mg nicotine, and to smoke concentrations up to 0.43mg. The concentrations absorbed are unlikely to have physiological effects.
New England Journal of Medicine, May 1983, Vol.308, No.18, p.1105. 4 ref.
CIS 83-1735
Lavernhe J.
Medical problems specific to commercial airline flight crews
Problèmes médicaux particuliers au personnel navigant de l'aviation de ligne [in French]
Review of stress factors in the working conditions of airline flight crews. Study of medical and physiological factors related to aircraft technical specifications (altitude: pressurisation, hypoxia, gas expansion, aeroembolism, relative humidity of air, ozone and cosmic radiation); speed (acceleration and airflow noise); operating conditions which vary depending on whether flights are short-haul (less than 2000 km) or long-haul (more than 2000 km) and which entail heavier workloads, jet-lag and tropical disease risks. The resultant main features of the medical and physiological profile of flight crews are: motivation, reliability, selection, acquisition of technical fitness, periodic examination of continuing fitness.
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 1983, Vol.22, No.85, p.63-66.
CIS 83-1734
Landais S., Carre R., Fourn P., Picard H., Ille H., Didier A.
Malaria chemoprevention in aircraft flight crews
La chimioprophylaxie du paludisme dans le personnel navigant de l'aéronautique [in French]
Report of a questionnaire survey on the chemoprophylaxis of malaria in 134 flight crew members at risk to malaria, combined with the determination of urinary chloroquine. Factors limiting long-term acceptance of the need for and desirability of chemoprophylaxis include: fear of side-effects (in particular vision disorders) and the disparate and even contradictory information about the risk of contracting malaria. Doses and vision side effects are considered. Proposal of a classical protocol more acceptable to flight crew members (weekly doses of chloroquine).
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 1983, Vol.22, No.85, p.14-18. 35 ref.
CIS 83-813
Abbas L., Bellanger G., Fuchez J., Cantegril M.
Lipid profile of civil and commercial airline technical flight personnel aged 50-55 years
Bilan lipidique du personnel navigant technique de l'aéronautique civile et commerciale entre 50 et 55 ans [in French]
Lipid profile of 163 pilots aged 50-55 years: 45% had hyperlipidaemia; 22% isolated hypercholesterolaemia; 9% isolated hypertriglyceridaemia; and 14% mixed hyperlipidaemia - a higher percentage than found in similar studies of other social and occupational categories (miners, hospital workers, administrative workers). Calorie and lipid assessments of the meals offered to pilots indicated a hypercaloric diet with an excessively high percentage of lipids. Emphasis is placed on the importance of reducing the consumption of saturated fats and the need for detailed and individualised information on cardiovascular disease risks and the relevant prophylactic measures.
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 1982, Vol.21, No.83, p.194-198. 24 ref.
1982
CIS 85-1001
Eisener B.L., O'Grady D.E. Transport Canada
Telecommunications - Report surveys of RF electromagnetic field intensities near various transmitting systems maintained by T&E (air)
Télécommunications - Rapport contrôle des intensités de champ électromagnétique RF à proximité de divers systèmes émetteurs entretenus par T&E air) [in French]
Radiation surveys performed around telecommunication and airport radar systems maintained by the Canadian ministry of transport revealed that radiofrequency (RF) fields measured around the various equipment were below recommended exposure limits. However, exposure limits were exceeded in very close proximity of radiating antennae and in the vicinity of the power amplifier and RF modulator chassis of the older tube type VORs.
Environment Canada, Distribution Centre, 151 Jean Proulx Street, Hull, Québec K1A 1C7, Canada. 1982. 28p. Appendices. Illus. Bibl.
CIS 83-959
Sadler O.W., Montgomery G.M.
The application of positive practice overcorrection to the use of hearing protection
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a technique which would instil in workers the habit of using hearing protection when working in high-intensity noise areas. Military aeroplane mechanics were assigned to one of 3 groups: group S received a daily safety lecture (controls); members of the other 2 groups were required to perform the correct behaviour 5 consecutive times if they were caught not wearing hearing protection; in group A the leader of the group exerted his/her authority; in group P the leader was also subject to overcorrection practice. The 2 latter groups successfully increased hearing protection use to near-perfect levels; in group S use remained unchanged throughout the study. When the test was terminated, there was a decline towards original hearing protection use levels.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1982, Vol.43, No.6, p.451-454. 13 ref.
CIS 83-1065
Holdener F., Grob P.J., Joller-Jemelka H.I.
Hepatitis virus infection in flying airline personnel
Sera of 1126 flying personnel were tested for present or past infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or A virus (HAV). The prevalence of anti-HA antibodies was similar to that of controls. HBV immunity was similar in pilots, flight engineers, and female flight attendants, but more prevalent in male flight attendants. Within 1 year, 13 of 2624 personnel had acute hepatitis, mainly due to hepatitis B among male flight attendants. It is suggested that life style may be responsible for these findings.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 1982, Vol.53, No.6, p.587-590. Illus. 6 ref.
CIS 83-869
Undeutsch K., Küpper R., Löwenthal I., Gärtner K.H., Luopajärvi T., Rauterberg K., Karvonen M.J., Rutenfranz J.
Occupational health studies on airport transport workers - III. Musculoskeletal complaints and orthopedic disorders of airport transport workers
Arbeitsmedizinische Untersuchungen über Ladearbeiten auf einem Grossflughafen - III. Untersuchungen über orthopädische Beschwerden bei Ladern eines Grossflughafens [in German]
In this cross-sectional study (for part II see (CIS 82-580)), 366 manual handling workers (19-61 years of age) engaged in heavy work in unfavourable body positions in narrow freight compartments of airplanes, were interviewed with regard to their musculoskeletal complaints. Back pain was the most frequently reported complaint. Years of service as manual handlers correlated positively with the prevalence of back complaints. Knee, arm and neck complaints ranked next; age increased the prevalence of these complaints significantly. In an additional standardised clinical orthopedic examination, the prevalence of the functional findings was sometimes higher than in the interview. It is concluded that manual handling workers of tall height and with considerable overweight or a history of back syndromes should not be employed in cargo handling in freight compartments.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Apr. 1982, Vol.50, No.1, p.59-75. Illus. 17 ref.
CIS 83-660
Lienhart H., Nathie J.
Deafness in flight personnel - Statistical study of hearing in airforce flying personnel
La surdité de l'aviateur - Etude statistique de d'audition du personnel navigant de l'armée de l'air [in French]
Comparison of the data from audiometric monitoring of 996 flying personnel and 866 flight controllers used as a control group, all with neurosensory deafness due to occupational noise exposure. The extent and distribution of hearing loss were studied in relation to age, exposure duration, job category, number of flying hours, the appearance of the audiometric curve and the bilateral nature of the hearing loss. In addition, consideration was given to the new procedure for calculating hearing loos as laid down in the new French table No.42 of occupational diseases, and its consequences from the point of view of compensation. Deafness in flying personnel is an occupational hearing loss of moderate severity, with audiometric curves that are frequently atypical.
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 1982, Vol.21, No.83, p.170-174. 4 ref.
CIS 83-281
USSR State Standards Committee (Gosudarstvennyj komitet SSSR po standartam)
Assessment of the working capacity of flying and traffic-control personnel - Hearing function evaluation methods
Ėkspertiza trudosposobnosti letnogo i dispetčerskogo sostava - Metody ocenki sluhovoj funkcii [in Russian]
This standard (effective 1 July 1983) lays down the audiometric procedures to be followed when assessing the hearing capacity of this personnel. Sections cover: audiometric methods (assessment of hearing acuity by whispering, tuning-fork test, pure-tone threshold audiometry, speech audiometry to determine (a) the threshold speech discrimination and (b) the intelligibility of speech against hackground noise); test conditions and equipment (requirements to be met by the test room and instruments); rules for carrying out the tests (preferably in the morning and at least 14h after last noise exposure, distances to be observed, etc.); formulation of the results; evaluation of results. Appendices contain definitions, list of words for speech audiometry, a specimen page for recording the results and examples of how to plot the results of pure-tone and speech audiometry.
Izdatel'stvo standartov, Novopresnenskij per.3, 123557 Moskva, USSR, 16 Mar. 1982. 10p. Illus. Price: Rbl.0.03.
CIS 83-74
Škarinov L.N., Syromjatnikov Ju.P., Ovakimov V.G., Kur'erov N.N.
Workplace vibration for the crew on helicopter test facilities and assessment of its effect on the body
Vibracija rabočih mest ėkipaža pri ispytanijah vertoletnyh aviastendov i ocenka ee vlijanija na organizm [in Russian]
To study the working conditions of crews testing helicopters anchored to the ground by a mooring cable, vibration and noise measurements were carried out during moored flight tests lasting up to 5h. In addition, 11 test pilots and engineers were medically examined. 10 of them presented neurosomatic disorders (tremor, increased tendon reflexes, hyperesthesia of the hands and feet) and disorders of the sympathetic nervous system 'hyperhidrosis of the palms and feet, etc). They also suffered from a vestibular syndrome associated with a sympathico-vascular dysfunction of the hypertonic type. It is recommended that the test personnel be allotted longer rest periods between test flights, and that the latter be limited as far as feasible.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Mar. 1982, No.3, p.13-15. 17 ref.
CIS 82-2049
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Dangerous goods regulations
This 24th edition of the manual and supplement, effective 31 Dec. 1982, concerns the international transport of dangerous goods by air. List of hazardous air cargoes, instructions for ground personnel and air crews, packing instructions, warning symbols and signs, marking and labelling (explosives, gases (compressed, liquefied, dissolved under pressure or deeply refrigerated), flammable solids, oxidising substances; poisons; infectious substances; radioactive materials; corrosives); waybills and shippers' declarations.
IATA, P.O. Box 160, CH 1261 Cointrin, Geneva, Switzerland, 1982. 461p. (manual), 97p. (supplement). Illus. Price: US-$35.00.; SF.75.00. (manual + supplement).
CIS 82-1285
Langlume-Bigret C.
Aircraft noise and its consequences for man, illustrated by a workplace study
Le bruit en aéronautique et ses conséquences sur l'homme. Illustration par l'étude d'un poste de travail [in French]
MD thesis. General considerations on noise and hearing; review of studies on acoustics and noise-induced hearing damage. Noise in airports is examined in the light of a workplace study (employment on airport apron and runways). Statistics on hearing loss in airline employees in this occupation; group hearing protection (e.g. health engineering), personal protective equipment. Emphasis is laid on the large number of problems involved for the industrial physician to ensure adequate protection, in noisy environments, for individual employees and the population at large.
Université de Paris VII, Faculté de médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France, 1982. 150p. 50 ref.
CIS 82-1081
Yoshioka T., Narusawa M., Nagami K., Yabuki C., Nakahara Y., Nakano S., Sekiguchi C., Noda K., Nagai T., Kobayashi Y., Kobayashi K., Ohmori K., Sakai T., Furusato M.
Effects of relative metabolic rate and heart rate variation on the performance of flight attendants
The relative metabolic rate (RMR) devised by Furusawa and heart rate (HR) of cabin attendants in a cruising aircraft were tested during the performance of 6 duties. The ranges of their RMR and HR were respectively, 1.07-2.10 and 105-120 for steamed towel service (oshibori); 1.08-1.54 and 90-110 for soft drink service; 1.37-1.82 and 90-120 for setting meal tray; 2.57-3.50 and 100-130 for putting casserole on tray; 2.11-3.10 and 100-140 for meal tray service; 1.84 (and not given) for walking in aisle. The RMR and HR levels for work done in flight were higher than those recorded for the same work done in a mock-up on the ground. Oxygen intake of work done in flight is greater than that at ground level; possible reasons are the reduced cabin barometric pressure and the aisle inclination in flight.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Feb. 1982, Vol.53, No.2, p.127-132. Illus. 15 ref.
1981
CIS 82-2051
Mannchen K.
Variations in physiological parameters due to transmeridional flights (literature survey)
Durch Transmeridianflüge bedingte Änderungen physiologischer Parameter (Übersichtsreferat [in German]
Literature survey on possible perturbations of biological rhythms and of working capacity related to repeated crossing of several time zones. Better flight and duty roster planning, providing for more rest breaks, is proposed.
Verkehrsmedizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1981, Vol.28, No.3, p.103-121. 62 ref.
CIS 82-1512
Safety requirements for airline ground vehicle-mounted vertical lift devices
This standard applies to the design, construction, testing, inspection, maintenance, and use of airline ground-support vehicle-mounted lift devices, the vehicles of which cannot be driven from the work platform when the platform is in an elevated position. Definitions are followed by sections devoted to; requirements (load ratings, stability test, outriggers); platform design and access; design considerations for elevating assemblies (safety factors, system protection); fuel and exhaust systems; controls; operating instructions, operating maintenance manual; inspection and maintenance procedures; training; fuel tanks.
American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018, USA, 16 Apr. 1981. 16p. Illus. Price: US-$5.00.
CIS 82-1561
Praml G.J.
Noise exposure in civilian airport ground service personnel
Lärmbelastung des Vorfeldpersonals auf einem Verkehrsflughafen [in German]
Airport noise derives primarily from the auxiliary power units of modern airliners. Exposed workers are mainly freight handlers and aircraft servicing workers. Most modern aircraft do not comply with international guidelines which stipulate a maximum worker noise exposure level of 85dB(A). Noise levels are analysed for different types of aircraft. Whilst working around aircraft, ground handling personnel should always wear ear protectors; cotton wool earplugs would be sufficient for this purpose.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, Sep. 1981, Vol.16, No.9, p.219-224. Illus. 6 ref.
CIS 82-1481
Auffret R., Vieillefond H.
Physiological aspects of special selection tests for astronauts
Aspects physiologiques des tests spéciaux de sélection des cosmonautes [in French]
Present knowledge of physiological reactions observed during space flight has enabled certain criteria for astronaut selection to be codified and accepted by the international scientific community. Study of 5 so-called "special" tests completing medical selection of astronauts, designed to investigate cardiovascular, respiratory and vestibular functions during simulation of stress conditions experienced by astronauts in space flight (acceleration, vestibular, orthostatic, hypoxia and muscular exercise tests).
Nouvelle presse médicale, 1981, Vol.10, No.21, p.1683-1686. Illus. 7 ref.
CIS 82-679
Thomas G.B., Williams C.E., Hoger N.G.
Some non-auditory correlates of the hearing threshold levels of an aviation noise-exposed population
Data collected in the Thousand Aviator Study, which identified normal and impaired hearing level groups, were analysed using 33 non-auditory dimensions. The two equally noise-exposed groups could be differentiated according to their smoking history and eye colour. The impaired hearing group reported smoking more cigarettes for a greater period of time than did the members of the normal hearing group and blue-eye individuals were over-represented in the impaired hearing group. The 31 other physical, psychological, and sociological measures which were compared failed to appear differently in the two groups.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 1981, Vol.52, No.9, p.531-536. 47 ref.
CIS 82-823
Quantick H.R., Perry I.C.
Hazards of chemicals used in agricultural aviation: A review
Hazards associated with the exposure of pilots, ground crews and rescue workers to nitrophenols, carbamates, chlorinated cyclic hydrocarbons, and organophosphates, used as insecticides and pesticides in agricultural spraying operations are reviewed. Cholinesterase levels should be established at the start of a season or project and monitored at intervals. Recommended lowest levels in blood and plasma are tabulated. Electromyography is recommended as a non-invasive method of monitoring operational personnel. In crash situations, rescue workers must be protected from exposure as a result of walking through recently sprayed crops and handling aircraft components contaminated with pesticide solutions.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1981, Vol.52, No.10, p.581-588. 21 ref.
CIS 82-581
Lille F., Burnod Y., Borodulin L.
Relationship between heart rate and sinus arrhythmia in air traffic controllers at work
Under working conditions, variations in heart rate, physical load of the job or simple motor actions can modify sinus arrythmia, thus making the use of this physiological criteria questionable. The object of the study was to determine if among the several factors the work load could be individualised as well. Sinus arrhythmia and mean heart rate were calculated from continuous electrocardiogram recordings of 10 air traffic controllers, carried out during 1 day of work and the following day's night shift. The individual variations of sinus arrhythmia were very large. The different situations (rest, relaxed work, intensive work, eating, movements within the control room) had no specific effect on sinus arrhythmia. For each subject and for each group it was the value of the mean heart rate and its temporal variations that had the greatest influence on variations of sinus arrhythmia.
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Dec. 1981, Vol.47, No.4, p.337-343. Illus. 12 ref.
CIS 82-124
McCammon C.S.Jr., Halperin W.F., Lemen R.A.
Carbon monoxide exposure from aircraft fueling vehicles
Carbon monoxide (CO) levels were measured in the cabs of 17 aircraft fuelling vehicles on which the exhaust system was vented under the front bumper to minimise contact between the hot exhaust gases and the jet fuel. The cabs were examined with windows closed and heaters on in different positions relative to the wind.Average CO levels of 300ppm were measured in one truck, >100ppm in 2, >50ppm in 5, and ≤500ppm in the remaining 9. Levels of CO depended on the mechanical condition of the vehicle and its orientation to the wind. Stringent maintenance is recommended for this exhaust design.
Archives of Environmental Health, May-June 1981, Vol.36, No.3, p.136-138. 7 ref.
CIS 81-1695
Richter E.D., Gordon M., Halamish M., Gribetz B.
Death and injury in aerial spraying: Pre-crash, crash, and post-crash prevention strategies
A matrix of options based on safety precautions which can be taken in the aircraft, in the environment, in relation to the pilot, and by the ground crew in the pre-crash, crash and post-crash conditions is presented. Some important considerations are: aircraft cooling; filter systems to prevent exposure to parathion; provision of wire-cutting apparatus; elimination or marking of above-ground wires; neutralisation of parathion by sodium hydroxide during drainage; adequate fluid intake, medical screening and biological monitoring of pilots; cholinesterase monitoring of ground crew.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 1981, Vol.52, No.1, p.53-56. Illus. 13 ref.
CIS 81-1638
Demar E.A., Harper R.
Use of tympanometry in an airline medical service.
Tympanometry, a procedure in otologic medicine which enables an examiner to evaluate the mobility and potency of the eardrum, the functional condition of the middle ear, and to ascertain the ventilation capability of the Eustachian tube, has been used as an effective adjunct in the diagnosis and management of middle ear disease in commercial air crew. The tympanometer varies the air pressure in the closed ear canal and simultaneously emits a low-frequency sound. The compliance or mobility of the eardrum is then recorded on a graph. Tympanograms have been used to screen flight applicants and to establish normal and abnormal conditions in air crew recovering from aerotitis media.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1981, Vol.52, No.3, p.181-184. Illus. 7 ref.
CIS 81-1482
Colin J.
Physiopathology of high altitudes and atmospheric and space flights
Physiopathologie liée à l'altitude et aux vols dans l'atmosphère et l'espace. [in French]
Revised text of an article. The 1st part deals with: high-altitude hypoxia (effects and tolerance) and high altitude pathology (barotraumatic effects, aviation decompression syndrome, ebullism, prevention of high-altitude risks). The 2nd part covers: the physiopathology of acceleration (haemodynamic effects of prolonged acceleration, mechanical effects of short-term acceleration and the effects of acceleration on spatial orientation, posture and movement mechanisms). The 3rd part examines the three main mechanisms behind physiopathological reactions to weightlessness, and their prevention.
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, maladies et agents physiques, 18 rue Séguier, 75006 Paris, France, 1981. 16p. 30 ref.
1980
CIS 82-1825
Aircraft maintenance
This standard (adopted as an American National Standard 28 July 1980) covers minimum fire protection requirements to be followed during aircraft maintenance (electrical systems, oxygen systems, fuel tank repairing, cleaning, painting and paint removal, welding operations in hangars, cabin cleaning, and refurbishing operations). Other sections are devoted to: electrical maintenance operations (battery charging and equipment; ground power units; repair of aircraft electrical systems and of communications and navigational equipment; cleaning of electrical components; testing of electrical equipment; energising and de-energising of electric circuits during complete engine change); oxygen breathing systems.
National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, USA, 1980. 84p. Illus. 26 ref. Price: US-$5.25.
CIS 82-580
Karvonen M.J., Mainzer J., Rohmert W., Löwenthal I., Undeutsch K., Küpper R., Gärtner K.H., Rutenfranz J.
Occupational health studies on airport transport workers - II. Muscle strength of airport transport workers
In several types of aircraft loading and unloading has to be carried out in narrow cargo rooms and in cramped positions. This study describes the isometric strength of some muscle groups in 70 airfreight cargo handlers. Trunk extensors, trunk flexors, muscles involved in bimanual vertical lifting, elbow extensors, and elbow flexors were measured. A method with fixed positions and strictly isometric contractions was used. The strengths of the different muscle groups correlated with each other and with body weight; those of lifting, trunk flexors and biceps also with stature. The strength of the muscle groups declined with advancing age. For the first part see CIS 81-2087.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dec. 1980, Vol.47, No.3, p.233-244. Illus. 25 ref.
CIS 81-2087
Rutenfranz J., Löwenthal I., Kylian H., Klimmer F., Flöring R., Gärtner K.H., Brockmann W.
Occupational medicine studies on airport loading work - I. Results of ergonomic time and posture studies
Arbeitsmedizinische Untersuchungen über Ladearbeiten auf einem Grossflughafen - I. Ergebnisse arbeitsphysiologischer Zeit- und Positionsstudien [in German]
Loading and unloading of aircraft involve lifting, moving and carrying of heavy loads in unfavourable body positions and in narrow spaces. The workload of 43 air freight cargo handlers was studied during 46 total shifts. The type of activity was recorded by using a structured job analysis procedure. For time and motion analysis, body positions were recorded by continuous observation during the total shift. The energy expenditure was determined for typical jobs. The strain caused by cargo handling work was estimated by recording the heart rate. Both dynamic and static work are involved in these operations. The heart rate varied characteristically according to the body position and the type of activity. The body position was mainly determined by the height of the freight compartments (0.61-1.97m) of various aircraft. Recommendations for the height of these compartments and the selection of workers.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nov. 1980, Vol.47, No.2, p.129-141. Illus. 21 ref.
CIS 81-970
Roll J.P., Martin B., Gauthier G.M., Mussa Ivaldi F.
Effects of whole-body vibration on spinal reflexes in man.
The effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on the myotatic loop were studied using the tendon reflex (T), tonic vibration reflex (TVR) and Hoffman relfex (H). H and T as well as tendon vibration response were substantially depressed by 18 Hz ± 0.25G vibration applied to the whole body or legs (LV) of human subjects seated to simulate cushioned helicopter pilots. The reflex inhibition lasted throughout the 15min vibration period and persisted after stimulation ceased. Vibration limited to the subjects' head and trunk showed much weaker effects. During the experiments no illusory body movement was reported by subjects; no tonic EMG activity was measured from soleus, tibialis anterior or quadriceps femori muscles; spinal reflexes were almost totally inhibited in subjects submitted to WBV or LV; the TVR induced by local high-frequency soleus tendon vibration was markedly depressed by WBV; the inhibition of spinal reflexes outlasted vibration.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 1980, Vol.51, No.11, p.1227-1233. Illus. 44 ref.
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