Pneumoconioses - 1,356 entries found

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1992

CIS 94-892 French Society of Occupational Medicine of Dauphiné-Savoie - Meeting of 25 Oct. 1991
Société de médecine du travail Dauphiné-Savoie - Réunion du 25 octobre 1991 [in French]
Topics of communications presented at the meeting of 25 Oct. 1991 of the French Society of Occupational Medicine for Dauphiné-Savoie: tobacco growing and alveolitis (3 cases); polymer-fume fever associated with the use of mould-release agents containing fluorocarbons (1 case); asthma and bronchio-alveolitis due to Penicillium nalgiovense in sausage mould (2 cases); screening campaign for breast, colorectal and cervical cancer among women aged 50-69 in the French department of Isère; critical assessment of 1,724 spirographic tests; review of the videocassette "Attention Phosgène"; use of audiovisuals and other available materials for training sessions; development of a multidisciplinary health and safety training programme for electroplaters; industrial medicine and video on the job site and in inter-enterprise services.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1992, Vol.53, No.7, p.665-678.

CIS 94-226 Baur X., Czuppon A.B., Raulf M.
Case report: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by an isocyanate (isocyanate alveolitis)
Fallbericht: Exogen-allergische Alveolitis durch Isocyanat (Isocyanat-Alveolitis) [in German]
A 54 year-old worker regularly observed episodes of fever, headache, irritation of the throat, and difficulty in breathing a few hours after exposure to an isocyanate (MDI) hardening agent. Exposure tests with MDI showed that an extrinsic allergic alveolitis developed together with restrictive ventilation, hypoxaemia, fever up to 39.2°C (axillary), and leucocytosis. In the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), besides agranulocytosis and eosinophilia, a strong reduction in the CD4/CD8-quotient was observed. After an interval of two years, the presence of antibodies could no longer be shown.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz, Prophylaxe und Ergonomie, May 1992, Vol.42, No.5, p.187-189. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 94-229 Société française de médecine du travail - 25 January 1992 Meeting
Société française de médecine du travail - Séance du 25 janvier 1992 [in French]
Summary of papers presented at the 25 Jan. 1992 Meeting of the Société française de médecine du travail. Themes studied: acquired sensitivity to solvents; syndrome of acquired sensitivity to chemical odours; pleural plaques without associated asbestosis and respiratory function; epidemiologic survey of mortality in a lead foundry: methodology and results; Health Commission of the CINDEX (Centre inter-entreprise de l'expatriation) or how to ensure the safeness and comfort of travels and life abroad; prevention of AIDS risk among hospital workers.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1992, Vol.53, No.3, p.195-199.

CIS 94-245 Ng T.P., Phoon W.H., Lee H.S., Ng Y.L., Tan K.T.
An epidemiological survey of respiratory morbidity among granite quarry workers in Singapore: Radiological abnormalities
The prevalence of radiological abnormalities among 219 quarry workers was estimated according to a number of parameters of dust exposure. Silicosis was noted in eleven subjects. The prevalence of silicosis was 12.5% in highly exposed drilling and crushing workers, and 0.8% in maintenance and transportation workers with low level exposure to granite dust. No cases of silicosis were noted in any quarry worker first exposed to granite dust after the introduction of control measures in 1979. It is concluded that reduction in dust exposure since 1979 has so far been successful in producing nil or negligible risks of silicosis among active quarry workers over ten years.
Annals of the Academy of Medicine - Singapore, May 1992, Vol.21, No.3, p.305-311. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 93-2070 Van Loon P.C.C., Cox A.L., Wuisman O.P.J.M., Burgers S.L.G.E., Van Griensven L.J.L.D.
Mushroom worker's lung - Detection of antibodies against Shii-take (Lentinus edodes) spore antigens in Shii-take workers
Indoor cultivation of the edible mushroom Shii-take (Lentinus edodes) regularly leads to symptoms of mushroom worker's lung (MWL) in workers. An immunological test is described allowing detection of IgG type antibodies against Shii-take spore antigens. It was found that MWL patients employed in Shii-take picking (n=5) have significantly increased antibody titres against Shii-take spore antigens. Different control groups, viz, MWL patients employed in the cultivation of the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (n=14) and of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp (n=3), patients with Bechterew's syndrome (n=7), sarcoidosis (n=7), rheumatoid arthritis (n=9), and healthy controls were found in the same range of low titres. The use of protective masks during picking reduced complaints of the workers (n=14). However, their antibody titres increased with duration of employment despite the protection.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Nov. 1992, Vol.34, No.11, p.1097-1101. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 93-1674 Sjögren B., Elinder C.G.
Nordic Expert Group for the Documentation of Exposure Limits. 105. Aluminium
Nordiska Expertgruppen för Gränsvärdesdokumentation. 105. Aluminium [in Swedish]
Review and evaluation of the relevant literature. Aluminium occurs widely in nature in various minerals and is an important metal in industry. Many aluminium compounds are also found on the market. Central nervous system effects on long-term exposure are the critical ones for establishment of exposure limits. Exposure to high levels of dust can cause pneumoconiosis ("aluminosis"). Exposure to aluminium fluoride, aluminium sulfate and potassium aluminium tetrafluoride has been associated with asthma.
Arbetsmiljöinstitutet, Förlagstjänst, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1992. 29p. 165 ref.

CIS 93-1598 Attfield M.D., Morring K.
An investigation into the relationship between coal workers' pneumoconiosis and dust exposure in U.S. coal miners
The National Study of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (NSCWP) is a continuing epidemiologic study of the respiratory health of US coal miners. Using data from the study, prevalence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) was related to indexes of dust exposure obtained from research and compliance sampling data. Clear relationships between prevalences of both simple CWP and progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) and estimated dust exposure were seen. Additional effects associated with carbon content and age were also seen. Analysis showed that 2-12% of miners exposed to a 2mg/m³ dust environment in bituminous coal mines would be expected to have Cat. 2 or greater CWP after a 40-yr working life; PMF would be expected for 1.3%-16.7%. The risks for anthracite miners are greater. These results are somewhat greater than some recent findings for British coal miners.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1992, Vol.53, No.8, p.486-492. Illus. 23 ref.

CIS 93-1568 Fishwick D., Fletcher A.M., Pickering A.C., Niven R.M., Faragher E.B.
Lung function, bronchial reactivity, atopic status, and dust exposure in Lancashire cotton mill operatives
Of 645 cotton mill workers responding to a respiratory questionnaire, 23 had byssinosis and 62 were non-byssinotic symptomatic (NBS). All byssinotic, 56 NBS, and 84 matched asymptomatic workers underwent pulmonary function testing, skin testing to common allergens, and histamine bronchial challenge. Cotton dust concentrations were assessed, and an exposure index calculated for each individual. Byssinotic, NBS, and asymptomatic workers all had reduced one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV). Only byssinotic subjects had evidence of impaired forced vital capacity (FVC). Eighteen of 23 byssinotic workers had bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR), compared to 21 of 56 NBS and 14 of 84 asymptomatics. The distribution of atopy did not differ significantly between groups, and lung function did not differ significantly between atopic and non-atopic subjects. The cumulative cotton dust exposure index was the only dust parameter to be significantly greater in those with BHR than those with normal reactivity.
American Review of Respiratory Disease, May 1992, Vol.145, No.5, p.1103-1108. 25 ref.

CIS 93-1215 Leonard J.F., Templeton P.A.
Pulmonary imaging techniques in the diagnosis of occupational interstitial lung disease
The chest radiograph is extensively used in evaluating workers at risk for developing occupational lung disease. Other pulmonary imaging techniques used in conjunction with the initial chest radiograph include conventional computed tomography, high resolution computed tomography, and gallium scintigraphy. This chapter evaluates the use of these techniques and their appropriate applications in the pneumoconioses, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, berylliosis, and hard metal diseases.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, Apr.-June 1992, Vol.7, No.2, p.241-260. Illus. 65 ref.

CIS 93-1202 Althouse R.B., Castellan R.M., Wagner G.R.
Pneumoconioses in the United States - Highlights of surveillance data from NIOSH and other federal sources
This paper reviews information from the US National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) programmes and some other federal data sources that can be used to help target preventive efforts for coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis and to track progress toward their elimination. The data sources reviewed include: the NIOSH Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) Program; the NIOSH Coal Workers' X-ray Surveillance Program (CWXSP); the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) multiple-cause-of-death mortality data tapes; the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) conducted by NCHS; the Medicare Provider and Analysis Review (MEDPAR) files of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA); the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports of occupational injuries and illnesses.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, Apr.-June 1992, Vol.7, No.2, p.197-208. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 93-962 NIOSH Alert - Request for assistance in preventing silicosis and deaths in rock drillers
This Alert describes 23 cases of silicosis from exposure to crystalline silica during rock drilling. Current exposure limits are described along with the health effects of crystalline silica exposure (chronic, accelerated and acute silicosis). Recommendations to reduce exposure include: initial assessment of potential for worker exposure; air monitoring; control measures such as wet drilling and exhaust ventilation; personal hygiene; protective clothing; respiratory protection; medical monitoring; warning signs; training; surveillance and disease reporting.
Publications Dissemination, DSDTT, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Aug. 1992. 13p. Illus. 41 ref.

CIS 93-926 Ameille J., Brechot J.M., Brochard P., Capron F., Dore M.F.
Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a smelter exposed to zinc fumes
A smelter exposed to zinc fumes reported severe recurrent episodes of cough, dyspnoea and fever. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) showed a marked increase in lymphocyte count with predominance of CD8 T-lymphocytes. Presence of zinc in alveolar macrophages was assessed by analytic transmission electron microscopy. This is the first case of recurrent bronchoalveolitis related to zinc exposure in which the clinical picture and BAL results indicate a probable hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Chest, Mar. 1992, Vol.101, No.3, p.862-863. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 93-828 Rom W.N., Travis W.D.
Lymphocyte-macrophage alveolitis in nonsmoking individuals occupationally exposed to asbestos
A disordered immunological activity has been observed in human and animal models of asbestosis and silicosis. To characterise the lung immunological response following long-term occupational exposure to asbestos, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on 28 non-smokers. Increased BAL lymphocytes were observed in one-third. Histological evaluation of lung tissue from two persons with lymphocytic-macrophage alveolitis and asbestos exposure revealed an infiltration of alveolar walls with chronic inflammatory mononuclear cells (lymphocytes). Interferon gamma was spontaneously released by BAL cells from 19 of 25 of the individuals with asbestos exposure and only one of 10 normal controls. Although asbestosis is characterised by a predominant alveolar macrophage alveolitis, there is a subgroup with lymphocytic alveolitis and activated lymphocytes participating in the inflammatory response, especially in those without respiratory impairment early in the course of the disease.
Chest, Mar. 1992, Vol.101, No.3, p.779-786. Illus. 65 ref.

CIS 93-826 Sluis-Cremer G.K.
Pneumoconiosis research in South Africa with emphasis on developments in the last quarter century
This article reviews basic research findings in the field of pneumoconiosis in South Africa during the period 1965-1990. Main themes covered: silicosis research; asbestos mining; broadening concepts of pulmonary disabilities; silica and cancer; pneumoconiosis in non-mining industry; autopsy data; silicosis and tuberculosis; other studies; control perspectives for the future.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Oct. 1992, Vol.22, No.4, p.591-603. 56 ref.

CIS 93-821 Selikoff I.J.
Death certificates in epidemiological studies, including occupational hazards - Inaccuracies in occupational categories
Death certificates for asbestos-related diseases (mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis) were compared in two asbestos workers' cohorts. One cohort (insulation workers) had current or recent employment and a continuing union support system which gave them considerable information about the effects of asbestos exposure. The second cohort, asbestos factory workers, had no such advantage. Accuracy of medical diagnosis was comparable in the two groups, but occupational listings were not. Three-quarters of the insulators' death certificates mentioned asbestos work, while virtually none of the factory workers' certificates provided such information, even for deaths from mesothelioma and asbestosis. The data indicate that disease categories, based on medical and pathological diagnoses, at least for asbestos-associated disease, tend to be accurate. Attempts to identify groups at risk by sorting occupational categories can give good results for those with current exposures, but less reliable ones for those with long-past occupational exposures.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Oct. 1992, Vol.22, No.4, p.493-504. 27 ref.

CIS 93-820 Selikoff I.J., Seidman H.
Use of death certificates in epidemiological studies, including occupational hazards - Variations in discordance of different asbestos-associated diseases on best evidence ascertainment
There is extensive information on discordance in general between accuracy of medical diagnoses on death certificate categorisation of cause of death and available clinical and histopathological data. This is as true for occupational diseases as for other conditions. But occupational illnesses have a special problem. Discordance is not equal across the board - it may vary with each occupationally related disease, and no single formula can be applied. It was found that for one agent - asbestos - there were different rates of discordance for different asbestos-related diseases (e.g. lung cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis, kidney cancer) among 4,951 deaths studies prospectively from 1967 to 1986. Caution is therefore required before accepting generalisations concerning (unstudied) discordance in occupational mortality studies, and in their use in risk assessment models.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Oct. 1992, Vol.22, No.4, p.481-492. 15 ref.

CIS 93-496 Heppleston A.G.
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis - A historical perspective on its pathogenesis
The earliest observations on coal workers' pneumoconiosis identified fundamental factors and posed particular problems in its genesis. Among the former, intensity of exposure and particle size were recognised, while argument commenced on the roles of stone dust, thus anticipating the quartz question, and of complicating pulmonary states, which introduced the idea of infection. Major studies of the disease were precipitated by its greatly increased prevalence, which became evident among South Wales coal workers from the 1930s. The principal directions of enquiry remained the same as in Scotland a century before, namely the components of coal mine dust responsible for fibrosis and the additional factor required for the development of massive fibrosis. The combined human and experimental evidence now makes possible conclusions in which confidence may be placed. The same issue of the Journal contains an editorial by Greenberg M. on Some lessons from the history of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (p. 791-792).
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Dec. 1992, Vol.22, No.6, p.905-923. 116 ref.

CIS 93-585 Ward E., Okun A., Ruder A., Fingerhut M., Steenland K.
A mortality study of workers at seven beryllium processing plants
This analysis reports on a retrospective cohort mortality study among 9,225 male workers employed at seven beryllium processing facilities for at least two days between 1 January 1940 and 31 December 1969. Vital status was ascertained through 31 December 1988. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for lung cancer in the total cohort was 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12-1.42), with significant SMRs for two of the oldest plants. For the overall cohort, significantly elevated SMRs were found for "ischaemic heart disease" (SMR=1.08; 95% CI=1.01-1.14), "pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases" (SMR=1.48; 95% CI=1.21-1.80), and "chronic and unspecified nephritis, renal failure, and other renal sclerosis" (SMR=1.49; 95% CI=1.00-2.12). Lung cancer SMRs did not increase with longer duration of employment, but did increase with longer latency (time since first exposure). Continued mortality follow-up of this cohort will provide a more definitive assessment of lung cancer risk at the newer plants and among cohort members hired in the 1950s or later at the older plants.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Dec. 1992, Vol.22, No.6, p.885-904. 33 ref.

CIS 93-677 Sanderson W., Kullman G., Sastre J., Olenchock S., O'Campo A., Musgrave K., Green F.
Outbreak of hypersensitivity pneumonitis among mushroom farm workers
Between April 1982 and August 1985, seven cases of mushroom worker's lung (MWL), a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, were diagnosed among 259 workers at one mushroom farm in Florida. The victims suffered from episodic shortness of breath, cough, fever and chills, myalgia, malaise, and difficulty in breathing. Pulmonary function testing revealed restrictive ventilatory impairment and reduced diffusing capacity; chest radiographs exhibited diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltrates. An industrial hygiene survey demonstrated that farm workers from every work area were exposed to organic dust constituents suspected of causing MWL. Of the remaining workers who participated in a cross-sectional respiratory morbidity survey at the farm, approximately 20% of the more heavily exposed workers reported that they occasionally experienced symptoms consistent with MWL. Serological tests demonstrated that almost all workers had been exposed to antigens capable of causing MWL.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Dec. 1992, Vol.22, No.6, p.859-872. 25 ref.

CIS 93-675 Conrad D.J., Warnock M., Blanc P., Cowan M., Golden J.A.
Microgranulomatous aspergillosis after shoveling wood chips - Report of a fatal outcome in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease
Chronic granulomatous disease is characterised by recurrent infections that result from an inability of phagocytes to kill organisms effectively. A patient with this disease who developed aspergillus pneumonia after shovelling mouldy cedar wood chips is described. Despite aggressive therapy, the patient's condition deteriorated and he died. At autopsy, the lungs revealed diffuse granulomas, all of the same age, with aspergillus organisms confined to the granulomas. The term "microgranulomatous aspergillosis" is proposed for this response, which does not conform to the commonly described aspergillus syndromes. Susceptible immunosuppressed patients should be advised to avoid occupational situations where high spore concentrations are generated.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Sep. 1992, Vol.22, No.3, p.411-418. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 93-475 Hilt B., Borgersen A., Lien J.T., Langård S.
Chest radiographs in subjects with asbestos-related abnormalities: Comparison between ILO categorizations and clinical reading
The findings of a previous chest X-ray screening, determined without using standardised criteria, were reassessed by means of the ILO classification. Of 470 radiographs that had been determined as showing asbestos-related, 430 were categorised according to the ILO Classification. Small opacities with profusion ≥ 1/0 were described in 39 (52%) of 75 participants who, on the original clinical reading, had been determined as having lung fibrosis, and in 45 (12.7%) of 355 who were determined as having pleural changes only. When considering circumscribed pleural thickening at the chest wall or diaphragm, as categorised by the ILO Classification, such changes were present in 401 (93.7%) of 428 subjects with pleural changes as determined on the clinical reading. In addition to the improved sensitivity and specificity achieved, the ILO Classification also allows comparison with other studies. The most apparent disadvantage of the ILO system is that it cannot firmly separate the various types of asbestos-related pleural changes.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, June 1992, Vol.21, No.6, p.855-861. 19 ref.

CIS 93-142 Tomasini M., Rivolta G., Calori A., Nicoli E., Ferretti G., Chiappino G.
Pleural fibrosis in asbestosis and ventilatory function - Study of 50 cases
Fibrosi pleuriche asbestosiche e funzione ventilatoria - Studio di 50 casi [in Italian]
The importance of non-malignant pleural fibrosis in asbestosis in relation to respiratory function is still open to debate due to the differing results obtained in studies of different population groups. In this study, 50 subjects were selected with occupational exposure to asbestos presenting mono or bilateral pleural fibrosis upon X-ray but without lung impairment. Each subject underwent bronchial lavage and ventilatory function tests. Subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of degree of pleural alterations according to the ILO Classification of Pneumoconioses. Results revealed mean values of CV and FEV₁ in each group to be within physiological limits. Analysis of the type of lung function showed a normal situation in 64% and restricted function in 28% of cases. Prevalence of the latter finding was not correlated to the severity of pleural fibrosis in the various groups. Comparison between severity of pleural fibrosis and number of asbestos bodies/mL of BAL liquid on the one hand and frequency of alveolitis on the other did not reveal any relationship. The onset of pleural fibrosis therefore appears to be independent of the quantity of inhaled asbestos fibres and due to different mechanisms from those leading to lung fibrosis.
Medicina del lavoro, Mar.-Apr. 1992, Vol.83, No.2, p.178-185. 16 ref.

CIS 93-277 NIOSH Alert - Request for assistance in preventing silicosis and deaths from sandblasting
This NIOSH Alert describes 99 cases of silicosis from exposure to crystalline silica during sandblasting. Uses of abrasive blasting are outlined along with estimates of the number of exposed workers and current control measures and exposure limits. Health effects of exposure to crystalline silica are also described. Recommendations to reduce crystalline silica exposure include use of alternative abrasives, air monitoring, use of containment methods, use of protective clothing and respiratory protection, medical examinations, information of workers.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Aug. 1992. 15p. 40 ref.

CIS 93-196 Tornling G., Tollqvist J., Askergren A., Hallin N., Hogstedt C.
Does long term concrete work cause silicosis ?
Telephone interviews with detailed questions on occupational history were conducted with 271 construction workers specialising in concrete work for more than 20 years, and exposure data were evaluated for different work tasks. The mean cumulative exposure of subjects to silica was estimated to be 2.4 mg.years.m^-3. Chest radiographs were classified according to the International Labour Office classification. There was no suspicion of silicosis for any of the workers. The risk of contracting silicosis from work with concrete in the Swedish construction industry in recent decades is considered to be slight and does not justify general, periodic chest radiographic screening.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Apr. 1992, Vol.18, No.2, p.97-100. 14 ref.

CIS 93-125 Fields C.L., Roy T.M., Dow F.T., Anderson W.H.
Impact of arterial blood gas analysis in disability evaluation of the bituminous coal miner with simple pneumoconiosis
The US Department of Labor has set guidelines for the use of resting arterial blood gas analysis in determination of total and permanent disability for coal workers' pneumoconiosis. To determine the prevalence with which bituminous coal miners arterial blood gas measurements fall below the arterial tensions of both oxygen and carbon dioxide published in the Federal Register, 1,012 miners were studied who had both reproducible spirometry and arterial blood gas analysis as part of their disability evaluation. Eighty-seven percent of impaired miners could be identified by the spirometric criteria. Thirteen percent of impaired bituminous coal miners had acceptable pulmonary function but were eligible for black lung benefits by the blood gas guidelines. This population would have been missed if blood gas analysis were excluded from the evaluation process. On the other hand, approximately 25% of the blood gas analyses that were performed could be eliminated if a policy was adopted to do this test only on miners with spirometry that exceed the federal guidelines.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Apr. 1992, Vol.34, No.4, p.410-413. 10 ref.

CIS 92-1891 Kishimoto T.
Cancer due to asbestos exposure
From 1984 to 1989, autopsies were performed on 533 patients in a Japanese hospital. To determine the relationship between malignancies and asbestos exposure, the number of asbestos bodies in wet lung tissues was counted by light microscopy, and occupational histories were examined. The results revealed that 17 (89%) of 19 malignant mesotheliomas, 39 (38%) of 104 lung cancers, 23 (37%) of 62 gastric cancers, and 13 (28%) of 45 colon cancers were shown to be cases with asbestos exposure. These values were significantly higher than those of non-cancerous cases (200 cases). Five out of ten cases of leukaemia were related to asbestos exposure. Nearly all multiple cancers including lung and gastric cancer in this study were also cases with asbestos exposure. Additional research should be conducted on the carcinogenicity of asbestos for multiple cancers.
Chest, Jan. 1992, Vol.101, No.1, p.58-63. Illus. 48 ref.

CIS 92-1945 Sheehan M.J., Reynolds J.W.
Airborne asbestos analysis of low fiber density samples - A comparison of the A and B counting rules of the NIOSH Method 7400
The study was conducted to evaluate and compare the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) analytical Method 7400 A and B counting rules for samples with a low fibre density (<100 fibres/mm²). 148 employee breathing zone exposure samples were collected; 94 samples which met the criteria of fibre density ≥7 fibres/mm² and ≤100 fibres/mm² were chosen for statistical analysis. The study demonstrated a significant correlation between the two methods (p<0.01) level). The results of the B counting rules were significantly different from the A rules (p<0.05; paired t-test). Differences between the two counting strategies were found to be due to the counting of fibres attached to particles. This study demonstrates that the A rules required by the Occupational Health and Safety Adminstration (OSHA) yield higher concentrations than the B rules but that the two methods can be predictably compared.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Jan. 1992, Vol.7, No.1, p.38-41. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 92-928 Checkoway H., Rice C.H.
Time-weighted averages, peaks, and other indices of exposure in occupational epidemiology
Dose surrogates commonly used in occupational epidemiology are exposure intensity, exposure duration, and cumulative exposure. The appropriateness of any of these measures as dose indicators depends on the nature of the induction process for the disease under consideration. Peak exposure intensity is often associated with acute health problems, whereas cumulative exposure is generally more relevant for chronic diseases. An approach is described for evaluating the effect of peak exposures in which peaks may be defined on a relative basis for each worker, or with respect to an absolute value, such as the permissible occupational exposure limit. The analytic strategy is illustrated with data from a case-control study of silicosis in relation to quantitative estimates of silica exposure. In this example, relative peak exposures and non-peak average exposures appear to be better predictors of silicosis risk than cumulative exposure.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1992, Vol.21, No.1, p.25-33. Illus. 17 ref.

1991

CIS 95-2132 Dalal N.S., Jafari B., Petersen M., Green F.H.Y., Vallyathan V.
Presence of stable coal radicals in autopsied coal miners' lungs and its possible correlation to coal workers' pneumoconiosis
Study of the lung tissue of 98 coal miners with and without pneumoconiosis, cancer and a history of cigarette smoking.
Archives of Environmental Health, Nov.-Dec. 1991, Vol.46, No.6, p.366-372. Illus. 23 ref. ###

CIS 95-663 Rosner D., Markowitz G.
Deadly dust. Silicosis and the politics of occupational disease in twentieth-century America
The history of silicosis in America from its recognition in the early years of the 20th century is reviewed. The increasing severity of the sand dust problem in foundries as a result of changes in work methods, technology and organization is described along with the impact on workers' health. The broader social conditions that contributed to the emergence of silicosis as a national crisis and attempts by government, industry and insurance to resolve it are discussed. Finally, the waning interest in this condition on the part of business, health professionals and the labour unions is reviewed.
Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA, 1991. xiii, 229p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: USD 15.95, GBP 13.95.

CIS 94-872 Amandus H., Costello J.
Silicosis and lung cancer in U.S. metal miners
The association between silicosis and lung cancer mortality was estimated in 9,912 (369 silicotics and 9,543 nonsilicotics) white male metal miners. These miners were examined by the U.S. Public Health Service during 1959-1961 and were followed through 1975. The ores that were mined consisted of copper, lead-zinc, iron, mercury, lead silver, gold and gold-silver, tungsten, and molybdenum. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR, U.S. white male rates) for lung cancer was 1.73 (95% CI: 0.94-2.90) in silicotics and 1.18 (95% CI: 0.98-1.42) in nonsilicotics. When lung cancer mortality between silicotics and nonsilicotics was compared, the age-adjusted rate ratio (95% CI) was 1.56 (0.91-2.68), and the age- and smoking adjusted rate ratio was 1.96 (0.98-3.67). Corresponding figures for miners who were employed in mines with low levels of radon exposure were 1.90 (0.98-3.67) and 2.59 (1.44-4.68), respectively. These findings indicate that lung cancer mortality risk was increased in silicotics, and this probably did not result from chance or bias. However, confounding from radon exposure could not be ruled out.
Archives of Environmental Health, Mar.-Apr. 1991, Vol.46, No.2, p.82-89. 31 ref.

CIS 94-871 Sherson D., Svane O., Lynge E.
Cancer incidence among foundry workers in Denmark
Cancer incidence was studied among 6,144 male foundry workers who participated in either of two Danish national silicosis surveys conducted during 1967-1969 and 1972-1974. Cancer incidence was followed through to the end of 1985 by computerized linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry, and standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) were calculated based on incidence rates for the Danish population. For the entire cohort, significantly elevated SMRs were seen for all cancers (SMR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18) and lung cancer (SMR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12-1.51) and SMRs were at the borderline of statistical significance for bladder cancer (SMR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.97-1.59). Excess lung and bladder cancer risk was confined to workers who had worked in foundries for at least 20yrs. There was a positive correlation between silicosis prevalence in employees at the foundries at the time of the X-ray examinations and lung cancer incidence during the follow-up period. Squamous cell carcinomas, anaplastic carcinomas, and other lung cancers accounted for the excess lung cancer risk, whereas there was not an excess risk among the foundry workers for adenocarcinomas of the lung.
Archives of Environmental Health, Mar.-Apr. 1991, Vol.46, No.2, p.75-81. 34 ref.

CIS 94-549 Caillier J., Bruant A., Mahieu B., Paris J.M., Zitter M., Cervantes P., Bertrand J.P., Pham Q.T.
Sample selection using a study of inter-observer agreement: Application to coalworkers suspected of pneumoconiosis
Constitution d'un échantillon de sujets à l'aide d'une étude de concordance inter-observateurs - Application à des mineurs suspects de pneumoconioses [in French]
A study of inter-observer agreement was conducted in order to obtain a sample of 80 coalminers in whom chest radiographs showed signs of pneumoconiosis. A total of 264 chest radiographs of coalworkers, classified as ILO category 1/1 or less for small combined opacities was submitted to interpretation by four independent readers. The Kappa coefficient among the readers was 0.35±0.02. Three readers classified 198 slides in the same category, which was called the majority opinion. Slides included in the sample were those classified as suspect by at least three readers and by readers that were the most in agreement on the suspect category with the majority opinion.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1991, Vol.52, No.8, p.541-547. 24 ref.

CIS 93-504 Schalkoort T.A.J.
Towards healthier office buildings: A study of the "Sick Building Syndrome" and the possibility of reducing the incidence of health complaints among workers in office buildings
Ontwikkeling en behoud van gezonde kantoorgebouwen: studie naar het "Sick Building Syndrome" en de mogelijkheden van het terugdringen van bewonersklachten in kantoorgebouwen [in Dutch]
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities for reducing health complaints among office workers associated with the "Sick Building Syndrome". Described are: symptoms and health complaints associated with the Syndrome; factors in the design and maintenance of office buildings thought to be relevant to the development of building sickness (physical, chemical, biological and psychological factors); necessity of reducing the incidence of Sick Building Syndrome. Recommendations for guidelines aimed at a reduction of the occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome. In annex: odour thresholds and irritation concentrations of 450 common chemicals, together with a description of the odour when relevant.
Directorate-General of Labour (Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid), Postbus 90804, 2509 LV Den Haag, Netherlands, 1991. 88p. 126 ref. Annexes.

CIS 93-148 Velazquez A.M., Christiani D.C., McConnell R., Eisen E.A., Wilcox M.
Respiratory disease in a textile factory in Nicaragua
The first epidemiologic study was conducted in a textile mill in Nicaragua using techniques and diagnostic criteria similar to those used in the United States and England. The prevalence of byssinosis and nonspecific respiratory symptoms were studied in 194 workers in a cotton mill in Managua. Exposures were similar to those reported in other parts of the developing world. A modified translated version of the Medical Research Council respiratory questionnaire was administered and pulmonary function tests were performed. The prevalence of byssinosis was 5.9% and all the cases occurred among exposed women. Nonspecific respiratory symptoms were also more prevalent among exposed workers. The exposure odds ratios for usual cough and usual phlegm were 3.3 and 2.2, respectively. The poorer health status of the women compared to men in this study population may reflect different workplace exposure between the sexes. The study deserves follow-up.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.20, No.2, p.195-208. 23 ref.

CIS 92-1899 Cherin A., Brochard P., Brechot J.M., Pascano P., Ameille J.
Radiographic diagnosis of asbestos-related pleural plaques - Techniques of visualisation, diagnostic strategy
Diagnostic radiologique des plaques pleurales asbestosiques - Techniques d'imagerie thoracique, stratégie de mise en œuvre [in French]
Asbestos-related pleural plaques have often been studied, in particular their radiographic aspects. In recent years, conventional and high-resolution computed tomography have proved to be more sensitive and more specific than plain radiography for the detection of asbestos-related pleural disease. However, indications of computed tomography must be discussed using clinical data. Computed tomography should be performed in two main situations: when standard chest X-rays show anomalies the pleural origin of which is uncertain and when standard chest X-rays are normal but associated with abnormalities of clinical examination or of pulmonary function tests.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1991, Vol.52, No.1, p.25-32. Illus. 63 ref.

CIS 92-2057 Choudat D., Lauzier F., Cristofini P., Moachon L., Dupouy-Camet J., Laureillard J., Conso J.
Respiratory symptoms and lung function after exposure to yeast
Manifestations respiratoires après exposition à des poussières de levure [in French]
A study was conducted to determine the relationship between exposure to yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis and K. fragilis) and reported symptoms. The exposed group reported a higher prevalence of nose and bronchial irritation and a decrease of pulmonary function over the 24 hours following exposure. Two exposed subjects showed an increase in C-reactive protein. Specific antibodies were observed. These results suggest the involvement of a mechanism such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1991, Vol.52, No.1, p.1-5. 6 ref.

CIS 92-1896 Helbecque Y., Diancourt J.M., Lefebvre Y., Rives-Lange L., Van der Biest F.
A case of extrinsic allergic alveolitis related to Trichothecium in a fur coat manufacturer
A propos d'un cas d'alvéolite allergique extrinsèque rapporté à Trichothecium chez une mécanicienne en fourrure [in French]
Study of a case of extrinsic allergic alveolitis in a fur coat manufacturer, related to the mould Trichothecium roseum. Furrier's lung, a hypersensitivity disease due to inhalation of hair dust, was described in 1970; the antigen is not yet determined. Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis related to moulds in furriers has not been studied much. This other variety of extrinsic allergic alveolitis must also be suspected in the case of respiratory disease in furriers.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1991, Vol.52, No.5, p.355-358. 10 ref.

CIS 92-1580 Rosenberg N.
Asthma, alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis in the aluminium industry
Asthme, alvéolite, fibrose pulmonaire dans l'industrie de l'aluminium et de ses sels [in French]
Symptoms of asthma and bronchial hyperactivity are usually observed in aluminium foundries, among workers in electrolysis workshops, and in places where alumina is reduced to metallic aluminium. Following an outline of the aluminium extraction procedure, the following subjects are examined: physiopathology (asthma, pulmonary aluminium pneumoconiosis, follicular alveolitis, alveolar proteinosis); prevalence of occupational asthma and diseases of the lower lung; diagnosis in the work environment; diagnostic confirmation in the laboratory; evolution of the disease; medical and technical control; compensation.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, 2nd Quarter 1991, No.46, p.107-112. Illus. 37 ref.

CIS 92-1554 Carta P., Cocco P.L., Casula D.
Mortality from lung cancer among Sardinian patients with silicosis
The mortality of 724 subjects with silicosis, first diagnosed in 1964-70 in Sardinia, Italy, was followed up through to 31 Dec. 1987. Smoking, occupational history, chest X-ray films, and data on lung function were available from clinical records for each member of the cohort. An excess of deaths for all causes (SMR = 1.40) was found, mainly due to chronic obstructive lung disease, silicosis, and tuberculosis. 22 subjects died from lung cancer. The risk increased after a 10 and 15 year latency. A significant excess of deaths from lung cancer was found among heavy smokers and subjects with airflow obstruction. No association was found between lung cancer and categories of silicosis or cumulative exposure. Other environmental or individual factors may act as confounders in the association between silicosis and lung cancer. Among them, attention should be given to chronic airways obstruction as an independent risk factor for lung cancer in patients with silicosis.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1991, Vol.48, No.2, p.122-129. Illus. 52 ref.

CIS 92-1651 Kilburn K.H., Warshaw R.H.
Difficulties of attribution of effect in workers exposed to fiberglass and asbestos
Man-made mineral fibres have many properties of asbestos that raise concern about their safety. 175 fibreglass production workers were studied with the use of chest radiographs, measurement of total lung capacity, chest examinations, and occupational and medical histories. Thirty-one men with radiographically evident small irregular opacities of profusion of 1/0 or greater and/or pleural abnormalities were observed. Eight of 38 men with such changes said they had been exposed to asbestos and to fibreglass. Pulmonary function measurements as group means were reduced in all 175. Although only 78% of fibreglass production workers gave histories of asbestos exposure, all had shared the air in a manufacturing plant where ovens insulated with asbestos were continuously cleaned, repaired, dismantled, and rebuilt. It appears that attribution of the effects of their exposure to fibreglass could not be estimated independently of the effects of asbestos exposure.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Dec. 1991, Vol.20, No.6, p.745-751. 12 ref.

CIS 92-1219 Fitzgerald E.F., Stark A.D., Vianna N., Hwang S.A.
Exposure to asbestiform minerals and radiographic chest abnormalities in a talc mining region of upstate New York
A case history study of radiographic chest abnormalities found in the lung parenchyma and pleura of residents was conducted in New York State (USA) in an area where tremolitic talc has been mined for many years. During a 1yr period, all radiographs from 6 hospitals in the region were reviewed. A B-reader confirmed that 355 of 9442 patients ≥40yrs of age (3.8%) had a relevant abnormality; 60% of them reported occupational exposure to asbestiform minerals, and another 15% had a chest condition or injury that could have accounted for the abnormal radiograph. The results should be interpreted cautiously, but there was no evidence of widespread radiographic abnormalities resulting from ambient dust exposure. Earlier studies indicate that talc miners and millers experience excess parenchymal fibrosis and pleural changes. The findings also suggest that workers in the paper industry may be at risk, but analytical studies are necessary to quantify these risks.
Archives of Environmental Health, May-June 1991, Vol.46, No.3, p.151-154. 22 ref.

CIS 92-1260 Hnizdo E., Sluis-Cremer G.K.
Silica exposure, silicosis and lung cancer: A mortality study of South African gold miners
The relationship of exposure to gold mining dust with a high concentration of free silica and of tobacco smoking to mortality from lung cancer was assessed in a sample of 2209 white South African gold miners who started mining during 1936-43, and were selected for a study of respiratory disorders in 1968-71 when they were aged 45-54. The mortality follow up was from 1968-71 to 30 December 1986. The relative risk for the effect of dust cumulated to the start of the follow up period was estimated as 1.023 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.005-1.042) for a unit of 1000 particle-years. The combined effect of dust and tobacco smoking was better fitted by the multiplicative model than the additive model, suggesting that the two exposures act synergistically. No association between lung cancer and silicosis of the parenchyma or pleura was found, but a positive association existed between silicosis of the hilar glands and lung cancer.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1991, Vol.48, No.1, p.53-60. 26 ref.

CIS 92-1261 Shima S., Arakawa T., Kato Y., Yoshida T., Taniwaki H., Nagaoka K., Nishida Y., Otani N.
Epidemiological studies on the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis or lung cancer in ceramic workers with pneumoconiosis
Yōgyō jinpaisha no haikekkaku narabi ni haigan ni kansuru ekigakuteki kenkyū [in Japanese]
Retrospective cohort study (1979-1990) on pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer in 960 ceramic workers with pneumoconiosis and 337 controls. Those with pneumoconiosis were classified according to categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the Japanese X-ray classification of pneumoconiosis. The age-adjusted mortality rate (MR) per 1000 person-years for cat. 4 workers was significantly higher (22.6) than among controls (4.5). Age-adjusted MRs were 2.3 for pneumoconiosis, 3.4 for pulmonary tuberculosis and 5.6 for all cancers in cat. 4 workers, significantly higher than among controls. There were no significant differences for lung cancer. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR), based on Japanese MRs, was estimated for the period 1986-1990. SMRs in cat. 4 workers were 356 for all causes, 294 for all cancers, 909 for lung cancer and 5000 for pulmonary tuberculosis, all significantly higher than among controls. SMRs for these causes in cat. 1, 2 and 3 were not significantly higher. The age-adjusted incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis for those with pneumoconiosis of any category was significantly higher than among controls. The standardised incidence ratios for pulmonary tuberculosis for the period 1979-1990 for all cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and for infectious pulmonary tuberculosis were also significantly higher than among controls for all 4 categories.
Journal of Science of Labour - Rōdō Kagaku, 10 Dec. 1991, Vol.67, No.12, p.565-573. 14 ref.

CIS 92-1191 Zejda J.E., Dosman J.A.
Respiratory disorders in agriculture from an epidemiologic perspective
Epidemiologic studies show a relative excess of respiratory symptoms in persons dwelling in farming communities. An association of respiratory health with work conditions in agriculture has been suggested by investigations into chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, organic dust toxic syndrome and airflow limitation. The occurrence and determinants of these diseases have been recognised for selected exposure categories. The evident lack of adequate information for a majority of agricultural respiratory hazards and respiratory responses invites further epidemiologic, experimental and clinical research into this major industry.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1991, Vol.4, No.1, p.11-19. 57 ref.

CIS 92-843 Windau J., Rosenman K., Anderson H., Hanrahan L., Rudolph L., Stanbury M., Stark A.
The identification of occupational lung disease from hospital discharge data
The Bureau of Labor Statistics-State Health Department Select Committee on Occupational Illnesses and Injuries conducted a study of hospital discharge records in the US in order to determine their usefulness for identifying cases of occupational disease. Four states searched the diagnosis fields on computerised hospital discharge records for selected occupational lung diseases: pneumoconiosis, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, and respiratory conditions due to chemical fumes and vapours. The hospital discharge data identified more cases of pneumoconiosis than did the BLS data systems. Numerous cases of extrinsic allergic alveolitis and respiratory conditions due to chemical fumes and vapours were also identified. Patterns evidenced in the data were generally consistent with current knowledge of the diseases. The inclusion of industry and occupation on the hospital discharge record, further study of the quality of diagnosis coding, and the use of these data by additional states will enhance the usefulness of these data for occupational disease surveillance.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.33, No.10, p.1060-1066. 9 ref.

CIS 92-891 Sterdyniak J.M.
Risk of pneumoconiosis in the traditional ceramic industry - Current evidence and results of a cross-sectional cohort study
Le risque pneumoconiotique dans l'industrie céramique traditionnelle: données actuelles et présentation des résultats d'une enquête de cohorte transversale [in French]
The aim of this medical thesis is to analyse the risk of pneumoconiosis and exposure to silica in the ceramics industry, ranked 2nd or 3rd in France according to the number of those with recognised silicosis. The technology and economics of the ceramics industry is described. The risk of pneumoconiosis, its nature, and causal factors in the industry are analysed based on statistical data and current epidemiological evidence. In a descriptive, cross-sectional study of a group of exposed workers in the ceramics industry, possible clinical, radiological and spirometric abnormalities are analysed in terms of total exposure to silica dust. The results obtained are compared with data from the literature and suggest a relatively low risk and an evident trend towards a reduction in the frequency and gravity of silicosis.
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Faculté de médecine Saint-Antoine, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, 1991. 152p. Illus. 60 ref.

CIS 92-868 Chariot P.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and occupational exposure
Protéinose alvéolaire pulmonaire et exposition professionnelle [in French]
This dissertation for a Diploma in Special Studies in occupational medicine presents an overview of occupational and environmental toxic aetiologies of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis reported in the literature since the first description in 1958. Although uncertainty persists as to the pathogenesis of the disease, the observation of several cases associated with silicosis and the development of animal experimental models have resulted in the gradual definition of certain responsible factors, in particular, exposure to mineral particles. Sandblasting and mining are the industries most affected.
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UER Broussais Hôtel-Dieu, 15 rue de l'Ecole de médecine, 75006 Paris, France, 1991. 24p. 68 ref.

CIS 92-556 Ulmer W.T., Zimmermann I., Bengtsson U.
Evolution of silicosis in the ceramic and glass industries
Silikoseentwicklung in der Keramik- und Glas-Industrie [in German]
Chest X-rays of 60 workers in the ceramics and glass industries, with dust exposure of up to 35yrs, were evaluated. For each worker, an average of 10 chest X-rays were available. In the majority of cases silicosis had not yet progressed to functional impairment after 32yrs of exposure. In a few cases severe forms of silicosis were observed after much shorter exposure times. Type A opacities were present in 8% of the cases and type B in 2%.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz, Prophylaxe und Ergonomie, Mar. 1991, Vol.41, No.3, p.72-75. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 92-560
Dutch Expert Committee for Occupational Standards (Werkgroep van Deskundigen ter Vaststelling van MAC-waarden)
Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit for talc dusts
Evaluation of the health hazards of exposure to talc dusts. Talc is a hydrous magnesium silicate. Two different groups of talc dust must be distinguished: cosmetic grade talc and industrial grade talc. Industrial grade talc can have low mineral talc content and may contain asbestos, free silica and other minerals. From experimental animal studies it was shown that quartz- and asbestos-free talc dust is fibrogenic, causing fibrosis of the lungs. Human case reports also described the lungs as the target organ. The most common disease is talc pneumoconiosis. Cosmetic grade talc is not carcinogenic in long-term animal studies and no increased mortality due to cancer is found in epidemiological studies. Recommended occupational exposure limits are: cosmetic and industrial grade talc (free from silica quartz and asbestos fibers): 0.25mg/m³ TWA 8 hours, respirable range; industrial grade talc, containing free silica and asbestos, should follow the rules for occupational exposure to these substances. Summary in Dutch.
Department of Social Affairs and Employment, Directorate-General of Labour (Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid), Postbus 90804, 2509 LV Den Haag, Netherlands, 1991. ii, 57p. Illus. 63 ref.

CIS 92-462 Hessel P.A., Sluis-Cremer G.K., Lee S.L.
Distribution of silicotic collagenization in relation to smoking habits
A causal association between smoking and silicosis would seriously confound the association between silicosis and lung cancer. The analysis presented here assesses this association using data on deceased gold miners. There was a slight inverse relationship between smoking and silicotic collagenisation of the parenchyma and a stronger negative relationship between smoking and silicotic collagenisation of the pleura. No association between silicotic collagenisation of the hilar glands and smoking was detected. The data suggest that the lack of smoking histories in studies of the association between silicosis and lung cancer probably does not seriously confound risk estimates. The distribution of silicotic collagenisation in the lungs of smokers and non-smokers is consistent with enhanced mucous interception, more central deposition in the lungs, and proportionally more lymphatic clearance to the hilum (as opposed to the pleura) of silica particles in smokers compared to non-smokers.
American Review of Respiratory Disease, Aug. 1991, Vol.144, No.2, p. 297-301. 23 ref.

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